DOCSLIB.ORG

A Polemic About the Slavic Origins in Polish Lands

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Journal Of Anthropological And Archaeological Sciences DOI: 10.32474/JAAS.2021.03.000170 ISSN: 2690-5752 Review Article A polemic about the Slavic Origins in Polish Lands Wojciech J Cynarski* Committee of Scientific Research, Idokan Poland Association, Poland *Corresponding author: Wojciech J Cynarski, Committee of Scientific Research, Idokan Poland Association, Rzeszów, Poland Received: February 04, 2021 Published: March 01, 2021 Abstract So far, representatives of historians and archaeologists have not undertaken an invitation to a substantive polemic. Only on forums and blogs you can find both critical comments and positive references to the content previously published by the author. forum.Meanwhile, subsequent excavations and other studies confirm the cultural proximity of the former Slavs (Lechites) and Scythians, and the presence of Proto-Slavs in Central Europe already in antiquity. Hence the need to speak at the next scientific discussion Keywords: Proto-Slavic History; Autochthonous Theory; Polish Chronicles; Hg R1a1; Language Introduction The scattered research results and theoretical concepts of dishes, weapons and ornaments were to confirm the superiority Slavic ones. of the material culture of the Germanic or Celtic tribes over the of researchers representing various fields of science are like According to allochtonists, the beginnings of statehood and the puzzles with which you do not know what to do. The author made Slavic language (old-Slavonic) are indicated at - 6-9 c. AD [10,11], i.e., epistemological work on the basis of assembling puzzles into larger conceptual scope [1]. The key is classical logic and the principle of and larger images and attempts to interpret issues of ever wider systemic approaches to the studied reality. The author, due to his after the alleged late arrival of the Slavs to Central Europe. Nińska multi-directional education, undertook the implementation of this [2016] writes about no con-sensus as to the location of the Slavic homeland. However, many works indicate that the autochthonous the truth (classically understood) and discovering the truth about puzzle due to the overriding goal of science, which is the pursuit of theory is better substantiated. However, the results of genetic and next areas of reality. media, because going back the history of the Slavs to around 2000 archaeogenetic research are already announced in the popularizing sounds sensational [12]. BC and pointing to common ancestors with the Aryans in India [2] indicates that consciousness is inherited from ancestors. It is a pity that the views of this scientist are still poorly known on a Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology” invited to the pages of the same global scale [3-8]. However, it is probably worth establishing who Editor-in-chief of the quarterly “Ido Movement for Culture. Journal to a substantive debate, even sharp but factual polemics. the ancestorsAt the turn of individualof the 19th European and 20th nations centuries, were. various national No one, so far, from the milieu of historians and archaeologists has accepted this invitation. Only on internet forums and blogs traditions were invented. A participant in this process of strengthening national identification in the case of Germany was content published in the interdisciplinary periodical mentioned you can find both critical comments and positive references to the Prof. Gustaf Kossinna (1858–1931), linguist and archaeologist [9]. Thanks to him, archeology and German historiography, followed proximity of the former Slavs (Lechites) and Scythians [13]. Hence above. Meanwhile, subsequent excavations confirm the cultural by Poland, adopted the idea of great Germany and antiquity of Germanic tribes as direct ancestors of today’s Germans. Excavations the willingness to speak at another forum for scientific discussion. Copyright © All rights are reserved by Wojciech J Cynarski. 430 J Anthro & Archeo Sci Volume 3 - Issue 4 Copyrights @ Wojciech J Cynarski. A Brief Overview of the Opinions Despite the fairly unambiguous results of genetic research, the previously indicated border between Lechia and the country of the Parthians and a description of the victorious war with Macedonians [Wincenty 1208, book 1, chap. 9: 20-25] may testify that Kadłubek dispute between the supporters of the late appearance of the Slavs identified the Lechites with the Scythians” [36]. and the supporters of their long-term stay in the lands of today’s Poland does not seem to be close. Despite the fact that the theory It is not true, as some enthusiasts of the kingdom of Lechia of the autochthonous origin of today’s Poles is confirmed, among claim, that the Roman Catholic Church blocked the knowledge of others,a. by:Linguists -[14-18] and others [19-21]. the pre-Christian history of that kingdom. On the contrary, the first Polish chronicles were written by bishops, i.e., church hierarchs [37,38]. It is them that we owe the knowledge