Kariston Pereira

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Kariston Pereira UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENGENHARIA E GESTÃO DO CONHECIMENTO Kariston Pereira O RACIOCÍNIO ABDUTIVO NO JOGO DE XADREZ: A CONTRIBUIÇÃO DO CONHECIMENTO, INTUIÇÃO E CONSCIÊNCIA DA SITUAÇÃO PARA O PROCESSO CRIATIVO Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Engenharia e Gestão do Conhecimento da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para a obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia e Gestão do Conhecimento. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luiz Fernando Jacintho Maia. Coorientador: Prof. Dr. Richard Perassi L. de Sousa. Florianópolis 2010 Catalogação na fonte pela Biblioteca Universitária da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina P436r Pereira, Kariston O raciocínio abdutivo no jogo de xadrez [tese]: a contribuição do conhecimento, intuição e consciência da situação para o processo criativo / Kariston Pereira ; orientador, Luiz Fernando Jacintho Maia , coorientador Richard Perassi Luiz de Sousa. - Florianópolis, SC 2010. 513 p.: il., grafs., tabs. Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Gestão do Conhecimento. Inclui referências 1. Engenharia e gestão do conhecimento. 2.Criatividade. 3. Raciocinio . 4. Xadrez. I. Maia, Luiz Fernando Jacintho.II. Sousa, Richard Perassi Luiz de. III. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Gestão do Conhecimento. IV. Título. CDU 659.2 Para Miranda e Iandra. AGRADECIMENTOS Dentre os inúmeros agradecimentos a serem apresentados, destaco minha gratidão pelas seguintes instituições e pessoas: Agradeço ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Gestão do Conhecimento, pela oportunidade de desenvolver pesquisa tão inovadora e à Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, por ter me possibilitado afastamento com dedicação integral a este empreendimento. Ao meu Orientador, Prof. Maia, por sua prestatividade e marcante perspicácia, mas também por sua amizade e pelas valorosas lições de vida que me concedeu ao longo de nossa inesquecível trajetória. Ao meu Coorientador, Prof. Richard Perassi, por ter me acolhido com o trabalho em andamento, e por sua inconteste contribuição no desenvolvimento do mesmo, mas também por sua amizade e dedicada atenção. Aos membros de minha banca, Prof. Fialho e Profa. Vania, Grandes Mestres na arte do ensino e da pesquisa, pelos quais nutro enorme carinho e admiração. Agradeço também ao Prof. Vanzin, membro da banca de qualificação, por sua preocupação em ajudar e por suas valorosas sugestões. Agradeço ao Prof. Jorge, de admirável e pronunciada sabedoria, por compartilhar comigo seus conhecimentos e orientações. Estendo meus agradecimentos também à Profa. Eluiza, por sua competência e dedicação na busca de ideias e formas de se melhorar a presente e possíveis futuras pesquisas. E à colega e amiga Profa. Avanilde, pelo incentivo, carinho e pela contribuição na avaliação e melhoria deste trabalho. Ao meu amigo e colega enxadrista Edson J. Dias, pelo apoio e por nossas inúmeras conversas e trocas de ideias, que me permitiram avançar na busca de possíveis soluções aos problemas encontrados durante a pesquisa. Por fim, agradeço aos meus familiares, que sempre estiveram ao meu lado, ajudando-me a superar os inúmeros desafios encontrados. Ao meu irmão Jonas e, principalmente, à minha irmã Rosana, por seu apoio, à minha sogra Mirma, pelo acolhimento, e ao meu pai, José Mota Pereira, sempre surpreendente, por sua paciência, benevolência e motivação. Em especial, à minha esposa, Iandra, por seu amor e eterna paciência, mas também por sua notável competência e insubstituível participação em todos os momentos. E, finalmente, à minha mãe, Miranda Felippi Pereira, a principal responsável pelo sucesso deste trabalho, por seu amor e perfeita educação a mim concedidos, ensinando-me princípios, valores e a disciplina necessária para vencer. Mãe! Muito Obrigado!! A verdade é que todo o edifício do nosso conhecimento é uma estrutura emaranhada de puras hipóteses, confirmadas e refinadas pela indução. O conhecimento não pode avançar nem um pouco além do estágio do olhar que observa despreocupado se não se fizer, a cada passo, uma abdução. Charles Sanders Peirce Só existe saber na invenção, na reinvenção, na busca inquieta, impaciente, permanente, que os homens fazem no mundo, com o mundo e com os outros. Paulo Freire RESUMO O jogo de xadrez se apresenta como conceituado e tradicional sistema de mediação e expressão do conhecimento, porque sua materialidade e sua dinâmica configuram visualmente os procedimentos e, por via de consequência, os conhecimentos e os raciocínios dos jogadores. As ferramentas e a mecânica do jogo compõem um modelo exemplar de engenharia. Entretanto, esse modelo atua como mídia interativa entre dois