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0365 Cumhuriyetin Ilk Onbesh Bir Çağdaştaşma Örneği Olarak o o CUMHURIYET'IN o ILK ONBEŞ YILI (1923-1938) Orhan KOLOliLU Bir Çağdaştaşma Örneği Olarak CUMHURIYET'IN• • ILK. ONBEŞ YILI (1923-1938) • Orhan KOL OGLU •oYUT KITAIILA.I BOYUT YAYlN GIIIUBU BOYUT KiTAPLARI ARAŞT IRMA- SiYASET YAZlLARI Dizisi 1999/3 Orhan Kolo�lu Bir Çaıdaşlaşma Örncıi Olarak CUMHURİYET'İN İLK ONBEŞ YILI Boyut Kitapları Yayın Yönc:tmc:ni Uğur Bülıe Sanat Yönc:tmc:ni Murat Önq Yayına Hazırlayan Sultan Polat Bu kinbın Türkiyt'dd:i htr rürlü yayın hakka Fikir vt Sanal Eurlui lUnunu gcrrA:incc s.,�, TtlfiNcılıi A.Ş.'ye aiııir. Tanıum amacıyla yapılacak lun ahntılar dışında, yayanemın yazıla izni olmaksızın hiç-bir yolla ç-oA;altılamaz. 1. Basım Haz iran 1999 Bas kı Boyu ı Marbaacı lı k A. Ş. Yazııma Adresi: Yüzyıl Mah. MAS·SİT Maıbaacılar Siıcsi No: 115 34560 Ba�cılar/ İSTANBUL Tel.: (O lll) 619 53 00 (Pbı) Faks.: (O lll) 619 05 74-75 İçindekiler Önsöz ............................................................................................................9 Giriş ............................... ............. ................................................................15 l. Bölüm Dİc.";ER İSLAMTOPLUMLARlNDA ULUSAL EGEMENLİK ANLAYlŞI Şerif Hüseyin'in Formülü ..................................................................23 Hint Müslümanlannın Uzlaşmacılı& ........................ ... .......................33 Mısır'da Pazariılda Ba&msızlık Arayışı ................................................ 39 2. Bölüm DÜNYA SAVAŞI SONRASI TÜRKİYE Kemalizm'in Önerisi ..........................................................................45 Vahdettin'in Ulusal Egemenli�e Kaqı Hilafeti Oynaması ..................52 3. Bölüm 1922 ŞO:KLARIN ETKİSİ İslam Dünyası Yargılannı Yeniden De�erJendiriyor ............................65 Ulusal Egemenlikle Himayeci Ara�ında Tercih Yapamayanlar .............. 72 Hilafet'çi Kesilen Emperyalizmin Işe Kanşması .................................. 85 Riyaseti Celileye .............................................. ................................ ı 07 4. Bölüm OSMANU'DAULUSAL EGEMENLİc.";E YÖNELİŞİNASAMALARI Ba&msızlı&n Kapsaı:nı .......................... ..........................................115 Ba&msızlık- Kapitülasyon Çatışması ................................................115 Yumuşatılmış Kapitülasyon Önerisi ...................................... ..... .......120 Kapitülasyonsuz Bir İslam Toplumu ................................................124 Himayecinin Verdi� Özgürlük ............ ............................................130 Kapitillasyonlara Tepkinin Gendleşmesi ................................... .......132 Mısır'da Kapitülasyonla Uzun Savaş ................................................136 Iran'da Hızlı Çözüm ........................................................................l40 25 Yıllık Öncdik ..............................................................................l4l S. Bölüm CUMHURİYET'İN DIDERLENDİRİLMESİ Kemalizm: Demokratik Diktatörlük........... .......................................l5l İslamla Ba�daşır/Ba�daşmaz Tartışması ..........................................155 Bolşeviklik-Babilik Damgası ·····: ................... ; ..................................162 Toplumun Yüzde 5'iyle 95'inin Ilişkisi=Sorunu................................ l65 7 6. Bölüm LAİKLİc.";İ TANlMLAYABiLME Şerian IÇimler İster? ..........................................................................175 Şan'da I!k Tepki: Hilafeti S�!ıipleniş ................................................178 lslamda Ilk Tepki: Cahiliye Olüm� Taroşması .................................. 184 Uzun Vadede Şan: Djpsiz Detil Ilgi.�iz ............................................195 Uzun Vadede Islam: Once Din fTii, Ozgürlük mü? ..........................199 Denemenin Soqucunu Bekleme ünerisi ..........................................2ll Yeni Bir Halife Için Sonuçsuz GirişimJer ..........................................214 7. Bölüm .. MİLLİYETÇİLİK AÇMAZI ı.,ider/Omek Arayışında Sıkınn ........................................................237 Ikinci Endülüs Psikozu ..................................... ...............................242 Yerel Çözümlere Geçiş ....................................................................24 7 B an 'nın Emperyalizmi ile Uygarlı�ını Ayırabilme ............................ 253 8. Bölüm DİL - HARF SORUNU Aydınla Halkı Birleştirme Arayışı......................................... ............. 265 Yeni Türk Harflerine Geçiş .............................................................. 