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Debemos Comenzar Por Declarar Que Porque Siendo La tRRCRES DE DIAGNOSTICS) FRECUEN'raS EN DERMATOLOGIA INFANTIL For el Dr. DARIO SEPULVEDA R. Hospital Clinico de Niiios Roberto del Rio. Debemos comenzar por declarar que porque siendo la Pediatria, a diferenda no pretendemos euumerar sisteinatica- ^e °tras especialidadcs medicas, una au- mente todas las dermatosis infantiles tentica medicina integral que no se con- que, potencialmente, puedeu dar pic a un creta a territories organicos, funciones o error de diagnostico. Solo queremos re- enfermedades determinadas, es logico ferirnos aqui a algunas afecciones cuta- Q116 ^a dermatologia del nino no puoda neas, de cuyos errores de diagnostico he- ser' en forma alguna, ajena al pediatra. mos sido testigos a lo largo de nuestras ^no se encuentra, en no pocas pcasio- 20 aiios de practica pediatrica, dedicada nes' ante Hituacianos dinicas complojas, ;i la dermatologia infantil. Ademay, de- en que el sindrome dermatologico apare- jaremos al margen much.os de nuestros ce en Primer piano. Es on estos cases casos que se refieren a dermatosis infre- cuando el pediatra, compenetrado de la cnentes o do menor iinportancia practica. dermatologia iufantil y de la alergia, Por otra parte, la limitacion de espa- estara en la mejor posicion para la dis- cio nos obliga a desarrollar este tema en criminacion de las causas patogenas en apretada sintesis; 'vale decirr a no sena- juego y llegar a una adecuada interpre- lar siuo los rasgos mas resaltantes y fre- tacion diagnostica del caso. cuentes que orientan el diagnostico; a La subestimacion del examen atento abstenernos de ciertas disquisiciones in- de la piel: la falta de curiosidad para muno-biologkas, a las cuales nos hemos analizar debidamente las manifestaciones sentido teiitados; a no insertar las ob- cutaneas que existan en conconiitancia servaciones clinicas de los Servicios y de con el cuadro clinico general, puede lle- nuestro propio archive, que podrian ser var al error, o por lo mcnos, retardar un altamente ilustrativas, pero que pone- diagnostico que pudo haberse hecho en el mos a disposicion de quien se interese primer memento. Otras vec'es, el error por ellas. No obstante, no hemos podido .provieno al dejarse llevar por la impre- substraernos, de vez en cuando, a descri- sion de los elementos eruptivos mas lla- bir someramente la morfologia de algu- mativos, aobresalientes o predominantes, nos elementos cutaneos muy propios de la y en no detenerse en el examen del res to infancia, ya que ellos constituyen la ba- de los demas componentes cutaneos, o se primordial del diagnostico y que, di- mucosos que pudieran coexistir. cho sea de paso, no siempre aparecen La Sama del lactante, comunmente, es descritos, o claramente seiialados,"en los tan diferente de las descrlpciones clasi- textos. cas, de la quc.se ve en nirios may ores o Las dermatosis infantiles —ya sea -en -el adult o, que a menudo se la califi- constitnyendo un cuadro nosologico pri- ca de "eczema" o de "eczematizacion", y mario o formando parte de una entidad en no pocos casos de "folic'ulitis" o d« clinica definida— son tan frecuentes en "forunculosis", etc. El error de tomarla la practica diaria, que nos parece obvio por eczema puede provenir del hecho que expresar que todo pediatra debe teller uii la manife&tacion predominante sea una conocimiento cabal de aquellas en bcne- eczematizacion secundaria provocada por ficio del diagnostico correcto. Ademasr tratamientos inadecuados ("sulfureto'*. ERRORES DE DIAGNOSTICO EN DBRMATOLOGIA. — D. Sepulveda, 347 "parafina", soluciones concentradas de neamente diagnosticados de "impetigo benzoato de bencilo, etc.). En tales casos buloso", Como los elomentos tambien hay quo observar que el eritema es mas suelen invadir las manos y planta de los intcnso y .predommante que el quo se pies, a menudo es confundido con la sar- observa en la eczcina vulgar del lactan- na. En tal caso hay que considerar, si ie; luegOj que la exudacion y vesicula- wo tratara do una erupcion acarica que cion es mas fina, mas regular y mas di- ha tornado las manos y pies, que sera fusa ("en sabana") ; todo lo cual recuer- muy raro no encontrar los clisicos surcos. da mas bien el aspecto tan especial de la Ademas, la facilidad con que so in- verdadera dermatitis o "eczema de con- fecta el strophulus en los ninos desasea- tacto". Este. aspecto es tan especial, que dos, hace que se lo confunda con una sa.r- inmediatamonte uno interroga a la ma- na infectada y que scan sometidos a topi- dre en ese sentido, obleniendo invaria- cos. antisarnicos, quo no solo no logran blemente la certidumbre del empleoX de eliminar la infeccion sobreagrogada, sino algun topico iuadecuado. quo aumentan el rascado, y por ende, En otros cases —por cierto bastante la agravacion de la dermatosis. Si bieu numerosos— puede tratarse del cnadro es cierto que on estos casos las vesiculi- que hemos denomiiiado Eczema .por