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Die Chinesischen Exportmalereien Der Sammlung Martucci Als Quelle Für Das Alltagsleben Im Kanton Des 19 „Die chinesischen Exportmalereien der Sammlung Martucci als Quelle für das Alltagsleben im Kanton des 19. Jahrhunderts“ Band I: Wissenschaftliche Analyse Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München vorgelegt von Philipp Meindl aus Gräfelfing 2018 Erstgutachter: Prof. Thomas O. Höllmann Zweitgutachter: Prof. Hans van Ess Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 14.02.2019 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Fenster nach China: Exportmalereien als Quelle des Alltagslebens im Kanton der späten Kaiserzeit ................................................................................ 1 2. Die Provenienz der Sammlung Martucci ............................................................... 8 3. Kunsthandwerk zur Zeit des Kanton-Systems .................................................. 21 3.1 Wirtschaftliche Rahmenbedingungen des Kanton-Systems ..................................... 21 3.2 Arbeit und Alltag in den Faktoreien Kantons ........................................................... 35 4. Westlicher Einfluss auf das Kunsthandwerk in China ................................... 48 4.1 Formen und Entstehung der Exportmalerei .............................................................. 48 5. Szenen einer Großstadt: Handwerker und Händler auf Kantons Straßen ........................................................................................................................................ 65 5.1 Kunsthandwerker ...................................................................................................... 65 5.2 Handwerker ............................................................................................................... 81 5.3 Schuhe und Textilien ................................................................................................ 92 5.4 Obst und Gemüse, Getreide und Getreideprodukte ................................................ 104 5.5 Fisch und Fleisch .................................................................................................... 120 5.6 Straßenhändler ........................................................................................................ 127 5.7 Dienstleister ............................................................................................................ 139 5.8 Straßenleben ............................................................................................................ 147 5.9 Akrobaten ................................................................................................................ 156 6. Vor dem Verfall: Kunsthandwerk und Exportmalerei des frühen 19. Jahrhunderts............................................................................................. 161 7. Abbildungen ................................................................................................................. 164 7.1 Abbildungsnachweise ............................................................................................. 175 8. Literaturverzeichnis .................................................................................................. 176 An dieser Stelle möchte ich mich bei einigen Personen bedanken, ohne die das vorliegende Unterfangen nicht möglich gewesen wäre. Zuallererst gilt mein Dank Herrn Dr. Bruno Richtsfeld, Leiter der Abteilungen Ostasien, Sibirien und Zentralasien am Museum Fünf Kontinente in München, der mir den Zugang zu den Malereien der Sammlung Martucci ermöglicht hat. Mit seinem Wissen um die Geschichte der Sammlung und die darin enthaltenen Objekte und seiner Bereitschaft, dieses an mich weiterzugeben, hat er den Anstoß für diese Arbeit gegeben. Für die Tatsache, dass ich stets selbstständig im Depot des Museum arbeiten konnte, bin ich besonders dankbar, da dies keinesfalls eine Selbtverständlichkeit ist. Zudem gilt mein Dank Frau Prof. Xiaobing Wang-Riese von der Sun Yat-Sen Universität in Guangzhou, die mich tatkräftig während eines Forschungsaufenthalts an dieser Universität im Herbst 2015 unterstützte und mir die Benutzung der Ressourcen vor Ort ermöglichte. Diese Danksagung wäre nicht vollständig, ohne Prof. Thomas O. Höllmann zu erwähnen, der mich schon während des Studiums in der Wahl meines Schwerpunktes innerhalb der Sinologie prägte und nun mein Promotionsvorhaben betreut. Trotz seiner zwischenzeitlichen Emeritierung und der Übernahme des Amts des Präsidenten der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften hatte er immer ein offenes Ohr für meine Anliegen und seine Ratschläge waren stets äußerst hilfreich. Auch so ist diese Liste zwar nicht vollständig, doch auch all jene Personen aus meinem privaten, akademischen und beruflichen Umfeld, die hier zwar nicht namentlich genannt sind, aber ohne die