of pro-Polish events b. Researchers of historical sources [22-24]. from ancient times. Jan Długosz [1867: 22] wrote that “Lech, the father of Lechites or Poles” ruled before 500 BC. c.d. ArchaeologistsAnthropologists [19,22,25,26]. (comparative research on the shape of skulls) [27]. Matej Bor read the Venetian language as Slavic [16]. The Indo- European people, or rather the Ario-Slavic people, which were characterized by a significant domination of the R1a1 Y-DNA e. Geneticists [28,29,30]. haplogroup, reached the areas of today’s Germany and Scandinavian countries (today’s Norway and Sweden). Before the Germanic On the other hand, the author of this essay does not find tribes and languages developed, the Proto-Slavic languages could a rational justification for the concept of the late arrival of the dominate these areas, adjacent to the Proto-Celtic and pre-Indo- Slavs in the basins of the Vistula and Oder - be it from the Pripyat European peoples (with the dominant hg I1 and its mutations). or the Danube only around the 7th century AD. However, books Pre-homeland of the Slavs popularizing this version of history (or rather narrative) are textbooks, a kind of dogma is adopted about the creation of culture still being published [31,32]. In them, as well as in many school The pre-homeland of all Slavs was probably the Odra and Vistula actually here until the 7th c. AD. in Central Europe by the Celts and Germans, and the Slavs are not river basins, as in relation to the first millennium BC it follows from [33] Tries to reconcile the supporters of the concept of allo- and the linguistic analyzes of Witold Mańczak [1981: 132]. The Old Slavic names of the rivers confirm the autochthonousness of the is it feasible? They have either been here or have just come. The Slavs in the areas east of the Elbe, which at the same time falsifies indigenous origin of the Slavs in Poland (Polish lands). However, point to the Vistula basin as the most likely Slavic residence. This is dispute concerns Biskupin and the Lusatian culture, excavations the allochthonous concept of Godłowski [1986]. Other studies also the result of the genetic research of Peter Ralph and Graham Coop in Trzcinica and many other places. However, if the immediate Slavs. [39,40]. This confirms the theory of the autochthonous origin of the ancestors of Poles lived in Poland and in today’s Germany from around 2000 BC [19,34], it might be worth rereading the works of the oldest Polish chroniclers, especially the master Wincenty According to new archaeological and archaeo-genetic research, we can conclude that people inhabiting the southern territories ChroniclesKadłubek. and Other Sources of present-day Poland before 2000 BC were genetically close to earlier communities from these areas [41,29]. Then, in the Bronze Age, that is before 1000 BC, in today’s southern Poland, there were Blessed Wincenty Kadłubek (died 1223), a bishop, a well- three groups of people, characterized by archaeologists using educated man, described the heroic deeds of King Krak and his three terms: the Mierzanowice, Strzyżów culture and the Trzciniec daughter in “KronikaPolska”. The same Krak defeated the Gauls from 80 skeletons excavated in the cemeteries of these cultures cultural circle. Genetic studies of mtDNA (female inheritance) (Celts) in Pannonia and became the king of the Slavic lands - from today’s Poland to Carinthia. Wanda (actually Wąda, where the “ą” show that there was continuity of population. However, from should be read as “au”) was one of Krak’s daughters. The dates of the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC, there was an influx and the events point to the 5th century BC. Nota bene Queen Wanda’s interbreeding of the local population with the nomadic population mound is located in the village of Mogiła near Kraków, where a of the Eastern-European steppes. It also turned out that in the Cistercian monastery was built [35]Kadłubek wrote about the two- community of several hundred years later: the Mierzanowice time defeat of the Danes (Vikings?), Then about defeating the Gauls culture or the Trzciniec cultural circle - genetic continuity (related (Celts) and conquering the areas as far as Greece and the lands of to the culture of corded ware) is visible, present in the female lines. the Romans. In the 4th century BC, Leszek or Lestko was to rule Dr. Eng. Anna Juras from the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań and defeated Alexander of Macedon (that seems unlikely). “The (Poland) stated in an interview: “We found that representatives of Citation: J Anthro & Archeo Sci 10.32474/JAAS.2021.03.000170. 431 Wojciech J Cynarski. A polemic about the Slavic Origins in Polish Lands. 3(4)- 2021. JAAS.MS.ID.000170. DOI: J Anthro & Archeo Sci Volume 3 - Issue 4 Copyrights @ Wojciech J Cynarski. about a certain community at the same time genetic, hoplological the communities associated with the Mierzanowice, Strzyżów and slightly from the shape of the Hunnic bow [50].
Recommended publications
  • Germanic Origins from the Perspective of the Y-Chromosome

