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Fennoscandia Archaeologica IX

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Fennoscandia Archaeologica IX Gösta Bågenholm, Arkeologi och språk i Nor- of urbanization are such periods of change and ra Östersjöområdet. Gotarc B:12. Göteborg transition, in other words three very recent events 1999, 212 p., English summary, appendix. in overall post-glacial history. They are apparently only some kind of example of the relationship between crises of settlement and changes in lan- This book is a doctoral dissertation in archaeolo- guages. The author clearly does not set out in any gy that will no doubt surprise every archaeologist specific area or with reference to any particular who reads it. We know archaeology to be a disci- language to discuss how language is shaped as the pline seeking to elucidate human culture in pre- result of crises of settlement. historic and historically documented times with Bågenholm’s study is an interesting statement reference to antiquities and individual finds. Bå- of opinion regarding a subject that has somewhat genholm’s book, however, does not discuss any surprisingly become topical after the mid-1980s. artefacts or antiquities. Mats P. Malmer’s old pre- It also demonstrates an admirable familiarity with diction that archaeology will develop into a dis- philological studies on the part of an amateur. I cipline for which individual finds will be of no do not know what the author’s previous education consequence and antiquities of only minor impor- is, but the work is nonetheless a doctoral disser- tance seems to have come true in this book. tation in archaeology and not in philology. Bågenholm presents a kind of series of lectures The presentation and style are markedly po- in historical philology, in which the lecturer lemic. Bågenholm sees political agendas under- chooses to elucidate the questions discussed lying different interpretations, and even family re- through quotes. To my knowledge, philology, too, lations in the case of the archaeologist C. A. Nor- operates to some degree with material of a primary dman. It is obvious that the political views of ar- nature. The study is strangely structured also in chaeologists will in some way also be reflected in the sense that, despite its heading, it is not limit- their scholarly output. Gustaf Kossinna was no ed to the Baltic sphere, but also treats the whole doubt pleased to find the original home of the history of the Indo-European and Fenno-Ugrian Indo-Europeans in the area of Germany and Den- languages. mark, while Gordon Childe no less readily placed The author seeks to prove that all discussion to it as far as possible beyond the borders of Germa- date on the origin and relations of the Indo-Euro- ny. Today’s intelligentsia regard themselves to be pean and Fenno-Ugrian languages is erroneous. cosmopolitan and Bågenholm’s work, in which he His main idea is that countless languages were seeks to negate the whole concept of an original spoken in Europe during the Ice Ages. Bågenholm home region, must be viewed against this back- maintains that languages display simultaneously ground. It should be borne in mind, however, what disintegrating and consolidating tendencies. De- Professor A. M. Tallgren wrote in 1933 concern- pending on the balance of these trends, languag- ing the prehistoric roots of Swedish settlement in es will either form larger entities or split into in- Finland: “Det är mig motbjudande att beröra frå- creasingly smaller languages. In Europe, where gans politiska sida, emedan den för mig totalt relatively few languages or language groups are saknar en sådan, ock jag begriper ej cui bono pro- known, the course of development has been pre- fessor Wiklund så starkt drar fram dessa synpunk- dominately one of integration. He also claims that ter. Jag hatar all nationalism, och frågan är utes- in addition to vocabulary also the basic structures lutande vetenskaplig” (Tallgren 1933:186). (I find of languages can change and can be borrowed it unpleasant to deal with the political aspect of over time. The total extinction of a language also this question, as for me it completely lacks such appears to play an important role in Bågenholm’s an aspect, and I do not understand cui bono (to argumentation. whose benefit) Professor Wiklund presents these He does not give archaeology many tasks in views in such strong terms. I hate all manner of solving his problem. If I have understood him nationalism, and the question is solely a scholar- correctly, he claims that crises in settlement will ly one.) lead to demographic and linguistic change, among In his critique, the author rejects the family-tree other developments. The crisis of the 7th century model in explaining the history of languages, for AD, the Black Death and contemporary process the reason, among others, that it operates only 70 with reference to existing languages and