DOCSLIB.ORG

As Grandes Transformações Das Plantas Ao Longo Da História Da Terra

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
As Grandes Transformações Das Plantas Ao Longo Da História Da Terra UNIVERSIDADE NOVA DE LISBOA Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia Departamento de Ciências da Terra As grandes transformações das plantas ao longo da história da Terra João Pais Ana Sofia Nobre Mendão Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Geologia para o Ensino Orientador: Doutor João Pais Lisboa, 2007 As grandes transformações das plantas ao longo da história da Terra Dedicatória Dedicatória Aos meus pais e filhos, com todo o carinho. http://www-personal.umich.edu/~agrxray/gallery.html 1 As grandes transformações das plantas ao longo da história da Terra Agradecimentos Agradecimentos Agradeço ao Professor João Pais todo o apoio científico e humano que me foi dando ao longo da realização do trabalho. Às minhas colegas e amigas Alice Silva e Patrícia Marta, pela ajuda e apoio, o meu muito obrigado. Um muito obrigado à minha colega Luz Baião pela realização do abstract. Os meus agradecimentos à minha irmã Rita pela ajuda na resolução de alguns problemas técnicos. Agradeço a todos os meus colegas da escola e amigos, que de uma forma ou de outra, me foram dando apoio e encorajando a continuar. http://www-personal.umich.edu/~agrxray/gallery.html 2 As grandes transformações das plantas ao longo da história da Terra Sumário Sumário A paleobotânica é a ciência que tem por objectivo o estudo e caracterização das plantas fósseis. Pretende conhecer e reconstituir as formas vegetais desaparecidas e as floras que povoaram o nosso planeta, compreender as transformações que foram ocorrendo no mundo das plantas e nos ambientes em que viveram e fazer a integração dessa informação com vista à caracterização da história geológica da Terra. Questões sobre a origem das plantas, subjacentes à da origem da própria vida, sobre o aparecimento das primeiras floras terrestres, das primeiras plantas com semente e das angiospérmicas, das causas de extinção de certos grupos, são temas para os quais os paleobotânicos procuram resposta. A Paleontologia, e nomeadamente a Paleobotânica, são ciências em pleno desenvolvimento e cujo âmbito se alarga de dia para dia. Com a presente dissertação pretende-se apresentar um panorama geral dos aspectos mais importantes da evolução das plantas ao longo da história do planeta. Desde as origens até o estabelecimento da vegetação actual, apontando as principais etapas evolutivas e conquistas funcionais que conduziram às plantas modernas. O conhecimento das plantas fósseis permite compreender melhor as formas actuais, explicar a sua distribuição e adaptações ambientais. Ajuda a pensar nos vegetais como seres essenciais para a sustentabilidade da vida na Terra, podendo ser elementos essenciais para o controlo das alterações climáticas, nomeadamente através do aprisionamento do carbono atmosférico, contribuindo para a redução do efeito de estufa. É essencial que as gerações futuras compreendam o papel das plantas na Terra, que as procurem preservar de modo a poderem ser utilizadas comercialmente de modo equilibrado e sustentável. Esta dissertação tem interesse do ponto de vista do Ensino Básico (7.º ano) e Secundário. Relativamente ao Secundário, são abordados temas que constam dos programas do décimo e décimo primeiro ano de escolaridade, tais como: “A Célula”, “O 3 As grandes transformações das plantas ao longo da história da Terra Sumário transporte nas plantas”; “Reprodução nos seres vivos”; “Evolução biológica” e “Sistemática dos seres vivos”, ajudando os estudantes a compreender o papel desempenhado pelas plantas na sustentabilidade da vida na Terra. Os primeiros seres vivos da Terra surgiram no oceano. Por volta de 2,8 Ga apareceram os vegetais eucariotas com núcleos limitados por uma membrana, encerrando os cromossomas, que permitiram a reprodução sexuada. Os primeiros organismos eucariotas são algas uni e pluricelulares que durante milhões de anos evoluíram em meio marinho relativamente uniforme e estável. No Silúrico (420 Ma) ocorrem os primeiros restos de vegetais terrestres. Eram formas bastante simples sem folhas nem raízes. Parece estarem já então representados dois grandes grupos de plantas ainda actuais, os Briófitos e os Traqueófitos. No Devónico (417 a 354 Ma) já existiam plantas com raiz, e viviam representantes de quase todos os grupos actuais. Os pteridófitos