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DISSERTAÇÃO Débora Lopes Do Rêgo.Pdf UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE PERNAMBUCO CENTRO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA DÉBORA LOPES DO RÊGO “OCIDENTAIS A SERVIÇO DO IMPERADOR”: requisitando missionários para a corte em Beijing, 1781-1785 Recife 2019 DÉBORA LOPES DO RÊGO “OCIDENTAIS A SERVIÇO DO IMPERADOR”: requisitando missionários para a corte em Beijing, 1781-1785 Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em História. Área de Concentração: Orientadora: Profa Dra Christine Dabat Recife 2019 Catalogação na fonte Bibliotecária Maria do Carmo de Paiva, CRB4-1291 R343o Rêgo, Débora Lopes do. “Ocidentais a serviço do Imperador” : requisitando missionários para a corte em Beijing, 1781-1785 / Débora Lopes do Rêgo. – 2019. 137 f. : il. ; 30 cm. Orientadora: Profª. Drª. Christine Paulette Yves Rufino Dabat. Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, CFCH. Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, Recife, 2019. Inclui referências. 1. China - História. 2. China – História – Dinastia Qing, 1644-1912. 3. Macau (China). 4. China – Relações exteriores – Portugal. 5. Portugal – Relações exteriores – China. I. Dabat, Christine Paulette Yves Rufino (Orientadora). II. Título. 951 CDD (22. ed.) UFPE (BCFCH2020-287) DÉBORA LOPES DO RÊGO “OCIDENTAIS A SERVIÇO DO IMPERADOR”: requisitando missionários para a corte em Beijing, 1781-1785 Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em História da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em História. Recife, 10 de Julho de 2019 BANCA EXAMINADORA ________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Christine Paulette Yves Rufino Dabat Orientadora (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE) ________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Jorge Manuel dos Santos Alves Membro Titular Externo (Universidade Católica de Lisboa - FCH-Católica) ________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Marcos Ferreira da Costa Lima Membro Titular Externo (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE) ________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. José Maria Gomes de Souza Neto Membro Titular Externo (Universidade de Pernambuco - UPE) AGRADECIMENTOS Um número imenso de pessoas deveria aparecer nesta sessão, mas, em nome da objetividade, farei um esforço para colocar da maneira mais concisa possível. Agradeço, primeiramente, a minha família, por me ensinarem que sucesso e excelência vêm quando realizamos nossas atividades com paixão e dedicação. Por me ensinarem nenhum trabalho é completamente prazeroso, mas que as partes difíceis são essenciais para fazer a experiência valer a pena. Aos meus amigos, que foram muito pacientes ao longo desses dois anos. E que apesar dos meus sumiços, ignoradas e, de forma geral, completo desaparecimento da vida social continuam do meu lado. Me apoiando a cada passo. Comemorando cada vitória e me consolando nos momentos desafiadores. Aos meus colegas do mestrado, que me inspiraram e me encheram de motivação durante este percurso. Vocês são verdadeiros guerreiros acadêmicos. A Felipe. Que ouviu com paciência (repetidas vezes) sobre os temas aqui tratados, mesmo que não entendesse nada do que estava sendo dito. Ele quem aguentou as noites sem dormir, as crises de ansiedade e as (metafóricas) lágrimas de desespero quando eu achava que a conclusão não seria mais possível. Por fim e mais importante, à professora, doutora, mãe acadêmica e guia para a vida, Christine Dabat. Sem ela nada disto seria possível e este trabalho não existiria. Sua luta pelo nosso direito de pesquisar aquilo que amamos, incansável em seus esforços de criar caminhos, possibilidades e oportunidades são uma verdadeira inspiração que seguirá comigo para toda a vida. Sua força, dedicação e perseverança me motivaram a cada passo desta parceria que já dura seis anos. Acima de tudo, sua inabalável crença no meu potencial fez com que eu acreditasse em mim mesma. Sou eternamente grata. “Pode ser, ó Rei, que as propostas acima tenham sido feitas pelo seu Embaixador, descontroladamente, por sua própria responsabilidade, ou talvez tu mesmo sejas ignorante de nossas regulações dinásticas e não tinha nenhuma intenção de transgredi-las quando expressou estas ideias e esperanças selvagens. Eu tenho sempre mostrado a maior condescendência para com as missões tributárias de todos os Estados que sinceramente desejam as bençãos da Civilização, de modo a manifestar a minha gentil indulgência.” (Imperador Qianlong, setembro de 1793) RESUMO No final só século XVIII, a corte do Imperador chinês Qianlong (1736-1795) fez uma requisição à Corte Portuguesa: que enviasse um novo padre jesuíta para que este pudesse substituir o anterior Bispo de