DOCSLIB.ORG

Russian Urban Housing Energy Efficiency Programme

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Russian Urban Housing Energy Efficiency Programme Russian Urban Housing Energy Efficiency Programme – Model Development Analyse the current state of the housing stock REPORT 0N TASK 1 ANALYSE THE CURRENT STATE OF THE HOUSING STOCK PROJECT: «RUSSIAN URBAN HOUSING ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAMME – MODEL DEVELOPMENT» CONTRACT №: С22341/GEF2-2011-07-04 PREPARED FOR: THE EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT Moscow 2011 The Institute for Urban Economics (IUE) 1 Center for Energy Efficiency (CENEf) Housing Initiative for Eastern Europe (IWO) Institute Byvania (The Institute of Housing) Russian Urban Housing Energy Efficiency Programme – Model Development Analyse the current state of the housing stock Table of contents Table of contents................................................................................................ 2 List of Figures ..................................................................................................... 4 List of Tables ...................................................................................................... 6 List of abbreviations ........................................................................................... 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................ 8 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 17 SECTION 1. REVIEW OF THE CURRENT STATE OF THE HOUSING STOCK IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ...................................................................................... 19 1.1 Dynamic and Structure of the Housing Stock in the Russian Federation............................ 19 1.2 Dynamics of the Level of Comfort of the Housing Stock in the Russian Federation .......... 25 1.3 Dynamics of the Needs for Capital Repairs and Capitally Repaired Housing Stock ............ 25 1.4 Volume and Pattern of Energy and Water Consumption by Residential Buildings ........... 30 1.5 Estimation of the Volumes and Conditions of Energy Savings Resulting from Capital Repairs of Residential Buildings ................................................................................................ 34 1.6 Level of Affordability of Housing and Utility Services ......................................................... 35 1.7 Cost of Capital Repairs of Apartment Buildings .................................................................. 36 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 39 SECTION 2. REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS TO CAPITAL REPAIRS OF APARTMENT BUILDINGS ....................................................................................................... 42 2.1 Regulatory Requirements to the Scope of Works on Capital Repairs of Residential Buildings .................................................................................................................................... 42 2.2 Regulatory Requirements to Enhancement of Energy Efficiency of the Housing Stock as a Result of Capital Repairs ............................................................................................................ 45 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 49 SECTION 3. CATALOGUE OF KEY MEASURES FOR CAPITAL REPAIRS OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS .................................................................................. 50 3.1 Catalogue of measures for capital repairs of residential buildings ..................................... 50 3.2 Definition of packages of measures for capital repairs of residential buildings ................. 54 3.2.1. Package No 1 (minimum) ............................................................................................ 55 3.2.2. Package No. 2 (realistic) .............................................................................................. 59 3.2.3. Package No. 3 (energy - efficient) ............................................................................... 64 3.3 Resource saving as a result of implementation of packages of measures for capital repairs of residential buildings .............................................................................................................. 69 3.3.1. The procedure for estimating the amount of savings as a result of implementation of energy-saving and energy efficiency enhancement measures ............................................. 69 3.3.2. Estimation of the amount of utilities savings as a result of implementation of energy efficiency enhancement measures ........................................................................................ 69 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 72 SECTION 4. LONG-TERM FORECAST SCENARIOS FOR CAPITAL REPAIRS UNTIL 2030 ................................................................................................................. 74 The Institute for Urban Economics (IUE) 2 Center for Energy Efficiency (CENEf) Housing Initiative for Eastern Europe (IWO) Institute Byvania (The Institute of Housing) Russian Urban Housing Energy Efficiency Programme – Model Development Analyse the current state of the housing stock 4.1 Description of key assumptions in scenarios ...................................................................... 74 4.2 «Sluggish Strategy» – baseline ............................................................................................ 77 4.3 «Improvement Strategy» .................................................................................................... 81 4.4 «Like in Europe» .................................................................................................................. 87 4.5 Comparison of scenarios .................................................................................................... 91 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................ 92 SECTION 5. CAPITAL REPAIRS IN THE REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION .. 94 5.1 Quality of statictical data by regions .................................................................................. 94 5.2 The current situation about capital repairs by regions ....................................................... 94 5.3 Evaluation of the scope of capital repairs and expenditures for capital repairs until 2035 by constituent entities of the Russian Federation .................................................................. 