dominaram no Carbonífero (354 – 290 Ma) e no Cretácico inferior (135 – 112 Ma). A partir do Carbonífero, algumas plantas vasculares incorporaram o gametófito feminino no esporófito, no seio de um órgão feminino especial, o óvulo que, após fecundação, dá imediatamente origem a uma nova planta (pré-espermatófitos — Pteridospérmicas, Ginkgófitas, Cicadófitas) ou constitui uma semente (espermatófitos). Durante o Mesozóico dominaram os espermatófitos com óvulos e sementes nuas (Gimnospérmicas). A partir do Cretácico inferior (135 Ma) os espermatófitos que produzem sementes encerradas num fruto (Angiospérmicas) apareceram discretamente. Actualmente constituem o grupo de plantas com maior sucesso; têm mais de 220 000 espécies. Os progressos conseguidos por estas plantas são espectaculares. A partir do meio do Cretácico (100 Ma) até o final do Oligocénico (34 Ma) a evolução das Angiospérmicas coincide com a das aves, dos mamíferos e dos insectos (himnópteros, lepidópteros, dípteros e coleópteros). Esta co-evolução teve efeitos notáveis. Evoluindo em conjunto, os 4 As grandes transformações das plantas ao longo da história da Terra Sumário parceiros animais e vegetais encontraram vantagens mútuas, com transformações coordenadas de orgãos ou de comportamento, permitindo que, actualmente, estas plantas sejam predominantes em muitos ecossistemas. Actualmente, as plantas são essenciais para as sociedades humanas. São fonte indispensável de alimento e de matérias-primas, utilizadas, entre outros, para fins farmacêuticos, construção, energia. São reguladoras do ciclo do carbono e da água, e por isso, contribuem, decisivamente, para o equilíbrio climático. É preciso lutar pela preservação das grandes florestas tropicais húmidas como garantes da manutenção da qualidade de vida na Terra, aprisionando largas quantidades de carbono e funcionando como reguladoras do efeito de estufa de origem antrópica. 5 As grandes transformações das plantas ao longo da história da Terra Abstract Abstract Palaeobotany is the science that aims the study and characterisation of fossil plants. It tries to get, to know and to rebuild the missing vegetable forms as well as the flora that have inhabited our planet; it also aims at understanding the transformations which have occurred in the plant world and in the environments they have lived, apart from integrating such information in order that the geological history of earth can be established. Palaeobotanics search for several answers. Among the themes they work on, there are questions about the origin of plants, which are related to the origin of life itself, about the appearance of the first Earth flora, of the first plants with seeds and of the Angiosperms, and about the causes for the extinction of certain groups. Palaeontology, namely, Palaeobotany, is a strong developing science with a wider and wider scope. In this work we intend to present a general view of the main aspects of the evolution of plants throughout the history of our planet, from its origins up to the establishment of the current vegetation, focusing on the main evolutionary stages and the functional conquests that have led to modern plants. If we know the fossil plants, we will better understand the current plants and we will be able to explain their environmental distribution and adaptations. We will also think of vegetables as essential beings for the sustainability of life on Earth, and consider them essential elements for the control of climate changes, namely, through the imprisonment of atmospheric carbon, which contributes to a reduction of greenhouse effect. It is essential that future generations understand the role of plants on earth and try to preserve them, so that they can be commercially adequate and sustainable. This study has got a special interest in what concerns basic and secondary school, as some of the subjects here approached appear on the syllabuses of the 7 th, 10th and 11th Forms; this is the case of “The Cell”,“Transport in plants”, “Reproduction in living 6 As grandes transformações das plantas ao longo da história da Terra Abstract beings”, “Biological evolution” and “Living beings system”. Such an investigation will therefore help students to understand the role of plants within the sustainability of life on earth. The first living beings on earth appeared in the oceans. Around 2,8 Ga eukaryote vegetables appeared with their nucleus limited by a membrane, enclosing chromosomes, which allowed sexual