Beijing que havia morrido e deixado vago uma posição de matemático na corte chinesa. O banimento da Companhia de Jesus pelo Papa Clemente XIV, em 1773, fez impossível o envio de um jesuíta. A Coroa Portuguesa, no entanto, não demorou em nomear um novo Bispo português para a diocese em Beijing. Em 1783, D. Frei Alexandre de Gouveia partiu de Lisboa carregando consigo uma série de Providências que deveria tomar ao chegar em território Chinês. Três diferentes setores deveriam ser abordados: a administração do assentamento português em Macau, as autoridades chinesas locais e, uma vez em Beijing, os funcionários da corte Imperial. Esperava-se também que o novo Bispo fosse um representante do império e dos interesses portugueses junto ao Imperador Qianlong. Apenas uma parte das instruções - aquelas destinadas à Macau - foram executadas com sucesso. É de central interesse e relevância para este estudo os motivos que levaram ao fracasso das Providências direcionadas às autoridades chinesas. O encontro entre as duas realidades nos ajuda a perceber como que, ainda que encontrassem pontos de interesse comum, ambos os impérios tinham expectativas e perspectivas muito diversas sobre a presença missionária em Beijing. Palavras-chave: História da China. Macau. Relações internacionais. Dinastia Qing. História global. Portugal. ABSTRACT On the of the eve of Nineteenth century, the court of the Qianlong Emperor (1736- 1795) requested for the Portuguese court to send a new Jesuit priest, in order to replace the deceased Bishop of Beijing, and fill in a vacant position as court mathematician. The termination of the Company of Jesus by Pope Clement XIV in 1773 made it impossible to send a Jesuit. Portugal, nevertheless, wasted no time in nominating a new Portuguese Bishop for the Beijing diocese. In 1783, D. Frei Alexandre de Gouveia departed the city of Lisbon carrying with him a series of instructions from the Crown to be executed as soon as he settled in Chinese territory. There were three different sectors in which the instructions ought to be implemented: in the Portuguese settlement of Macao, the local Chinese authorities, and, once in Beijing, the mandarins in the imperial court. It was also expected from the new Bishop that he would act as Portugal’s direct envoy and ambassador in the Chinese court. Only one part of the instructions - the ones destinated to Macao - were successfully enforced. It is of central interest and relevance to this study the reasons that led to the instructions destinated to the Chinese authorities to fail. The contact point between both realities allows us to perceive that although both empires could find common places in their relations both parties had diverging expectations and perspectives about the missionary presence in Beijing. Keywords: Chinese history. Macao. International relations. Qing dynasty. Global history. Portugal. LISTA DE MAPAS Mapa 1 - Rota do Galeão de Manila.................................................................................11 Mapa 2 - Os limites da China Qing, seus vizinhos, sua máxima expansão e os limites da China atual.........................................................................................................33 Mapa 3 - Localização da província de Liaodong na China atual......................................35 Mapa 4 - Península de Macau e a Casa Branca................................................................49 Mapa 5 - Rotas que ligavam a Europa à China através das quais os missionários viajavam ao Império do Meio............................................................................55 Mapa 6 - Mapa Múndi de Matteo Ricci em Beijing, 1602. .............................................63 Mapa 7 - Mapa da província de Guangdong, criado durante o reinado do imperador Kangxi, 1708-1718............................................................................................64 Mapa 8 - Nordeste e Sudeste Asiático. A grosso modo, corresponderiam às regiões da Tianxia...............................................................................................................79 Mapa 9 - Song do Norte em 1111, cercado por dinastias de origem não-han..................81 Mapa 10 - Província de Fujian (Fukien). Em detalhe, Macau e Guangzhou......................87 Mapa 11 - Detalhe da península de Macau e a porta do cerco, cortando de um lado a outro do estreito que separava a cidade do resto do império...............................................................................................................98 Mapa 12 - As rotas comerciais do Mundo Ibérico, em 1600............................................100 Mapa 13 - O Delta do Rio das Pérolas, em detalhes.........................................................101
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