100 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 100 SECTION 6. EXPERT EVALUATION OF AVAILABILITY AND SCOPE OF GOVERNMENT OBLIGATIONS TO FINANCE CAPITAL REPAIRS OF APARTMENT BUILDINGS IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE HOUSING LEGISLATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ................................................................................................... 102 6.1 Obligations of the former landlord envisaged in the law on the housing stock privatization ................................................................................................................................................. 102 6.2 Persones responsible for implementation of capital repairs in apartment buildings, according to Law on privatization ........................................................................................... 104 6.3 On the procedure of fulfilling the obligations of the former landlord with regard to capital repairs ...................................................................................................................................... 105 6.4 Judicial practice and its implications ................................................................................. 106 6.5 Option of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation ........................................ 107 6.6 Priority of stipulation of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation revisited.............. 108 6.7 Recommendations on refinement of the legislation ........................................................ 109 6.8 Evaluation of the amount of state obligations towards capital repairs of apartment buildings ................................................................................................................................... 110 Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 119 ANNEX 1. STATISTICAL DATA ON THE STATE OF THE HOUSING STOCK ............ 120 ANNEX 2. DETAILED ESTIMATION OF SAVINGS FROM MEASURES IN EACH OF THE THREE STANDART PACKAGES .................................................................. 129 ANNEX 3. AN EVALUATION OF EXPENDITURES FOR CAPITAL REPAIRS UNTIL 2035 ....................................................................................................................... 139 The Institute for Urban Economics (IUE) 3 Center for Energy Efficiency (CENEf) Housing Initiative for Eastern Europe (IWO) Institute Byvania (The Institute of Housing) List of Figures Figure 1.1 Factors determined the housing stock dynamics 20 Annual (average annual) growth of the housing stock floor space and Figure 1.2 21 dynamics of the dilapidated and unsafe housing share Figure 1.3 Distribution of buildings and residential area by year of construction in 2009 22 Distribution
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Potential for Integration of the Transport Complex of the East of Russia Into the International Market of Transport Services
    BRANCH-WISE ECONOMY DOI: 10.15838/esc.2019.6.66.8 UDC 332.1+339.924, LBC 65.049(2) © Bardal’ A.B. The Potential for Integration of the Transport Complex of the East of Russia into the International Market of Transport Services Anna B. Bardal’ Economic Research Institute, Far Eastern Branch of RAS Khabarovsk, Russian Federation, 153,Tikhookeanskaya Street, 680042 E-mail: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0002-9944-4714; ResearcherID: V-7615-2017 Abstract. The eastern regions of Russia are the convenient zone in which Russia cooperates with the actively developing Asian region. The key states of North-East Asia such as China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea are the largest participants in world trade at the present stage. The servicing of large- scale commodity flows with the European Union and the U.S. is provided by the market of transport services, by means of which the most effective schemes of delivery are built. Under these conditions, the transport system of the East of Russia has objective prerequisites for integration into the international transport system. The goal of our present study is to assess the potential of integration of the transport system of the Far East in the market of transport services in North-East Asia. At the same time, we assess integration opportunities with the help of dividing the territory of the East of Russia into districts based on the results of cluster analysis. Considering the achievement of the research goal, this approach is a new one. The need for division is due to the fact that the Far East is quite a large region, extremely heterogeneous in its internal composition, economic-geographical and socio-economic characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • Voter Alignments in a Dominant Party System: the Cleavage Structures of the Russian Federation
    Voter alignments in a dominant party system: The cleavage structures of the Russian Federation. Master’s Thesis Department of Comparative Politics November 2015 Ivanna Petrova Abstract This thesis investigates whether there is a social cleavage structure across the Russian regions and whether this structure is mirrored in the electoral vote shares for Putin and his party United Russia on one hand, versus the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and its leader Gennady Zyuganov on the other. In addition to mapping different economic, demographic and cultural factors affecting regional vote shares, this thesis attempts to determine whether there is a party system based on social cleavages in Russia. In addition, as the Russian context is heavily influenced by the president, this thesis investigates whether the same cleavages can explain the distribution of vote shares during the presidential elections. Unemployment, pensioners, printed newspapers and ethnicity create opposing effects during parliamentary elections, while distance to Moscow, income, pensioners, life expectancy, printed newspapers and ethnicity created opposing effects during the presidential elections. The first finding of this thesis is not only that the Russian party system is rooted in social cleavages, but that it appears to be based on the traditional “left-right” cleavage that characterizes all Western industrialized countries. In addition, despite the fact that Putin pulls voters from all segments of the society, the pattern found for the party system persists during presidential elections. The concluding finding shows that the main political cleavage in today’s Russia is between the left represented by the communists and the right represented by the incumbents.