reproduction. The first eukaryote organisms were single and multi- celled algae which, for millions of years, evolved in a relatively uniform and stable marine environment. In the Silurian period (420 Ma) the first rests of Earth vegetables were found; they had quite simple forms without leaves or roots. So far, it seems we have already represented two big groups of plants that still live today, the Briophyta and the Tracheophyta. In the Devonian period (417 to 354 Ma) there were already plants with roots. So representatives of almost every current group already lived by the time. The Pteridophyta group lived in the Carboniferous (354 to 290 Ma) and in the early Cretaceous (135 to 112 Ma). After the Carboniferous period, some vascular plants integrated
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fossils and Plant Phylogeny1
    American Journal of Botany 91(10): 1683±1699. 2004. FOSSILS AND PLANT PHYLOGENY1 PETER R. CRANE,2,5 PATRICK HERENDEEN,3 AND ELSE MARIE FRIIS4 2Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK; 3Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington DC 20052 USA; 4Department of Palaeobotany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Developing a detailed estimate of plant phylogeny is the key ®rst step toward a more sophisticated and particularized understanding of plant evolution. At many levels in the hierarchy of plant life, it will be impossible to develop an adequate understanding of plant phylogeny without taking into account the additional diversity provided by fossil plants. This is especially the case for relatively deep divergences among extant lineages that have a long evolutionary history and in which much of the relevant diversity has been lost by extinction. In such circumstances, attempts to integrate data and interpretations from extant and fossil plants stand the best chance of success. For this to be possible, what will be required is meticulous and thorough descriptions of fossil material, thoughtful and rigorous analysis of characters, and careful comparison of extant and fossil taxa, as a basis for determining their systematic relationships. Key words: angiosperms; fossils; paleobotany; phylogeny; spermatophytes; tracheophytes. Most biological processes, such as reproduction or growth distic context, neither fossils nor their stratigraphic position and development, can only be studied directly or manipulated have any special role in inferring phylogeny, and although experimentally using living organisms. Nevertheless, much of more complex models have been developed (see Fisher, 1994; what we have inferred about the large-scale processes of plant Huelsenbeck, 1994), these have not been widely adopted.
    [Show full text]
  • Middle Jurassic Plant Diversity and Climate in the Ordos Basin, China Yun-Feng Lia, B, *, Hongshan Wangc, David L
    ISSN 0031-0301, Paleontological Journal, 2019, Vol. 53, No. 11, pp. 1216–1235. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2019. Middle Jurassic Plant Diversity and Climate in the Ordos Basin, China Yun-Feng Lia, b, *, Hongshan Wangc, David L. Dilchera, b, d, E. Bugdaevae, Xiao Tana, b, d, Tao Lia, b, Yu-Ling Naa, b, and Chun-Lin Suna, b, ** aKey Laboratory for Evolution of Past Life and Environment in Northeast Asia, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130026 China bResearch Center of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130026 China cFlorida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611 USA dDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405 USA eFederal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022 Russia *e-mail: [email protected] **e-mail: [email protected] Received April 3, 2018; revised November 29, 2018; accepted December 28, 2018 Abstract—The Ordos Basin is one of the largest continental sedimentary basins and it represents one major and famous production area of coal, oil and gas resources in China. The Jurassic non-marine deposits are well developed and cropped out in the basin. The Middle Jurassic Yan’an Formation is rich in coal and con- tains diverse plant remains. We recognize 40 species in 25 genera belonging to mosses, horsetails, ferns, cycadophytes, ginkgoaleans, czekanowskialeans and conifers. This flora is attributed to the early Middle Jurassic Epoch, possibly the Aalenian-Bajocian. The climate of the Ordos Basin during the Middle Jurassic was warm and humid with seasonal temperature and precipitation fluctuations.