competidores e, ao longo dos séculos, os processos de mediação foram sendo criados, consolidados e registrados, de maneira que há uma cultura ou conhecimento especializado, que se apresenta como um amplo conjunto de conceitos, teorias, estratégias e procedimentos. Aos enxadristas cabe a gestão do conhecimento já explicitado, na escolha e interação das estratégias competitivas já conhecidas e, também, cabe a invenção circunstancial de soluções estratégico-criativas, que emergem imediatamente da intuição do jogador. As inovações intuitivas emergentes de processos predominantemente tácitos são, posteriormente, consideradas de modo consciente e explicitadas como novas estratégias possíveis dentro do conhecimento disponível na cultura enxadrística. O trabalho aqui apresentado observa o jogo de xadrez para considerar o raciocínio abdutivo, como proposto na teoria da Abdução de Charles Sanders Peirce, visando reconciliar os conceitos de “conhecimento” e “criatividade”, no contexto mental tradicionalmente reconhecido como “intuição.” Atualizando-se as indicações e revendo as contradições entre as ideias de Descartes (1596-1650) e Peirce (1839-1914), são discutidas neste trabalho duas correntes de estudos, denominadas: “ foundation view ” e “ tension view ”, que se antagonizam propondo diferentes visões sobre a participação do conhecimento especializado como fator de promoção da criatividade. A contradição entre estas duas correntes, que se configuram sobre base experimental, suscita a tradicional questão do “dogmatismo” com relação ao conhecimento constituído. Depois dos estudos desenvolvidos e aqui apresentados, pode-se considerar a tese de que o conhecimento não impede a criatividade, servindo, inclusive, para promovê-la. Pois, como demonstrado por meio da análise de entrevistas, protocolos verbais e partidas comentadas de conceituados enxadristas, o conhecimento possibilita a maior eficiência do raciocínio abdutivo, desde que não seja tratado de maneira dogmática. Como resultado de pesquisa é apresentado um framework conceitual contextualizado, que serve de suporte ao entendimento sobre como o conhecimento favorece a eficiência do raciocínio abdutivo nos processos de criação. O jogo de xadrez é, portanto, apresentado como domínio decorrente de um campo interdisciplinar de pesquisa que considera, especialmente, a criatividade e o conhecimento, configurando um objeto de estudo privilegiado para a produção de conhecimentos sobre esses temas, que são necessários para diferentes áreas de estudo e aplicação científica. Palavras-chave : Criatividade. Conhecimento. Raciocínio Abdutivo. Jogo de Xadrez. ABSTRACT The game of chess is presented as prestigious and traditional system of knowledge mediation and representation, because its materiality and its dynamic visually configure the procedures and, in consequence, the knowledge and reasoning of the players. The game tools and mechanics compose an exemplary model of engineering. However, this model acts as an interactive media between two competitors and, throughout the centuries, mediation procedures were created, established and registered, so that there is a culture or expertise, which appears as a broad set of concepts, theories, strategies and procedures. The chess players are responsible for the management of already explicit knowledge, in the choice and interaction of the competitive strategies already known and, also, in the incidental invention of strategic and creative solutions that emerge immediately from the player's intuition. The intuitive innovations emerging from predominantly tacit processes are, later, considered in a conscious mode and made explicit as possible new strategies within the available knowledge in the chess culture. The work presented here observes the game of chess to consider the abductive reasoning, as proposed in the Abduction theory of Charles Sanders Peirce, aiming to reconcile the concepts of "knowledge" and "creativity" in the mental context traditionally recognized as "intuition." Updating the indications and reviewing the contradictions between the ideas of Descartes (1596-1650) and Peirce (1839-1914), are discussed here two currents of study, called: "foundation view" and "tension-view”, which antagonize proposing different views on the participation of specialized knowledge as a factor in promoting creativity. The contradiction between these two currents, which are formed on an experimental basis, raises the traditional question of "dogmatism" in relation to established knowledge. After the developed studies presented here, it can be considered the thesis that knowledge does not preclude creativity, serving even to promote it. For, as demonstrated by the analysis of interviews, verbal protocols and commented games of renowned chess players, the knowledge enables
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