    Germanic Origins from the Perspective of the Y-Chromosome

    Germanic Origins from the Perspective of the Y-Chromosome By Michael Robert St. Clair A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in German in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Irmengard Rauch, Chair Thomas F. Shannon Montgomery Slatkin Spring 2012 Abstract Germanic Origins from the Perspective of the Y-Chromosome by Michael Robert St. Clair Doctor of Philosophy in German University of California, Berkeley Irmengard Rauch, Chair This dissertation holds that genetic data are a useful tool for evaluating contemporary models of Germanic origins. The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family and include among their major contemporary representatives English, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian and Icelandic. Historically, the search for Germanic origins has sought to determine where the Germanic languages evolved, and why the Germanic languages are similar to and different from other European languages. Both archaeological and linguist approaches have been employed in this research direction. The linguistic approach to Germanic origins is split among those who favor the Stammbaum theory and those favoring language contact theory. Stammbaum theory posits that Proto-Germanic separated from an ancestral Indo-European parent language. This theoretical approach accounts for similarities between Germanic and other Indo- European languages by posting a period of mutual development. Germanic innovations, on the other hand, occurred in isolation after separation from the parent language. Language contact theory posits that Proto-Germanic was the product of language convergence and this convergence explains features that Germanic shares with other Indo-European languages.
  • Was There Ever a Single Grave Culture in East Denmark? Traditions and Transformations in the 3Rd Millennium BC Iversen, Rune

    Was There Ever a Single Grave Culture in East Denmark? Traditions and Transformations in the 3Rd Millennium BC Iversen, Rune

    Was there ever a Single Grave culture in East Denmark? Traditions and transformations in the 3rd millennium BC Iversen, Rune Published in: Transitional Landscapes? The 3rd Millennium BC in Europe Publication date: 2016 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (APA): Iversen, R. (2016). Was there ever a Single Grave culture in East Denmark? Traditions and transformations in the 3rd millennium BC. In M. Furholt, R. Grossmann, & M. Szmyt (Eds.), Transitional Landscapes? The 3rd Millennium BC in Europe (pp. 159-170). Dr. Rudolf Habelt. Universitätsforschungen zur Prähistorischen Archäologie Vol. 292 Download date: 26. sep.. 2021 2 UFFE RASMUSSEN 3 Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie TRANSITIONAL LANDSCAPES? RD Band 292 THE 3 MILLENNIUM BC IN EUROPE Human Development in Landscapes 9 Herausgegeben für die Graduiertenschule >Human Development in Landscapes< der Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel Herausgeber: Johannes Müller In Kommission bei Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 2016 TRANSITIONAL LANDSCAPES? RD THE 3 MILLENNIUM BC IN EUROPE Proceedings of the International Workshop "Socio-Environmental Dynamics over the Last 12,000 Years: The Creation of Landscapes III (15th – 18th April 2013)" in Kiel edited by: Martin Furholt, Ralph Großmann, Marzena Szmyt In Kommission bei Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn 2016 4 UFFE RASMUSSEN 5 Gedruckt mit Unterstützung der deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Redaktion: Martin Furholt, Ralph Großmann, Marzena Szmyt Englisches Korrektorat: Eileen Küçükkaraca, Kiel Layout: Janine Cordts, Kiel Satz: Janine Cordts, Kiel Bildbearbeitung: Janine Cordts, Eileen Küçükkaraca, Kiel Umschlaggestaltung: Karin Winter, Kiel Druck: BELTZ Bad Langensalza GmbH 2016 in Kommission bei Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn ISBN 978-3-7749-4061-1 Titel auch als eBook (PDF) erhältlich unter www.habelt.de Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie.
  • Inland Waterway Transport in the Baltic Sea Region