    [Show full text]
  • Prepared in Cooperation with the Lllinois State Museum, Springfield
    Prepared in cooperation with the lllinois State Museum, Springfield Richard 1. Leary' and Hermann W. Pfefferkorn2 ABSTRACT The Spencer Farm Flora is a compression-impression flora of early Pennsylvanian age (Namurian B, or possibly Namurian C) from Brown County, west-central Illinois. The plant fossils occur in argillaceous siltstones and sand- stones of the Caseyville Formation that were deposited in a ravine eroded in Mississippian carbonate rocks. The plant-bearing beds are the oldest deposits of Pennsylva- nian age yet discovered in Illinois. They were formed be- fore extensive Pennsylvanian coal swamps developed. The flora consists of 29 species and a few prob- lematical forms. It represents an unusual biofacies, in which the generally rare genera Megalopteris, Lesleya, Palaeopteridium, and Lacoea are quite common. Noegger- athiales, which are seldom present in roof-shale floras, make up over 20 percent of the specimens. The Spencer Farm Flora is an extrabasinal (= "upland1') flora that was grow- ing on the calcareous soils in the vicinity of the ravine in which they were deposited. It is suggested here that the Noeggerathiales may belong to the Progymnosperms and that Noeggerathialian cones might be derived from Archaeopteris-like fructifica- tions. The cone genus Lacoea is intermediate between Noeggerathiostrobus and Discini tes in its morphology. Two new species, Lesleya cheimarosa and Rhodeop- teridi urn phillipsii , are described, and Gulpenia limbur- gensis is reported from North America for the first time. INTRODUCTION The Spencer Farm Flora (table 1) differs from other Pennsylvanian floras of the Illinois Basin. Many genera and species in the Spencer Farm Flora either have not been found elsewhere in the basin or are very l~uratorof Geology, Illinois State Museum, Springfield.
    [Show full text]
  • New Paleobotanical Data on the Portuguese Pennsylvanian (Douro Carboniferous Basin, NW Portugal)
    Versão online: http://www.lneg.pt/iedt/unidades/16/paginas/26/30/185 Comunicações Geológicas (2014) 101, Especial I, 409-414 IX CNG/2º CoGePLiP, Porto 2014 ISSN: 0873-948X; e-ISSN: 1647-581X New paleobotanical data on the Portuguese Pennsylvanian (Douro Carboniferous Basin, NW Portugal) Novos dados paleobotânicos do Pensilvaniano português (Bacia Carbonífera do Douro, NW Portugal) P. Correia1*, Z. Šimůnek2, J. Pšenička3, A. A. Sá4,5, R. Domingos6, A. Carneiro7, D. Flores1,7 Artigo Curto Short Article © 2014 LNEG – Laboratório Nacional de Geologia e Energia IP Abstract: This paper describes nine new macrofloral taxa from 1. Introduction Douro Carboniferous Basin (lower Gzhelian) of Portugal. The plant assemblage is mainly composed by pteridophylls (Sphenopteriss The fossil flora of Carboniferous of Portugal is still little arberi Kidston, Sphenopteris fayoli Zeiller, Sphenopteris tenuis known. The new megafloral occurrences recently found in Schenk, Odontopteris schlotheimii Brongniart), sphenopsids the Upper Pennsylvanian strata of Douro Carboniferous (Annularia spicata Gutbier, Stellotheca robusta (Feistmantel) Basin (DCB) provide new and important data about Surange and Prakash, Calamostachys grandis Zeiller (Jongmans) and Calamostachys calathifera Sterzel) besides the gymnosperm paleobotanical richness and diversity of the Paleozoic Cordaites foliolatus Grand`Eury. The new data provide a better floras of Portugal offering more information to previous understating of the knowledge of Late Carboniferous floras of researches reported from diverse localities and by different Portugal, showing the high plant diversity of Gzhelian floras, when authors (e.g. Wenceslau de Lima, Bernardino António considerable changes in paleogeography and climate dynamics are Gomes, Carlos Ribeiro, Carríngton da Costa, Carlos evidenced in Euramerican floristic assemblages.
    [Show full text]
  • South Africa's Coalfields — a 2014 Perspective
    International Journal of Coal Geology 132 (2014) 170–254 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Coal Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijcoalgeo South Africa's coalfields — A 2014 perspective P. John Hancox a,⁎,AnnetteE.Götzb,c a University of the Witwatersrand, School of Geosciences and Evolutionary Studies Institute, Private Bag 3, 2050 Wits, South Africa b University of Pretoria, Department of Geology, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa c Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan 420008, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation article info abstract Article history: For well over a century and a half coal has played a vital role in South Africa's economy and currently bituminous Received 7 April 2014 coal is the primary energy source for domestic electricity generation, as well as being the feedstock for the Received in revised form 22 June 2014 production of a substantial percentage of the country's liquid fuels. It furthermore provides a considerable source Accepted 22 June 2014 of foreign revenue from exports. Available online 28 June 2014 Based on geographic considerations, and variations in the sedimentation, origin, formation, distribution and quality of the coals, 19 coalfields are generally recognised in South Africa. This paper provides an updated review Keywords: Gondwana coal of their exploration and exploitation histories, general geology, coal seam nomenclature and coal qualities. With- Permian in the various coalfields autocyclic variability is the norm rather than the exception, whereas allocyclic variability Triassic is much less so, and allows for the correlation of genetically related sequences. During the mid-Jurassic break up Coalfield of Gondwana most of the coal-bearing successions were intruded by dolerite.