    [Show full text]
  • COMMISSION DECISION of 21 December 2005 Amending for The
    L 340/70EN Official Journal of the European Union 23.12.2005 COMMISSION DECISION of 21 December 2005 amending for the second time Decision 2005/693/EC concerning certain protection measures in relation to avian influenza in Russia (notified under document number C(2005) 5563) (Text with EEA relevance) (2005/933/EC) THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, cessed parts of feathers from those regions of Russia listed in Annex I to that Decision. Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, (3) Outbreaks of avian influenza continue to occur in certain parts of Russia and it is therefore necessary to prolong the measures provided for in Decision 2005/693/EC. The Decision can however be reviewed before this date depending on information supplied by the competent Having regard to Council Directive 91/496/EEC of 15 July 1991 veterinary authorities of Russia. laying down the principles governing the organisation of veterinary checks on animals entering the Community from third countries and amending Directives 89/662/EEC, 90/425/EEC and 90/675/EEC (1), and in particular Article 18(7) thereof, (4) The outbreaks in the European part of Russia have all occurred in the central area and no outbreaks have occurred in the northern regions. It is therefore no longer necessary to continue the suspension of imports of unprocessed feathers and parts of feathers from the Having regard to Council Directive 97/78/EC of 18 December latter. 1997 laying down the principles governing the organisation of veterinary checks on products entering the Community from third countries (2), and in particular Article 22 (6) thereof, (5) Decision 2005/693/EC should therefore be amended accordingly.
    [Show full text]
  • Demographic, Economic, Geospatial Data for Municipalities of the Central Federal District in Russia (Excluding the City of Moscow and the Moscow Oblast) in 2010-2016
    Population and Economics 3(4): 121–134 DOI 10.3897/popecon.3.e39152 DATA PAPER Demographic, economic, geospatial data for municipalities of the Central Federal District in Russia (excluding the city of Moscow and the Moscow oblast) in 2010-2016 Irina E. Kalabikhina1, Denis N. Mokrensky2, Aleksandr N. Panin3 1 Faculty of Economics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia 2 Independent researcher 3 Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia Received 10 December 2019 ♦ Accepted 28 December 2019 ♦ Published 30 December 2019 Citation: Kalabikhina IE, Mokrensky DN, Panin AN (2019) Demographic, economic, geospatial data for munic- ipalities of the Central Federal District in Russia (excluding the city of Moscow and the Moscow oblast) in 2010- 2016. Population and Economics 3(4): 121–134. https://doi.org/10.3897/popecon.3.e39152 Keywords Data base, demographic, economic, geospatial data JEL Codes: J1, J3, R23, Y10, Y91 I. Brief description The database contains demographic, economic, geospatial data for 452 municipalities of the 16 administrative units of the Central Federal District (excluding the city of Moscow and the Moscow oblast) for 2010–2016 (Appendix, Table 1; Fig. 1). The sources of data are the municipal-level statistics of Rosstat, Google Maps data and calculated indicators. II. Data resources Data package title: Demographic, economic, geospatial data for municipalities of the Cen- tral Federal District in Russia (excluding the city of Moscow and the Moscow oblast) in 2010–2016. Copyright I.E. Kalabikhina, D.N.Mokrensky, A.N.Panin The article is publicly available and in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC-BY 4.0) can be used without limits, distributed and reproduced on any medium, pro- vided that the authors and the source are indicated.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian NGO Shadow Report on the Observance of the Convention