Sen- l!as simulan las vordaderas "vesiculas sibilizacion Acarica. En este, las losio- perlada.s" dc la escabiosis clasica, no es nes eczematosas uo const ituyen sino ma- menos cierto quo la distribucion topo- nifestaciones propias de la sarna, gene- grafica de la orupcion y la ausencia de radas —como lo explicamos en un traba- surcos no justifican el tratamiento anti- jo anterior1—, por^scnsibiHzacion al aca- sarnico de prueba. Por otra parto, en ro y sus productos y no ocasionado di- todo caso do sospecha de una escabiosis, rectamonte por este o por sus movimieii- no hay que olvidar lo que ya expresamos tos (como ocurre, por ojomplo, con los acorca del examen de los coniactos fami- snrcos). No hay quo olvidar que el lac- liares. tante afecto de sarna (o de eczema por Las- formas de strophulus mas vesicu- sensibilizacion acarica), es siompro el re- losas que papulosas, las hemos visto con- sultado de una sarna familiar, por lo fundir con "varicela". Por el contrario, cual, cuando existeu dudas, nunca debe- en los lactantos disergicos y distroficos, ra dojarse de oxaminar a la madro o a los elementos predominantes de strophu- los hermanos. La rapida revision de las lus generalmente lo constituyen papulas manos, antebrazos y cara interna de los aplauadas, a veces de^ tinte mas bien vio- muslos de la madre y el examen do los laceo, .semejando el liquen piano. pliegues interdigitales de las mauos y ca- Un diagnostico dlferencial bastante ra anterior do las munecas en los ultimos, dificil de hacer en ocasionos, particular- bastan para asegurarse del diagnostico. meiite en lactantes menores de 3 meses, El Strophulus ("prurigo simplex agu- en quo afortunadamento el strophulus es do", "urticaria papulosa" o "liquen urti- excepcional, lo constituyen las Picadas catus")r con su lesion caracteristica: una de Chinches. Goneralmente he observado roncha con una vesicula, generalmente quo ostas ultimas se inanifiestan por es- pequena, >en el lactante; o una poquena casos elemontos eruptivos, con tendencla papula, mas o menos urticaria!, pseudo- a agruparse de a 3, especialmente a nivel umbilicada por una pequofiisima costra de las piernas, del abdomen o de los an- lenticular, en el nino mayor, permite su tebrazos. Aunquo ordinariamento cstin facil difereuciacion do las otras formas dc constituidas por pequenas papulas ede- prurigos. ma.tosas o urticariales; otras veces son Un caso de strophulus, en que predo- maculas purpuricas y, no pocas, hulas. minaban los elementos a nivel de las Estas ultimas parecen ser el resultado piernas, presentandose niuy 'Vesiculosois y de una reaccion violenta en una piel al- a!gunos de contenido turbio, fueron erro- tamente sensible, hecho importante de te4 348 ERRORES DE DIAGNOSTIC© EN DBRMATOLGGIA. D. Sepulvcda. ner presonte, para no alarmarse por la La prodigalidad con que algunos auto- falsa presencia do un penfigo. res ban diagno&ticado y so diagnostica En los nines in ay ores hay otras der- la Eritrodermia Doscamativa do Leinon matosis con las cuales se ha podido con- se dobe, a mi niodo de vor, a que la iden- fundir el strophulus o prurigo simple tifican con la "eczema seborreica uni- agudo (eczema aguda diseminada, erite- versal". La observacion cuidadosa, co- mo tambien la histopatologia do biopsias ma polimorfo) que, on cumplimiento a 4 la brevedad, pasamos por alto. Solo que- practicadas por nosotros , revelan que las remos reaf irmar que es en el lactante on lesiones difioren on algunos detallos: la donde el strophulus reviste la mayor im- eczema seborroica se compono de elenien- portancia; y, tanto mas, ciranto que en los eritemato-descamativos con tendencia estos ultimos anos homos noiado un au- a la coalesconcia, cnyas oscamas son pe- mento notorio do este tipo de erupcion quenas y tieueii un caracter graso; en ol que, a mi juicio, coincide exactamente Leiner, las manifestaciones son extensas y con ol aumeuto creciento y ol caracter goneralizadas, tionen un caracter ori- inasivo de las inmunizaciones que csta- trodermico, inflamatorio, so acornpanaii mos efectuando (vacunacion con B. C. de descamacion en grander laminas dcl- G., vacuna anticoquelucho-difterica). Da- gadasf opaleacentes, no grasas, de bordos da la indole del presente trabajo, nos li- curvos, e histologicamente hay una mar- mitamos a senalar este hecho, ovitando cada predominancia de las lesiones dermi- exteiidernos en los probables mecanismos cas sobre las opidermicas. La eritroder- mia descamativa de Leiner es, pues^ una innmnobiologicos quo pudieran oxplicar 1 este fenomeno. Croo convenionte agro- afeccion sui generis y rara, Tambien si gar lo expresado por el gran dermatolo- la ha confundido con la Enfermedad de go Darler, en la pagina 685 de su Precis-2: Ritter. Sus diferencias podrian sinleti- "Le prurigo simplex ot sans doute trop zar.se como sigue: peu connu, car a tout moment des mc- decins le decrivent a nouvoau, sons une Enf. de Ritter,: E. desc.
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