    [Show full text]
  • Euphorbia Subg
    ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ БЮДЖЕТНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ НАУКИ БОТАНИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ ИМ. В.Л. КОМАРОВА РОССИЙСКОЙ АКАДЕМИИ НАУК На правах рукописи Гельтман Дмитрий Викторович ПОДРОД ESULA РОДА EUPHORBIA (EUPHORBIACEAE): СИСТЕМА, ФИЛОГЕНИЯ, ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ 03.02.01 — ботаника ДИССЕРТАЦИЯ на соискание ученой степени доктора биологических наук САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГ 2015 2 Оглавление Введение ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Глава 1. Род Euphorbia и основные проблемы его систематики ......................................... 9 1.1. Общая характеристика и систематическое положение .......................................... 9 1.2. Краткая история таксономического изучения и формирования системы рода ... 10 1.3. Основные проблемы систематики рода Euphorbia и его подрода Esula на рубеже XX–XXI вв. и пути их решения ..................................................................................... 15 Глава 2. Материал и методы исследования ........................................................................... 17 Глава 3. Построение системы подрода Esula рода Euphorbia на основе молекулярно- филогенетического подхода ...................................................................................................... 24 3.1. Краткая история молекулярно-филогенетического изучения рода Euphorbia и его подрода Esula ......................................................................................................... 24 3.2. Результаты молекулярно-филогенетического
    [Show full text]
  • Heterospory: the Most Iterative Key Innovation in the Evolutionary History of the Plant Kingdom
    Biol. Rej\ (1994). 69, l>p. 345-417 345 Printeii in GrenI Britain HETEROSPORY: THE MOST ITERATIVE KEY INNOVATION IN THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE PLANT KINGDOM BY RICHARD M. BATEMAN' AND WILLIAM A. DiMlCHELE' ' Departments of Earth and Plant Sciences, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford OXi 3P/?, U.K. {Present addresses: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburiih, Inverleith Rojv, Edinburgh, EIIT, SLR ; Department of Geology, Royal Museum of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EHi ijfF) '" Department of Paleohiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC^zo^bo, U.S.A. CONTENTS I. Introduction: the nature of hf^terospon' ......... 345 U. Generalized life history of a homosporous polysporangiophyle: the basis for evolutionary excursions into hetcrospory ............ 348 III, Detection of hcterospory in fossils. .......... 352 (1) The need to extrapolate from sporophyte to gametophyte ..... 352 (2) Spatial criteria and the physiological control of heterospory ..... 351; IV. Iterative evolution of heterospory ........... ^dj V. Inter-cladc comparison of levels of heterospory 374 (1) Zosterophyllopsida 374 (2) Lycopsida 374 (3) Sphenopsida . 377 (4) PtiTopsida 378 (5) f^rogymnospermopsida ............ 380 (6) Gymnospermopsida (including Angiospermales) . 384 (7) Summary: patterns of character acquisition ....... 386 VI. Physiological control of hetcrosporic phenomena ........ 390 VII. How the sporophyte progressively gained control over the gametophyte: a 'just-so' story 391 (1) Introduction: evolutionary antagonism between sporophyte and gametophyte 391 (2) Homosporous systems ............ 394 (3) Heterosporous systems ............ 39(1 (4) Total sporophytic control: seed habit 401 VIII. Summary .... ... 404 IX. .•Acknowledgements 407 X. References 407 I. I.NIRODUCTION: THE NATURE OF HETEROSPORY 'Heterospory' sensu lato has long been one of the most popular re\ie\v topics in organismal botany.