    Russian NGO Shadow Report on the Observance of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment by the Russian Federation for the period from 2001 to 2005 Moscow, May 2006 CONTENT Introduction .......................................................................................................................................4 Summary...........................................................................................................................................5 Article 2 ..........................................................................................................................................14 Measures taken to improve the conditions in detention facilities .............................................14 Measures to improve the situation in penal institutions and protection of prisoners’ human rights ..........................................................................................................................................15 Measures taken to improve the situation in temporary isolation wards of the Russian Ministry for Internal Affairs and other custodial places ..........................................................................16 Measures taken to prevent torture and cruel and depredating treatment in work of police and other law-enforcement institutions ............................................................................................16 Measures taken to prevent cruel treatment in the armed forces ................................................17
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5. Project Environmental Impact 63 5.1
    E1188 TRANSLATION FROM RUSSIAN Preparation stage for the Project on Fire Management in High Conservation Value Forests of the Amur-Sikhote-Alin Ecoregion Grant GEF PPG TF051241 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized F I N A L R E P O R T Project on Fire Management in High Conservation Value Forests of the Amur- Sikhote-Alin Ecoregion Environmental Impact Assessment Public Disclosure Authorized EIA Leader D.Biol. B.A. Voronov Public Disclosure Authorized Khabarovsk – February 2005 2 Summary Report: 125 pages, figures 4, tables 12, references 70, supplements 2 AMUR-SIKHOTE-ALIN ECOREGION, HIGH CONSERVATION VALUE FORESTS, MODEL TERRITORIES, RESERVES, FOREST FIRE MANAGEMNT, CONSERVATION, BIODIVERSITY Analysis and assessment of Project on Fire Management in High Conservation Value Forests of the Amur-Sikhote-Alin Ecoregion Goals: assessment of Project environmental impact and contribution to the implementation of the program on forest fire prevention, elimination and control in the Amur-Sikhote-Alin ecoregion. Present-day situation, trends and opportunities for developing a fire prevention, elimination and control system were in the focus of attention. Existing data and materials have been studied to reveal forest fire impact on environment as well as Project environmental impact. Project under consideration is aimed at improving current fire management system and strengthening protection of ecoregion forests from degradation, which make it extremely socially and ecologically valuable and important. 3 List of Specialists Senior researcher, C.Biol.Sc. A.L. Antonov (Chapter 3) Senior researcher, D.Biol. B.A. Voronov (Introduction, Chapters 2,5,6) Senior researcher, C.Agr.Sc. A.K. Danilin (Chapter 4) Senior researcher, C.Biol.Sc.
