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The Works of Francis Bacon - * T^_ THE WORKS OF FRANCIS BACON. THE WORKS FRANCIS BACON, BARON OF VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST. ALBANS, AND LORD man CHANCELLOR OF ENGLAND. Collected and IStKtrO BY JAMES SPEDDING, M. A. OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE; ROBERT LESLIE ELLIS, M.A. LATE FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND DOUGLAS DENON HEATH, ARRISTER-AT-LAW; LATE FELLOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. VOLUME XI. BEING VOL. I. OF THE LITEEAEY AND PROFESSIONAL WORKS. BOSTON: HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY. Gi: Eitrrsiic l^rrcc, Ca^iciijtr. OP CALIFORNIA i v C ^ **tf44 tt**UA*A COLLEGE LIBRARY \\OO \h \\ 70166 PREFACE. AMONG the Harleian manuscripts in the British Museum, there is a volume bearing the following " title : The Writings of Sir Francis Bacon, Knt., the King's Solicitor General, in Morality, Policy, and History." It is only half filled, and contains nothing but essays. We may infer however from the title- page that it was at that time Bacon's intention to gather his writings of that class into a separate col- lection and I that if it had been continued ; suppose and completed according to that intention, it would have contained all such pieces as are here collected under the title of Works which I Literary ; by mean works which were intended to take their place among books ; as distinguished from writings of business, which though they may be collected into books afterwards, were composed without reference to anything beyond the particular occasion to which they relate. The Philosophical Works contained in the first seven vol- umes of this edition of course to this class belong ; and next to them in order of importance come the ri PREFACE. Historical, Moral, and Political Works, of which this volume [and the next] contains the most considerable. For the particular history of each piece, and the manner in which I have dealt with it, I refer to the several prefaces. Those which are written in Latin, are followed by English translations; for which, as indeed for everything in this volume, [and the follow- ing,] I am alone and entirely responsible. The engraving which stands as frontispiece is a very correct representation of a bust belonging to the Earl of Verulam, to whose kindness I am indebted for per- mission to have a drawing made of it for this purpose, as well as for the facilities given to the artist. It is a colored bust in terra-cotta, and is one of a set of three, done in the same style and material, and apparently the same hand said to be of Sir Nicholas by ; portraits Bacon, Anne, his second wife, and their son Francis, when twelve years old. I regret that I could not learn anything more about them. They must have been done about the year 1572, by an artist of no ordinary skill, and have probably been at Gorhambury ever since. They show, among other things, that Bacon's likeness was to his mother ; a fact, I believe, not other- wise known. J. S. CONTENTS av THE ELEVENTH VOLUME. LITERARY WORKS. BISTORT OF THE REIGN OF KINO HENRY VLL . 11 APPENDIX I. Great Councils . 867 II. Perkin Warbeck's Proclamation . .874 ILL Character of Henry VH from the Latin Translation 879 THE BEGINNING OF THE HISTORY OF THE REIGN or KINO HENRY VHL 891 THE BEGINNING OF THE HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN 899 IN FKLICEM MEMORIAM ELIZABETHJB, ANGLLK BEGINJE 411 The same translated into English . 448 THE LITERARY AND PROFESSIONAL WORKS OF FRANCIS BACON. LITERARY WORKS. PKEFACE HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF HENRY VH. THE history of the reign of King Henry the Seventh was the first work Bacon after his fall composed by ; the fruit of his first few months of leisure. The sub- ject indeed of which it forms the opening chapter viz: a History of England from the Union of the Roses to the Union of the Crowns was one which he had long before pointed out as eminently worth handling but until the time when he saw his retirement from public life inevitable, and that (to use his own words) "being no longer able to do his country service it remained to him to do it honour," he does not seem to have thought of undertaking any part of it himself. And though it may appear from a letter to the king that he had conceived the purpose as early as the 21st of April 1621, when he was in the middle of his troubles, it is not before the 4th of June, when he was released from the Tower, hardly perhaps before the 22nd, when he returned to Gorhambury, that he can be supposed to have commenced the work. By the snd of the following October, or thereabouts, he had 14 PREFACE TO THE HISTORY OF finished this portion of it in its present form, and sent a fair transcript to the king. It may be regarded there- fore as the labour of a long vacation. To say that such a work was executed in four or five months by a man who was excluded (except dur- ing the last six weeks) from London, where all the unpublished materials were, is to say that it is in many ways imperfect. The original records of the time had not been studied by any man with a genius for writing history, nor gathered into a book by any laborious col- lector. The published histories were full of inaccu- racies and omissions, which it was impossible to correct or supply without much laborious research in public archives and private collections. The various studies of his civil life had made him acquainted no doubt with illustrative of his but many things subject ; for these he must have trusted to the fidelity of his memory. What Sir Robert Cotton could supply was but Cotton within liberally communicated ; House was the forbidden precinct, and any man who has attempted this kind of work knows how imperfect a substitute another man's eyes and judgment are for his own. For the rest of his raw material he must have trusted en- to the histories then extant to tirely published ; Fabyan, who furnished only a naked and imperfect chronicle of London news to a ; Polydore Vergil, who supplied narrative, continuous indeed and aspiring to be his- careless full errors torical, brt superficial and and of ; to Hall and Holinshed, who did little more than trans- Vate and embellish to whose inde- Polydore ; Stowe, pendent and original researches had only contributed additional facts dates to whose few and ; and Speed, records history, though enriched with some valuable THE REIGN OF HENRY VIL 15 and digested with a more discriminating judgment than had been brought to the task before, was yet composed for the most part out of the old materials, and retained almost all the errors. From these imperfect, unskilful, and inaccurate out- lines, aided by the fruits of his own former reading and observation, by a Iqarned acquaintance with the statutes of the realm, and by such original documents as 'Sir Robert Cotton could supply, to educe a living likeness of the man and the time, to detect the true relations of events, and to present them to the reader in their proper succession and proportions, was the task which he now undertook. In this, which under such conditions was all he could attempt, he succeeded so well that he has left later his- torians little to do. Subsequent researches have but confirmed and illustrated the substantial truth of his history in all its main features. The portrait of Henry as drawn by him is the original, more or less faithfully copied, of all the portraits which have been drawn since. The theory of the events of Henry's reign as formed and expounded by him has been adopted by every succeeding historian as the basis of his narrative. Those who have most slighted his authority have not the less followed his guidance and drawn their light from him. Those who have aspired to correct his work have only turned a likeness into a caricature and history into invective. The composition bears indeed some traces of the haste with which it was written : but if that be the best history which conveys to a reader the clearest conception of the state and progress )f affairs during the period of which it treats, not one of the histories of Henry the Seventh that have been 16 PREFACE TO THE HISTORY OP written since can bear a comparison with this. The facts he was obliged, for the reasons above stated, tr take and leave almost as he found them ; but the efiec of his treatment of them was like that of bringing ; into a dark : the are there as light room objects the; were before, but now you can distinguish them. In superintending a new ^dition of this history ' nave aimed chiefly at four things. 1st, to obtain correct text. 2nd, to ascertain as far as possibl whether the statements in the text are accurate ; an . to point out in foot-notes all inaccuracies, however trivial. 3rd, to supply omissions, where they seemed important. And lastly, to notice all passages in which the Latin translation (which was prepared under Bacon's own eye some years after) varies in meaning from the original English. 1. For the text, there are only two authorities of any value : the original manuscript, which was sub- mitted to the king in the autumn of 1621, and is preserved (all but a few leaves) in the British Mu- and the in seum ; original edition, which was printed the following March.
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