270 Arap Harflerini Kutsallaşnrmada Milliyetçilik ....................................275 J(ur'an Ezberlenecek mi, Anlaşılacak mı? ..........................................281 Ibadette Türkçe ve Radyo Krizi................... .....................................290 9. Bölüm . KİŞİLİK ARAYlŞlNDA BAŞLIK Fesin Islam'ın Simgesi Oluşu ve Reddi ............................................303 Fesi Kutsal Sayıp Vazgeçmeyenler ....................................................309 Şapkayı Zorunlu Kılanlar.................................................................. 316 Ulusal Başlık Arayanlar .................................................................... 318 10. Bölüm KADlN HAI<LAlUNIN İÇERİc.";İ Tanzimat'tan Kemalistlere Türkiye'deki evrim.................................. 327 Avrupa'nın Önüne Geçen Adım ......................................................333 Kemalist Modeli Tercih Edenler ...................................................... 337 Peçeyi Belirleyici Sayanlar ................................................................ 342 Şeriat mı, Medeni Kanun mu Taroşması ..........................................347 ll. Bölüm CUMHURİYET ve DEVRİMLER KARŞlSlNDA DIŞ TÜRKLER 150'liklerin Uzlaşmazlan.............................. ....................................359 Özeleştiri Yapabilenler ...................................................................... 36 7 Kemalist-Anti Kemalist Çatışmalan ..................................................370 Sonuç 75. YILI DüLDURURKEN 1919-1938'in Tarihteki Yeri ............................................................377 Cumhuriyet Ça�daşlaşmanın Güvencesidir ...................................... 389 ----------------------�: 8 :r----------------------- Önsöz Cumhuriyet'imiz 75 yaşında. Çok mutluyuz ama tedirginlik hissedenlerimiz de var. 'Cumhuriyet ne getirdi?1 ya da 'Yetmif bq yılda yapılanlarıngerçek/eltirilmesi için mutlaka cumhuriyet gerekli miydi?1 diye soranlanmız eksik de�l. Hatta Osmanlıyı canlandırmak. özlemini saklamayanlanmız bile var. Bazılanmız bu sorulara 'kadir bilmez/ie damgasını vurarak hemen kızıyor. Oysa bu durumun biraz geçmişe ilgisizlikten kaynaldandı�nı, biraz da insan hafizasının unutkanlıkla malul oldu�unu düşüne­ rek hepsini art niyetli saymaktan vazgeçebiliriz ... Aralannda art niyetliler bulunsa da ... Cumhuriyetin üçüncü kuşa�ından bir ya­ zar (Türkiye gazetesi, 14.2.1998, Dr. Veysel Gani) açok jükür! Bizim nesil Mehmet Akifin matem tutan bülbülünün kahır ve çilesini çekmedi» diyerek e�limin kökenine başanlı bir şekilde ışık tutmuştu. Yine bizim nesil, Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda dedeleri gi­ bi ateşle imtihana tabi tutulmadı... Temel sorunları, çözülmüş, hazır bulanların daha ileri aşamalan hedefleyen ruh hali, bu tür soruları kaçınılmaz kılar, ama aynı zamanda objektifbir de�er­ lendirmeyi güçleştirir. Bu kitap, hafizalan zenginleştirmeyi ve objektifbakışı egemen kılmayı hedeflemektedir. Dördüncü kuşa�ın toplumda söz sahibi olmaya hazırlandı�ı bir dönemde, geçmişin bugünü biçimlendiren oluşumlannın ay­ nen 75-80 yıl öncesindeki heyecan ya da korkuyla algılanması ta­ bii mümkün de�ldir. Ancak yetersiz bulmak topluma bir yarar sa�lamazken daha iyisi için eleştiri yapmak sa�lıklı olur. Bu nedenle, bir yandan toplumsal de�işmenin yasalarına di�er yan- --------------------�: 9 �:---------------------- Bi r C.:• Ad•şlaşma ÖrncAi Olarak CUMHURİYET İN İLK ONBEŞ YILI dan da karşılaştırmalı yönteme başvurulmalıdır. Birincisi tarihin uzun süre kavramım dikkate almayı zorunlu kılar. Kısa süreye dayalı yargılarda isabet sa�amaktan çok hata yapma olasılı� faz­ ladır. Di�er yöntem ise, bütünleşen bir dünyada aynı etkeniere tabi kalarak ça�daşlaşma yanşma katılmış geri kalmış toplumlar­ da neden farklı sonuçlara vanldı�uu anlamaya yarar. Yukandaki sorulara bilimsel yanıtlar verebilmek için, kitapta kısa süreli, duygusal yargılardan kaçınılaca�ı gibi, karşılaştırmalı de�erlendirmede de sık düşülen bir hatadan uzak durma�a özen gösterilecektir. Bu da öncelikle Batı dünyası ile de�l, yüzyıllar­ ca aynı temeli paylaştı�mızİslam toplumlanyla neden fa rklı yer­ lere vardı�ımızın belirlenmesiyle mümkündür. İleri mi, yoksa geri mi adımlar atmış oldu�umuz ancak bu yöntemle ortaya ko­ nabilir. Ondan sonra ülkenin ulaştı� uygarlık düzeyinin ça�daş­ lanyla kıyaslanınası ve eleştirilerin haklı yanlannın belirlenmesi daha tutarlı olur. Aynı yaklaşım, İslam toplumlan ve özellikle Arap komşulan­ mız için de, yirminci yüzyıldaki sorunlannın anlaşılabilmesi için gereklidir. Onlar da ortakyaşamımızın sona erişini kısavadeli ve karşılaştırmasız anlayışla de�erlendirdikleri için her sorumlulu� ve suçu Osmanlı'ya ve Türk'e yükleyerek kendilerini temize çı­ karmayı denediler. Bu yönterninözeleştir iyi gereksiz kılması, baş­ langıçta hayli rahatlatıcı da oldu. Ama kısa süre sonra, kendi hata­ lanyla birlikte, bir zamanlar Osmanlı'ya karşı ittifak yaptıklan Av­ rupalılann küçümsenemeyecek rolünü de hesaba katınaziarsa so­ runlannasa�lıklı bir çözüm bulamayacaklannı fa rk ettiler. Türk toplumunun
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