Common Skin Disease Update

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Common Skin Disease Update แพทย์หญิง นิศา พฤฒิกุล NISA PRETIKUL, MD . Macule . Scale . Erosion . Papule . Burrow . Ulcer . Plaque . Comedo . Crust . Wheal . Sclerosis . Lichenification . Nodule . Erythema . Atrophy . Tumor . Purpura . Sinus tract . Vesicle-Bulla . Telangiectasis . Excoriation . Pustule . Fissure • Burrow • Cyst • Sinus tract • Telangiectasia • Comedone • Along line of cleavage • Umbilication • Verrucous ลักษณะของผื่น คือผื่นแบนขนาดน้อยกว่า 0.5 เซนติเมตร การวินิจฉัยโดย Type of lesion 1. Hypopigmented macules 2. Hyperpigmented macules 3. Red macule 4. Macule with fine scale 1 . T.versicolor . Pityriasis alba . Post inflammatory hypopigmentation . Leprosy : indeterminate type . Vitiligo . Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis . Nevus anemicus . Nevus depigmentosus . Limited disease: . 2.5% Selenium selfile shampoo . 2% Ketoconazole shampoo . Topical azole medication . Topical propylene glycol . Extensive disease: . Fluconazole 300mg 1 dose and repeat in 14 day . Itraconazole 200mg daily X 7 days . Common benign codition affecting head and neck region of preadolescent children. Characterized as mild form of atopic dermatitis . Excessive and unprotected sun exposure, frequent bathing and hot baths are strongly related to the development of PA. Self limiting . Topical steroids and emollients are helpful . Decrease sun exposure, use of sunscreens . Prevalent 0.1-2% . Commomly begins in childhood and young adult with peak onset of 10-30 years but it can occur at any age. Relative risk for first degree relatives is increased by 7 to 10 fold . Can associated with systemic autoimmune and/or endocrine disase and rarely malignant melanoma . Segmental vitiligo . Acrofacial vitiligo . Generalize vitiligo ( Vitiligo vulgaris ) . Universal vitiligo . Mucosal vitiligo Determine extent of Involvement of vitiligo If < 20% of If >= 20% of Skin surface Skin surface Topical corticosteroids Phototherapy: immunomodulators, or calcipotriol NB-UVB or PUVA or a combination of these agents or PUVASOL If no response Topical PUVA therapy or If no response and Targeted phototherapy skin involvement is > 50% If no response Skin grafting or Depigmentation melanocyte transplantation 2 . Fixed drug eruption . Freckles . Melasma . Phytophotocontact dermatitis . Post inflammatory hyperpigmentation . Cafe au lait spot . Nevus of Ota . Usually appear as solitary, erythematous, bright red or dusky red macules. Commonly found on the genitalia and perianal area. Can occur anywhere on the skin surface . Develop from 30min to 8 – 16 hr after ingestion of the medication . More than 100 drugs causing FDEs . Ibruprofen, Sulfonamides, Naproxen, and Tetracyclines 3 . Fixed drug eruption . Viral exanthem . Morbilliform drug eruption . Port wine stain (nevus flammeus) . Erythema migrans 4 . T.versicolor . Erythrasma . Common superficial bacterial infection of the skin . Characterized by well-defined but irregular reddish brown patches . Occuring in the intriginous areas, web spaces of feet . Diagnosis : Culture( Corynbacterium minutissimum ), G/S( Rod-like Gram positive organism), Wood’s lamp (Coral red) . 5%Benoyl peroxide . 