ein Unterfangen dieser Größe nie zu stemmen gewesen wäre, mögen wissen, dass ich mir ihrem Anteil an der Fertigstellung dieses Projekts stets dankend bewusst war und bin. Philipp Meindl München, September 2018 1. Fenster nach China: Exportmalereien als Quelle des Alltagslebens im Kanton der späten Kaiserzeit Was für ein Anblick das doch für die europäischen Reisenden und Händler gewesen sein muss, als sie zum ersten Mal Fuß auf chinesischen Boden setzen konnten. Nach mehreren Monaten auf See müssen die ohnehin überwältigenden Eindrücke aus ungewohnten Gerüchen und Geräuschen und neuen Anblicken an jeder Ecke noch etwas atemberaubender gewesen sein. Bis im Jahr 1757 durch kaiserlichen Erlass der Seehandel auf die Stadt Kanton1 konzentriert wurde, war es Europäern nur sehr vereinzelt möglich, in chinesischen Häfen an Land zu gehen. Die einzige Ausnahme war die portugiesische Niederlassung in Macao, an der Westseite des Perlflussdeltas. Entsprechend spärlich waren auch die Informationen, die man in Europa über China hatte. Lange beschränkten sie sich auf die Berichte einzelner Reisender oder Handelsexpeditionen, die es bis dorthin geschafft hatten, oder auf die Schriften der vor allem jesuitischen Missionare, die sich ab dem 16. Jahrhundert in China aufhielten. Über weite Teile des 15. und 16. Jahrhunderts und erneut während der ersten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts hatte sich das chinesische Reich dem Außenhandel verschlossen und somit auch ausländische Einflüsse aus dem Land ferngehalten. Verlässliche Informationen über China waren also in Europa nur schwer zu bekommen und die, die es gab, waren meist nur einem relativ kleinen Kreis aus der interessierten Oberschicht zugänglich. Als ab dem späten 17. Jahrhundert die Handelsinteressen der europäischen Mächte in Asien immer größer wurden, wurden von der Regierung der ab 1644 in China herrschenden Qing- Dynastie ausländische Schiffe in einigen wenigen Häfen toleriert. Um das Reich vor 1 Kanton ist die bis ins 20. Jahrhundert im Ausland geläufigste Bezeichnung für die Stadt Guangzhou 廣州, teilweise auch für die Provinz Guangdong 廣東, in der die Stadt liegt. In den in dieser Arbeit verwendeten nicht- chinesischen Quellen des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts findet sich ausschließlich die Bezeichnung Kanton und bis heute hält sich vor allem in der englischsprachigen Literatur nach wie vor dieser Ausdruck, nicht zuletzt durch feststehende Begriffe wie das „Kanton-System“. Wegen der engen Verbindung zwischen der Bezeichnung Kanton und den Erfahrungen und Eindrücken der ausländischen Reisenden und Händler während dem für diese Arbeit relevanten Zeitraum wird im Folgenden für die Stadt Guangzhou ebenfalls der Name Kanton gewählt, zur besseren Unterscheidung wird für die Provinz aber der Name Guangdong verwendet. 1 ausländischer Einflussnahme und eventuellen militärischen Interessen der Europäer zu schützen, wurde der Handel letztendlich auf die Stadt Kanton beschränkt, wo dieser offiziell erlaubt und gefördert wurde. Zwar durften nur ausgewählte Personen während der Handelssaison auch tatsächlich in einem dafür abgesperrten Bereich in der Stadt wohnen und sie wurden, wie in dieser Arbeit noch gezeigt wird, in den meisten Aspekten des täglichen Lebens und der Handelsgeschäfte durch die chinesischen Behörden stark kontrolliert. Dennoch nimmt von dieser Zeit an der Informationsfluss über die Verhältnisse in einer chinesischen Großstadt stetig zu und bis heute sind zahlreiche Reiseberichte und Tagebücher, vor allem in englischer und französischer Sprache, erhalten, die die Erlebnisse und Eindrücke der Ausländer wiedergeben. Zum ersten Mal kamen nun auch Menschen aus eher einfachen Bevölkerungsschichten direkt mit China in Berührung, denn auch einfachen Seeleuten und Angestellten der großen Handelskompagnien war für kurze Zeit ein Aufenthalt in Kanton gestattet. Mit dem Jahr für Jahr steigenden Handelsvolumen, das im Zuge dieses Kanton-Systems abgewickelt wurde, stieg auch das Interesse in Europa an Informationen über das chinesische Kaiserreich, über das man trotz seiner Größe und seines Einflusses im asiatischen Raum in Europa noch so wenig wusste. Das im 18. Jahrhundert ohnehin noch eher positive Chinabild vieler Europäer führt dazu, dass man noch mehr über die verschiedenen Aspekte Chinas wissen möchte, angefangen beim Aufbau des Staates und der Verwaltung bis hin zum Leben und der Kultur der einfachen Bevölkerung. Um einen noch umfassenderen Eindruck auf das Leben und die Verhältnisse in China vermitteln zu können, war man seitens der Europäer auf der Suche nach einer einfachen Möglichkeit, auch visuelle Zeugnisse des Chinaaufenthalts in die jeweiligen Heimatländer mitzubringen und so den Daheimgebliebenen einen besseren Eindruck des Erlebten vermitteln zu können. Da die Fotographie in China erst ab den frühen 1840er
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