ignores Of these alternatives, Bågenholm denies only those that have become extinct long ago. He thus the last one. It is surprising, however, that in the rejects Proto Indo-European (PIE) as an unhistor- appendix of his book he notes that some of these ical reconstruction as well as interpretations that loans are Baltic, i.e. he has made use of observa- seek to outline conditions at the time of that lan- tions supporting alternative number 3 above. He guage with the aid of it. Discussion on the origi- does not, however, discuss this point in the text nal home of the Fenno-Ugrians also receives short and the reader is left with the impression that the shrift from Bågenholm. work as a whole has not been completely thought I agree with his point that the original home of out. The author seems to have been inspired more these language groups cannot be sought in the by writing than thinking. A number of other de- regions of the Black Sea just because the oldest tails are also discussed in various parts of the historical information on the peoples speaking book, and even though reference is made to pre- these languages comes from this area, for we do vious discussion in one or the other subject with not know the name of any Late Stone Age Euro- a catchingly phrased heading, one cannot avoid a pean peoples, from which we could surmise what diffuse impression. languages were spoken at the time in places like In the area of archaeology the author is inter- Denmark or near the great bend of the Volga. Also ested i.a. in the idea, originally suggested by Gor- the observation that discussion on the original don Childe, that the Black Sea region was a home home area of the Indo-Europeans is largely based area of the Indo-European languages and peoples on the prehistory and early history of Greece is and that the Indo-Europeans presumably migrat- correct. The fact that Linear B has proven to be ed to Europe along with the appearance of the an Indo-European language has now posed prob- Battle-Axe, or Corded Ware, cultures. Following lems for speculations concerning the late Indo- his way of thinking, the author takes a critical view Europeanization of Europe. of such interpretations. Bågenholm therefore seeks to prove that in fact Along with Childe, Bågenholm mentions Mar- we have hardly any information on the original ija Gimbutas, who no doubt has considerable in- non-Indo-European population of Europe. fluence on the establishment of his kurgan hy- Here, too, he is, in principle, correct, but fails potheses. Characteristic of the book are tiring to note the observation expressed by Finnish phi- quotes from different examples of research. The lologists that the Basque language does not con- author is no doubt correct when he notes that the tain any early Indo-European loan-words, while current literature on Indo-European archaeology such loans are common in the eastern languages. is so extensive that no summary, however super- This presents a strong case for the eastern origin ficial, is possible. of the Indo-European languages. Suggestions of As a supporter of interpretations stressing con- an eastern origin of the Indo-European languag- tinuity, Bågenholm could have been expected to es are largely based on the 19th-century observa- mention E. Neustupny, who in the 1960s, along tion that Proto Fenno-Ugric contains Indo-Euro- with Mats P. Malmer, was a prominent protago- pean loan-words. Bågenholm does not dispute nist of the local origin of the Corded Ware Cul- these similarities, but he has found, in the research tures (Neustupny 1969). I was also surprised to literature, five explanations for Indo-Iranian loan- observe that he does not mention the article by L. words in Finnish: Kilian (published in the same volume as the arti- cles by H. Moora and K. Mark with which Bågen- 1. The Fenno-Ugric and Indo-European languag- holm is familiar), in which it is clearly demonstrat- es have common origins. ed that the Corded Ware, or Battle Axe, culture 2. The words are very old loans from Proto Indo- cannot be derived from the ochre-grave (kurgan) Iranian. culture (Kilian 1958). This article refers to re- 3. They are loans passed on by the Slavic or Bal- search and statements in support of this viewpoint tic languages. by T. Sulimirski and V. G. Childe. The article also 4. They are loans passed on by the Romany lan- cites T. Sulimirski’s well-known interpretation guages into South Slavonic, from where they according to which the eastern branch of the Bat- spread into Finnish, i.a. via Church Slavonic. tle Axe Culture belonged to the Fenno-Ugrian 5. The similarities are only apparent. peoples. Kilian’s dissertation marked the return of 71 discussion on the origins of the Battle Axe Cul- Culture, where cord impressions are common, and tures to the original Nordischer Kreis theory (Kil- in the Para-Neolithic cultures of the Baltic-Polish ian 1955).
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