2%clindamycin lotion . Azole cream . For wide spead involvement : oral erythromycin or 1gm single dose of clarithromycin . เป็น solid , elevated lesion ของผิวหนัง และเยอื่ บ ุ ขนาดเสน้ ผา่ ศนู ยก์ ลางไมเ่ กนิ 0.5 เซนติเมตร ตัวอย่างโรคที่มาด้วยอาการแสดงแบบ papules 1. Acne 15. Skin tag 2. Prurigo simplex 16. Seborrheic keratosis 3. Morbilliform drug eruptions 17. Molluscum contagiosum 4. Lichen planus 18. Lichen amyloidosis 5. Warts 19. Pyogenic granuloma 6. Sebaceous gland hyperplasia 20. Nevus 7. Milia 21. Cherry angioma 8. Xanthoma 9. Hemangioma 10. Skin tag 11. Syringoma 12. Gottron’s papules 13. Keloid 14. Kaposi’s sarcoma . Treptonema pallidum is spirochete bacterium . Diagnosis is by dark-field microscopy of material from lesions or serology . Traditional : start with RPR and if positive confirm with FTA . Non-treponemal screeining tests : RPR, VDRL, TP-EIA, TRUST . Specific (confirmatory)treponemal tests :FTA-ABS, TP- PA, MHA-TP . Early, Secondary Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 mu IM 1 dose . Late latent : Benzathine penicillin G 2.4 mu IM q week * 3 wk . Neurosyphilis : Penicillin G 3-4 mu IV q 4 h* 10-14 days . CSF should be performed in: . All patient with serologic evidence of syphilis infection and neurologic symptoms . In person with early syphilis who do not achieve a >= 4 fold serologic decline in their RPR titers 6-12 month after adequate therapy . Late latent infection who do not achieve a similar decline within 12-24 months . HIV infected persons with syphilis of any stage whose RPR titers >= 1:32 and/or whose CD4 cell counts < 350 cells/mm3 . Symmetric, grouped, erythematous to violaceous, flat-topped, polygonal papules . Distribution : wide spread, predilection for flexural aspects of arms and legs . Liver disease : autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, postviral chronic active hepatitis . Infections : Syphilis, Herpes simplex type 2, HIV, Amebiasis, HCV infection, Chronic bladder infection . Plaque เป็น solid, elevated lesion ของผิวหนังและเยื่อบุ ขนาด เสน้ ผา่ ศนู ยก์ ลางเกนิ 0.5 เซนติเมตร ความกว ้างของรอยโรคมากกว่า ความหนา 1. Psoriasis 2. LSC (lichen simplex chronicus) 3. T.corporis 4. Acanthosis nigricans 5. Granuloma annulare 6. Lichen amyloidosis 7. DLE, SCLE 8. Pretibial myxedema 9. Necrobiosis lipoidica 10. Xanthelasma 11. Bowen’s disease 12. Paget’s disease of the breast 13. Leprosy 14. Sweet’s syndrome . 2% of populations . Erythematous scaly papules and plaques; pustular and erythrodermic eruptions . Most common sites of involvement are scalp, elbows and knees, hands, feet, trunk and nails . Psoriatic arthritis occurs in 10-25% . Most commonly of insulin resistance . Less frequent in genetic disorders and malignancy Later age, rapid course, and CBC,CMP, fasting blood Adenocarcinomas: intra- oral involvement more glucose; upper endoscopy abdominal; gastric (50% common in malignancy- or CT scan of abdomen if -60%) associated. Usually with history support insulin resistance . Squamous cell carcinoma in situ . Etiologic factors : UV exposure, chronic arsenicism, previous therapy with PUVA . Lesions progress to invasive carcinoma in 3-5% . Treatment : Excision and Mohs surgery . Wheal เป็น irregularly shaped, elevated, solid, changing and transient lesion ของผิวหนังและเยื่อบุ เนื่องจากผิวหนังบวม . ขนาดและรูปร่างอาจเปลี่ยนแปลงได้เร็วเนื่องจากมี shifting edema ใน upper dermis . ส่วนที่นูนเรียกว่า wheal มีสีซีดหรือเป็นสีชมพูเรื่อๆ ผิวหนังรอบส่วนที่นูนจะเห็นเป็นสีแดง เรียกว่า flare . เป็น deep, edematous urticarial reaction ซึ่งเกิดในบริเวณที่เป็น very loose dermis และ subcutaneous tissue เช่นที่ ริมฝีปาก หนังตา VS . Nodule เป็น solid, elevated lesion ของผิวหนังและเยื่อบุและลึกลงไปใต้ผิวหนังด้วย ขนาดเส้นผ่าศูนย์กลางมากกว่า 0.5 เซนติเมตร Tumor เป็น solid, elevated lesion ของผิวหนังและเยื่อบุและลึกไปใต้ผิวหนังด้วย ขนาด เส้นผ่าศูนย์กลางเกิน 1 เซนติเมตร . Erythema nodosum . Kaposi’s sarcoma . Keloid . CA metastasis . Xanthoma . Squamous cell CA . Lipoma . Condyloma acuminata . Neurofibroma . Angioma VS . Vesicle เป็น fluid-filled, superficial, elevated lesion ของผิวหนังและ เยื่อบุ ขนาดเส้นผ่าศูนย์กลางไม่เกิน 0.5 เซนติเมตร . Bulla เป็น fluid-filled, superficial, elevated lesion ของผิวหนังและเยื่อ บุ ขนาดเส้นผ่าศูนย์กลางเกิน 1 เซนติเมตร . Herpes simplex . Pemphigus . Herpes zoster . Bullous pemphigoid . Dyshidrosis . Chronic bullous dermatosis . Acute eczema of childhood . Chicken pox . Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita . Porphyria cutanea tarda . แยกก่อนว่าเป็นแบบเฉียบพลันหรือเรื้อรัง . ดูลักษณะของตุ่มน ้าว่าเป็น tense vesicle (ผิวตุ่มน ้ายังมีลักษณะตึง) หรือ flaccid vesicle (ผิวตุ่ม น ้ามีลักษณะแฟบ ไม่ตึง) จะเป็นแนวทางในการประเมินว่าการแยกของชั้นผิวหนังนั้นแยกที่ระดับตื้นหรือลึก . Pustule เป็น vesicle or bulla มีน ้าภายในเป็นหนอง . Folliculitis . Furunculosis . Impetigo . Pustular psoriasis . T.capitis . Acne . Atrophy refers to a diminution in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or part of the body. Epidermal atrophy : . คือการที่ epidermal cells ลดจานวนลงท าให้แลเห็นผิวบางเป็นมัน ริ้วรอยตามปกติของ ผิวหนังมักจะหายไป แต่บางครั้งก็อาจจะดูผิวบางและย่น . Dermal atrophy . เกิดเนื่องจาก dermal connective tissue ลดน้อยลงทาให้เห็นผิวหนังบุบลงไปชัดเจน . Scale เป็นขุยหรือแผ่นบางๆ แห้งๆที่ลอกออกจากผิวหนังชั้นนอกสุด มีลักษณะเฉพาะในบางโรค เช่น . เป็นเงาสีเงินในโรค psoriasis . เป็นไขใน seborrheic dermatitis . คล้ายเกล็ดปลาใน ichthyosis . รอยถลอก . เกิดจากบางส่วนของหนังกาพร้า (epidermis)หลุดหายไป แต่ basal layer ยังติดอยู่ มักจะ เกิดจากการแตกของตุ่มน ้าชนิด intraepidermal blister หรือเกิดจากการแกะเกาผิวหนัง ตื้นๆ ที่ผิวของรอยถลอกจะมี exudate เมื่อรอยถลอกหายจะไม่เกิดแผลเป็น . แผลเกิดเนื่องจากตลอดความหนาของหนงั กา พร้า(epidermis)และบางส่วนของหนังแท้ (dermis)หลุดหายไป เมื่อแผลหายจะเกิดแผลเป็น(scar) . ที่ผิวของแผลมักจะมี exudate ประกอบด้วยน ้าเหลือง น ้าหนอง เนื้อเยื่อซึ่งเน่าเปื่อยหรือปิดด้วย สะเก็ด . Scar คือบริเวณที่มี fibrosis ของ dermis หรือ subcutaneous tissues อาจจะนูน ขึ้นมาเป็น hypertrophic scar หรือบุ๋มเป็น atrophic scar . คือแผลปูดนูนซึ่งแผลยังจากัดอยู่เฉพาะในบริเวณที่มีบาดแผล . คือแผลปูดนูนที่ตัวแผลเป็นขยายออกไปมากกว่าบริเวณที่เป็นแผล . เป็นร่องหรือรอยแตกของผิวหนังผ่าน epidermis ลงไป มักพบบริเวณที่มีการสัมผัสน ้าบ่อยๆ . Crust หรือสะเก็ด เกิดขึ้นเมื่อน ้าเหลือง หรือเลือด หรือหนองปนกับ tissue debris แห้งติดอยู่บน ผิวหนัง . crust อาจจะบางแกะออกง่ายหรือหนาแข็งติดแน่นและมีสีต่างๆกัน . รอยโรคมีรูปร่างหรือการเรียงตัวเป็นวง ขอบ มักจะมีลักษณะเด่นกว่าตรงกลาง อาจจะนูนกว่า แดง กว่า ขุยมากกว่า หรือ active กว่า . มักใช้เรียกรอยโรคในผื่น eczema ที่มีลักษณะเป็นผื่นกลม
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