    Inland Waterway Transport in the Baltic Sea Region

    Copyright: S. Werner Inland Waterway Transport in the Baltic Sea Region Port of Hamburg Marketing Reg. Assoc. Stefan Breitenbach Head of Project Department [email protected] | +49 40 37709 121 1 Inland Waterway Transport in the Baltic Sea Region Different Characteristics of Inland Waterways and Users (Examples) o Deep- vs. Shallow Fairway Conditions Free Floating Rivers vs. Canals vs. Lakes vs. Open Sea o Well Developed- vs. Developing Markets o River Information Services vs. Vessel Traffic Services o Relatively Small Sector vs. Bigger Rail & Truck Sectors 2 Our Vision for the Baltic Sea Region IWT is a green, smart transport mode, well integrated in multi- modal supply chains with remarkable share in the modal split EBMS o IWT is well considered in strategic transport network - planning and legislation o A clear ITS strategy (RIS/VTS) is in place and enables smart shipping solutions TUB © BEHALA/ o An alternative fuel network is in operation serving a modern, smart and green IWT fleet o Transition points between different waterway classes and there interlinks are established o Sectors’ voice is strengthened © Watertruck+ EMMA Policy Paper: www.project-emma.eu 3 Appointed Swedish IWW Zons Lake Vänern, Göta River and Lake Mälaren Swedish EMMA pilot: Barge Container Shuttle . Growing need for sustainable logistics . Barge container service on Göta River . Integrated Logistics concept . Potential in the area - 20.000 TEU . Port of Gothenburg – Trollhättan/Vänersborg 4 EMMA Ice Impact Study Lake Mälaren, Sweden Ice study conditions
  • Montenegro's Tribal Legacy

    Montenegro's Tribal Legacy

    WARNING! The views expressed in FMSO publications and reports are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. Montenegro's Tribal Legacy by Major Steven C. Calhoun, US Army Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, KS. This article appeared in Military Review July-August 2000 The mentality of our people is still very patriarchal. Here the knife, revenge and a tribal (plemenski) system exist as nowhere else.1 The whole country is interconnected and almost everyone knows everyone else. Montenegro is nothing but a large family—all of this augurs nothing good. —Mihajlo Dedejic2 When the military receives an order to deploy into a particular area, planners focus on the terrain so the military can use the ground to its advantage. Montenegro provides an abundance of terrain to study, and it is apparent from the rugged karst topography how this tiny republic received its moniker—the Black Mountain. The territory of Montenegro borders Croatia, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Serbia and Albania and is about the size of Connecticut. Together with the much larger republic of Serbia, Montenegro makes up the current Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY). But the jagged terrain of Montenegro is only part of the military equation. Montenegro has a complex, multilayered society in which tribe and clan can still influence attitudes and loyalties. Misunderstanding tribal dynamics can lead a mission to failure. Russian misunderstanding of tribal and clan influence led to unsuccessful interventions in Afghanistan and Chechnya.3 In Afghanistan, the rural population's tribal organization facilitated their initial resistance to the Soviets.
  • Virginia Woolf's Portraits of Russian Writers