    [Show full text]
  • Newell, J. 2004. the Russian Far East
    Industrial pollution in the Komsomolsky, Solnechny, and Amursky regions, and in the city of Khabarovsk and its Table 3.1 suburbs, is excessive. Atmospheric pollution has been increas- Protected areas in Khabarovsk Krai ing for decades, with large quantities of methyl mercaptan in Amursk, formaldehyde, sulfur dioxide, phenols, lead, and Type and name Size (ha) Raion Established benzopyrene in Khabarovsk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur, and Zapovedniks dust prevalent in Solnechny, Urgal, Chegdomyn, Komso- molsk-on-Amur, and Khabarovsk. Dzhugdzhursky 860,000 Ayano-Maysky 1990 Between 1990 and 1999, industries in Komsomolsky and Bureinsky 359,000 Verkhne-Bureinsky 1987 Amursky Raions were the worst polluters of the Amur River. Botchinsky 267,400 Sovetsko-Gavansky 1994 High concentrations of heavy metals, copper (38–49 mpc), Bolonsky 103,600 Amursky, Nanaisky 1997 KHABAROVSK zinc (22 mpc), and chloroprene (2 mpc) were found. Indus- trial and agricultural facilities that treat 40 percent or less of Komsomolsky 61,200 Komsomolsky 1963 their wastewater (some treat none) create a water defi cit for Bolshekhekhtsirsky 44,900 Khabarovsky 1963 people and industry, despite the seeming abundance of water. The problem is exacerbated because of: Federal Zakazniks Ⅲ Pollution and low water levels in smaller rivers, particular- Badzhalsky 275,000 Solnechny 1973 ly near industrial centers (e.g., Solnechny and the Silinka River, where heavy metal levels exceed 130 mpc). Oldzhikhansky 159,700 Poliny Osipenko 1969 Ⅲ A loss of soil fertility. Tumninsky 143,100 Vaninsky 1967 Ⅲ Fires and logging, which impair the forests. Udylsky 100,400 Ulchsky 1988 Ⅲ Intensive development and quarrying of mineral resourc- Khekhtsirsky 56,000 Khabarovsky 1959 es, primarily construction materials.
    [Show full text]
  • About Fertility Data for Russia
    HUMAN FERTILITY DATABASE DOCUMENTATION: RUSSIA Author: Evgeny Andreev New Economic School, Moscow, Russia E-mail: [email protected] Last revision: 22 October 2020 Revised by Aiva Jasilioniene Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Revised by Olga Grigorieva Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany E-mail: [email protected] Last revised by Inna Danilova Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany E-mail: [email protected] 1 General information The collection of vital statistics in Russia began at the end of the 19th century. The annual production of tables of birth numbers by age of the mother started in 1933. The production of tables of birth numbers by age of the mother and birth order started in 1944. From 1946 onwards, the quality of these data (in terms of completeness) is considered satisfactory. The territorial coverage is described in section 2 of this report. Tables of the female population split by age and parity are available from the population censuses of 1979, 1989, 2002, and 2010. The data proprietor is the state statistical system and its central agency, the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat), online at www.gks.ru. 1.1 Data sources Rosstat has provided the HFD with a major portion of the Russian fertility data. Specifically, these are data on the following: births by age of the mother and birth order for the 1959-2018 period; monthly birth numbers for the 1956-2018 period; census data on the female population by parity and age according to the censuses of 1979, 1989, 2002, and 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural, Spatial, and Legal Displacement of the Korean Diaspora in the USSR: 1937-1945
    Article Cultural, Spatial, and Legal Displacement of the Korean Diaspora in the USSR: 1937-1945 Jonathan Otto POHL The Review of Korean Studies Volume 21 Number 1 (December 2018): 171-188 ©2018 by the Academy of Korean Studies. All rights reserved. 172 The Review of Korean Studies Introduction The Soviet deportation of the Russian-Koreans in 1937 greatly altered their legal status, spatial distribution, and everyday culture. It restricted their civil rights, particularly their freedom of movement, and officially denoted them as “administrative exiles.” They did not have the same right to choose their place of residence or freely move from place to place as most other citizens of the USSR. In this respect they suffered from legal restrictions similar to the kulaks deported earlier and the Russian-Germans, Karachais, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Crimean Tatars, and Meskhetian Turks deported later as special settlers. Thus a significant number of Soviet citizens defined by nationality including the Koreans had legal disabilities imposed upon them that made their status inferior to that of the general Soviet population. The NKVD confined the deported Russian-Koreans to the five Central Asian republics, mostly Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, and attempted to limit movement by them within this region. Although as can be seen below with the significant migration of Russian-Koreans from Kazakhstan to Uzbekistan, they were often not successful in this second goal. In addition to restricting the mobility of the Russian- Koreans the NKVD also kept them under strict surveillance as a suspect people. Indirectly this restriction on movement also greatly limited their options for employment and education.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Government Continues to Support Cattle Sector