    Virginia Woolf's Portraits of Russian Writers

    Virginia Woolf’s Portraits of Russian Writers Virginia Woolf’s Portraits of Russian Writers: Creating the Literary Other By Darya Protopopova Virginia Woolf’s Portraits of Russian Writers: Creating the Literary Other By Darya Protopopova This book first published 2019 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2019 by Darya Protopopova All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-2753-0 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-2753-9 TABLE OF CONTENTS Note on the Text ........................................................................................ vi Preface ...................................................................................................... vii Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 Russia and the British Search for the Cultural ‘Other’ Chapter One .............................................................................................. 32 Woolf’s Real and Fictional Russians Chapter Two ............................................................................................. 58 Woolf and Dostoevsky: Verbalising the Soul Chapter Three ........................................................................................
  • Connected Histories: the Dynamics of Bronze Age Interaction and Trade 1500–1100 BC

    Connected Histories: the Dynamics of Bronze Age Interaction and Trade 1500–1100 BC

    Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 81, 2015, pp. 361–392 © The Prehistoric Society doi:10.1017/ppr.2015.17 Connected Histories: the Dynamics of Bronze Age Interaction and Trade 1500–1100 BC By KRISTIAN KRISTIANSEN1 and PAULINA SUCHOWSKA-DUCKE2 The Bronze Age was the first epoch in which societies became irreversibly linked in their co-dependence on ores and metallurgical skills that were unevenly distributed in geographical space. Access to these critical resources was secured not only via long-distance physical trade routes, making use of landscape features such as river networks, as well as built roads, but also by creating immaterial social networks, consisting of interpersonal relations and diplomatic alliances, established and maintained through the exchange of extraordinary objects (gifts). In this article, we reason about Bronze Age communication networks and apply the results of use-wear analysis to create robust indicators of the rise and fall of political and commercial networks. In conclusion, we discuss some of the historical forces behind the phenomena and processes observable in the archaeological record of the Bronze Age in Europe and beyond. Keywords: Bronze Age communication networks, agents, temperate Europe, Mediterranean Basin THE EUROPEAN BRONZE AGE AS A COMMUNICATION by small variations in ornaments and weapons NETWORK: HISTORICAL & THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK (Kristiansen 2014). Among the characteristics that might compel archaeo- Initially driven by the necessity to gain access to logists to label the Bronze Age a ‘formative epoch’ in remote resources and technological skills, Bronze Age European history, the density and extent of the era’s societies established communication links that ranged exchange and communication networks should per- from the Baltic to the Mediterranean and from haps be regarded as the most significant.
  • The Case of the Vistula River in Warsaw

    The Case of the Vistula River in Warsaw

    Vol. 14/2010 pp. 203-212 Joanna Angiel University of Warsaw Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies Department of Geographical Education e-mail: [email protected] RESTORING THE SOCIAL VALUE OF RIVERS THROUGH EDUCATION: THE CASE OF THE VISTULA RIVER IN WARSAW Abstract: The article discusses the values of the Vistula River in Poland’s capital city, Warsaw. The author presents the results of studies identifying residents’ perceptions of the river and outlines local community processes that aim to restore the river’s social value, notably through education. Key words: public awareness, Vistula River, river value, perception, geography education. INTRODUCTION People’s relationship with rivers, and more broadly speaking with nature, has changed over time. That relationship is dependent on attitudes towards the natural environment, the cultural sphere in which an individual grows up and develops, as well as individuals’ worldviews, social awareness, and the system of received values, among other factors. (Ostrowska, 1994; Pulinowa, 1996). For many pre-agrarian societies rivers held religious, or spiritual values. They provided water, food, and protection. With the rise of agrarian societies, people remained closely tied to rivers, but the relation began to include the intensified use of waterways, chiefly for agriculture. The industrial period saw the beginnings of large-scale “industrial transfor- mations of nature,” including rivers. Deprived of their sacred status and, even, of common respect, rivers often served as channels of industrial waste disposal and recipients of urban sewage. In the present period of socio-eco- nomic development, increasingly more attention is given to the state of the environment, including rivers.
  • Germania TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 16 TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 17

    Germania TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 16 TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 17

    TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 15 Part I Germania TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 16 TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 17 1 Land and People The Land The heartland of the immense area of northern Europe occupied by the early Germanic peoples was the great expanse of lowland which extends from the Netherlands to western Russia. There are no heights here over 300 metres and most of the land rises no higher than 100 metres. But there is considerable variety in relief and soil conditions. Several areas, like the Lüneburg Heath and the hills of Schleswig-Holstein, are diverse in both relief and landscape. There was until recent times a good deal of marshy ground in the northern parts of the great plain, and a broad belt of coastal marshland girds it on its northern flank. Several major rivers drain the plain, the Ems, Weser and Elbe flowing into the North Sea, the Oder and the Vistula into the Baltic. Their broad valleys offered attrac- tive areas for early settlement, as well as corridors of communication from south to north. The surface deposits on the lowland largely result from successive periods of glaciation. A major influence on relief are the ground moraines, comprising a stiff boulder clay which produces gently undu- lating plains or a terrain of small, steep-sided hills and hollows, the latter often containing small lakes and marshes, as in the area around Berlin. Other features of the relief are the hills left behind by terminal glacial moraines, the sinuous lakes which are the remains of melt-water, and the embayments created by the sea intruding behind a moraine.
  • The Shared Lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic

    The Shared Lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic

    THE SHARED LEXICON OF BALTIC, SLAVIC AND GERMANIC VINCENT F. VAN DER HEIJDEN ******** Thesis for the Master Comparative Indo-European Linguistics under supervision of prof.dr. A.M. Lubotsky Universiteit Leiden, 2018 Table of contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Background topics 3 2.1. Non-lexical similarities between Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2. The Prehistory of Balto-Slavic and Germanic 3 2.2.1. Northwestern Indo-European 3 2.2.2. The Origins of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 4 2.3. Possible substrates in Balto-Slavic and Germanic 6 2.3.1. Hunter-gatherer languages 6 2.3.2. Neolithic languages 7 2.3.3. The Corded Ware culture 7 2.3.4. Temematic 7 2.3.5. Uralic 9 2.4. Recapitulation 9 3. The shared lexicon of Baltic, Slavic and Germanic 11 3.1. Forms that belong to the shared lexicon 11 3.1.1. Baltic-Slavic-Germanic forms 11 3.1.2. Baltic-Germanic forms 19 3.1.3. Slavic-Germanic forms 24 3.2. Forms that do not belong to the shared lexicon 27 3.2.1. Indo-European forms 27 3.2.2. Forms restricted to Europe 32 3.2.3. Possible Germanic borrowings into Baltic and Slavic 40 3.2.4. Uncertain forms and invalid comparisons 42 4. Analysis 48 4.1. Morphology of the forms 49 4.2. Semantics of the forms 49 4.2.1. Natural terms 49 4.2.2. Cultural terms 50 4.3. Origin of the forms 52 5. Conclusion 54 Abbreviations 56 Bibliography 57 1 1.
  • Language Policiy for the Tendency of the Sound Complex in the Albanian Anthroponymy and Patronymic

    Language Policiy for the Tendency of the Sound Complex in the Albanian Anthroponymy and Patronymic