    THIS REPORT CONTAINS ASSESSMENTS OF COMMODITY AND TRADE ISSUES MADE BY USDA STAFF AND NOT NECESSARILY STATEMENTS OF OFFICIAL U.S. GOVERNMENT POLICY Voluntary - Public Date: 6/17/2013 GAIN Report Number: RS1335 Russian Federation Post: Moscow Russian Government Continues to Support Cattle Sector Report Categories: Livestock and Products Policy and Program Announcements Agricultural Situation Approved By: Holly Higgins Prepared By: FAS/Moscow Staff Report Highlights: Russia’s live animal imports have soared in recent years, as the Federal Government has supported the rebuilding of the beef and cattle sector in Russia. This sector had been in continual decline since the break-up of the Soviet Union, but imports of breeding stock have resulted in a number of modern ranches. The Russian Federal and oblast governments offer a series of support programs meant to stimulate livestock development in the Russian Federation over the next seven years which are funded at hundreds of billions of Russian rubles (almost $10 billion). These programs are expected to lead to a recovery of the cattle industry. Monies have been allocated for both new construction and modernization of old livestock farms, purchase of domestic and imported of high quality breeding dairy and beef cattle, semen and embryos; all of which should have a direct and favorable impact on livestock genetic exports to Russia through 2020. General Information: Trade Russia’s live animal imports have soared in recent years, as the Federal Government has supported the rebuilding of the beef and cattle sector in Russia. This sector has been in decline since the break-up of the Soviet Union, but imports of breeding stock have resulted in a number of modern ranches which are expected to lead to a recovery of the cattle industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Subject of the Russian Federation)
    How to use the Atlas The Atlas has two map sections The Main Section shows the location of Russia’s intact forest landscapes. The Thematic Section shows their tree species composition in two different ways. The legend is placed at the beginning of each set of maps. If you are looking for an area near a town or village Go to the Index on page 153 and find the alphabetical list of settlements by English name. The Cyrillic name is also given along with the map page number and coordinates (latitude and longitude) where it can be found. Capitals of regions and districts (raiony) are listed along with many other settlements, but only in the vicinity of intact forest landscapes. The reader should not expect to see a city like Moscow listed. Villages that are insufficiently known or very small are not listed and appear on the map only as nameless dots. If you are looking for an administrative region Go to the Index on page 185 and find the list of administrative regions. The numbers refer to the map on the inside back cover. Having found the region on this map, the reader will know which index map to use to search further. If you are looking for the big picture Go to the overview map on page 35. This map shows all of Russia’s Intact Forest Landscapes, along with the borders and Roman numerals of the five index maps. If you are looking for a certain part of Russia Find the appropriate index map. These show the borders of the detailed maps for different parts of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Federation Constitution
    Strasbourg, 4 February 2021 CDL-REF(2021)010 Opinion No. 992 / 2020 Or. Engl. EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) RUSSIAN FEDERATION CONSTITUTION (*) (*) Translation provided by the Constitutional Court This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. www.venice.coe.int CDL-REF(2021)010 - 2 - THE CONSTITUTION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION adopted by popular vote on 12 December 1993, with amendments approved by all-Russian vote on 1 July 2020 We, the multinational people of the Russian Federation, united by a common fate on our land, establishing human rights and freedoms, civil peace and accord, preserving the historically established State unity, proceeding from universally acknowledged principles of equality and self-determination of peoples, proceeding from universally acknowledged principles of equality and self-determination of peoples, revering the memory of ancestors who have passed on to us their love for the Fatherland and faith in good and justice, reviving the sovereign statehood of Russia and asserting the firmness of its democratic basis, striving to ensure the well-being and prosperity of Russia, proceeding from the responsibility for our Fatherland before present and future generations, recognizing ourselves to be a part of the world community, do hereby adopt THE CONSTITUTION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. SECTION ONE CHAPTER 1 THE BASIS OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM Article 1 1. The Russian Federation – Russia is a democratic federative law-governed state with a republican form of government. 2. The names Russian Federation and Russia are equipollent. Article 2 Man, his rights and freedoms shall be the supreme value.
    [Show full text]