    ISSN 2411-9598 (Print) European Journal of May-August 2017 ISSN 2411-4103 (Online) Language and Literature Studies Volume 3 Issue 2 Language Policiy for the Tendency of the Sound Complex in the Albanian Anthroponymy and Patronymic Prof. Phd. Nexhip Mërkuri Elira Xhakollari University “Ismail.Qemali” Vlorë Albania Abstract The authors reflects on the progress of anthroponymy and patronomy sounds tendency and its applied linguistic policy in the last century and the beginning of the new millennium. The research is carried out in two periods: during and post-communism. The authors have done a long-time research on this topic, which has resulted in an accurate argumentative discourse on pre-linguistic choices of these sonoric complex usages in family discourse. The authors have listed carefully the entry of Illyrian/Albanian names and the tendency of sonoric usages, which were part of language planning process; and everything is argued on the basis of national spirit of the time. The linguistic policy of entering of Illyrian names into family discourse is also seen as a general trend of Renaissance (1730-1912) for the purpose of restoring historic memory to Albanians. After the 1990-s, the beginning of democracy in Albania, nonetheless the publishing of the study on newborn names, the linguistic policy has never been applied for many reasons. For the last two years, 2015-2016, linguistics, students, surveyors, educational secretaries, members of civil status, have listed a number of reasons on the choices of the names of newborns in Albania. The freedom of choice of the sonoric complex, the trend of names, the tendency of names in the western world, emigration, etc., are some of the reasons to justify the choices and the linguistic behavior of sonoric complexes.
  • Qualitative Changes in Ethno-Linguistic Status : a Case Study of the Sorbs in Germany

    Qualitative Changes in Ethno-Linguistic Status : a Case Study of the Sorbs in Germany

    Qualitative Changes in Ethno-linguistic Status: A Case Study of the Sorbs in Germany by Ted Cicholi RN (Psych.), MA. Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Political Science School of Government 22 September 2004 Disclaimer Although every effort has been taken to ensure that all Hyperlinks to the Internet Web sites cited in this dissertation are correct at the time of writing, no responsibility can be taken for any changes to these URL addresses. This may change the format as being either underlined, or without underlining. Due to the fickle nature of the Internet at times, some addresses may not be found after the initial publication of an article. For instance, some confusion may arise when an article address changes from "front page", such as in newspaper sites, to an archive listing. This dissertation has employed the Australian English version of spelling but, where other works have been cited, the original spelling has been maintained. It should be borne in mind that there are a number of peculiarities found in United States English and Australian English, particular in the spelling of a number of words. Interestingly, not all errors or irregularities are corrected by software such as Word 'Spelling and Grammar Check' programme. Finally, it was not possible to insert all the accents found in other languages and some formatting irregularities were beyond the control of the author. Declaration This dissertation does not contain any material which has been accepted for the award of any other higher degree or graduate diploma in any tertiary institution.
  • Languages, DNA, Relationship and Contacts

    Languages, DNA, Relationship and Contacts

    S. A. Burlak Institute of Oriental Studies, Moscow Languages, DNA, relationship and contacts In this paper, language contacts are classified according to their results that can be observed by means of historical and comparative linguistics. Various types of bilingual contacts and of language shift are discriminated; they differ in the way they affect vocabulary, grammar and phonetics. These differences are connected with the demographic situation; thus, looking at a language that underwent contact influence, one can say what type of contact could have produced such results. Such information about prehistoric communities can help to reconcile linguistic evidence with archaeological and genetic data in order to produce a more detailed picture of the history of peoples and their languages. Keywords: language relationship, language contacts, language shift. In the beginning of the 20th century, Gustaf Kossinna (Kossinna 1911) put forward the hy- pothesis that material culture correlates with language and ethnicity, which is now known to be wrong (see e.g., Kuz’menko 2011). Ethnic identity need not fully correlate with either lan- guage or with genetic features, although there are, indeed, numerous cases of such a coinci- dence. There have been numerous attempts to reconcile linguistic data with archeological and genetical evidence (see especially Blench & Spriggs 1997, 1998, 1999a, 199b): e.g., Yu. Kuz’menko in his recent book about early Germans considers Werner’s law in Proto-Germanic as one of the traces of contacts between ancient Germans and Finno-Ugrians, corresponding to archaeologically documented contacts between Neolithic cultures of Northern Europe and the Pit-Comb Ware culture and genetically documented peoples having Indo-European hap- logroup R1a and Uralic haplogroup N (Kuz’menko 2011).