    [Show full text]
  • S1. List of Taxa Included in the Disparity Analysis and the Phylogenetic Alysis, with Main References
    S1. List of taxa included in the disparity analysis and the phylogenetic alysis, with main references. Taxa in bold are included in the phylogenetic analysis; taxa also indicated by * are included only in the phylogenetic analysis and not in the disparity analysis. Three unpublished arborescent taxa were included on the basis that they showed additional anatomical diversity. 1 Callixylon trunk from the Late Devonian of Marrocco showing large sclerotic nests in pith; 2 Axis from the late Tournaisian of Algeria, previously figured in Galtier (1988), and Galtier & Meyer-Berthaud (2006); 3 Trunk from the late Viséan of Australia. All these specimens and corresponding slides are currently kept in the Paleobotanical collections, Service des Collections, Université Montpellier II, France, under the specimen numbers 600/2/3, JC874 and YB1-2. Main reference Psilophyton* Banks et al., 1975 Aneurophytales Rellimia thomsonii Dannenhoffer & Bonamo, 2003; --- Dannenhoffer et al., 2007. Tetraxylopteris schmidtii Beck, 1957. Proteokalon petryi Scheckler & Banks, 1971. Triloboxylon arnoldii Stein & Beck, 1983. s m Archaeopteridales Callixylon brownii Hoskin & Cross, 1951. r e Callixylon erianum Arnold, 1930. p s o Callixylon huronensis Chitaley & Cai, 2001. n Callixylon newberry Arnold, 1931. m y g Callixylon trifilievii Lemoigne et al., 1983. o r Callixylon zalesskyi Arnold, 1930. P Callixylon sp. Meyer-Berthaud, unpublished data1. Eddya sullivanensis Beck, 1967. Protopityales Protopitys buchiana Scott, 1923; Galtier et al., 1998. P. scotica Walton, 1957. Protopitys sp. Decombeix et al., 2005. Elkinsiales Elkinsia polymorpha Serbet & Rothwell, 1992. Buteoxylales Buteoxylon gordonianum Barnard &Long, 1973; Matten et al., --- 1980. Triradioxylon primaevum Barnard & Long, 1975. Lyginopteridales Laceya hibernica May & Matten, 1983. Tristichia longii Galtier, 1977.
    [Show full text]
  • SYSTÉMATIQUE DES EMBRYOPHYTES Document Illustrant Plus Particulièrement Les Taxons Européens Version 4 Octobre 2007
    Université Pierre et Marie Curie (PARIS 6) Préparation à l’agrégation SVSTU, secteur B SYSTÉMATIQUE DES EMBRYOPHYTES Document illustrant plus particulièrement les taxons européens version 4 octobre 2007 Catherine Reeb, Préparation agrégation SVSTU, UPMC Jean-Yves Dubuisson, Laboratoire Paléobotanique et Paléoécologie, équipe Paléodiversité, systématique et évolution des Embryophytes, UPMC Dessin de couverture : extrait d’un traité botanique tibétain Pour Garance Remerciements: merci à Jean et Monique Duperon pour les clés de détermination des familles d’Angiospermes, à A.M pour la reproduction de couverture, à Michaël Manuel et Eric Queinnec pour la partie I de l’introduction. Egalement à tous les illustrateurs qui ont autorisé l’utilisation de leurs documents mis en ligne sur Internet : Françoise Gantet, Prof. I. Foissner, Association Endemia de Nouvelle Calédonie. 1 Table des matières Introduction 3 Les données essentielles pour l’agrégation . 5 I Systématique générale des Embryophytes 6 I.1 Caractères des Embryophytes . 6 I.2 La place des Embryophytes au sein de la lignée verte . 7 I.3 Le groupe frère des Embryophytes . 7 I.4 Relations au sein des Embryophytes :les points acquis aujourd’hui . 8 I.4.1 Marchantiophytes, Bryophytes, Anthocérotophytes à la base des Embryophytes . 8 I.4.2 Les Trachéophytes ou plantes vasculaires, un groupe monophylétique . 9 I.4.3 Les Spermatophytes ou plantes à ovules, un groupe monophylétique . 9 I.5 Quelques points encore en discussion . 11 I.5.1 Position et relations des trois clades basaux (Bryophytes, Marchantiophytes et Anthocérotophytes) 11 I.5.2 Relations au sein des Spermatophytes :l’hypothèse "Gnepine" . 13 II Les principaux clades d’Embryophytes 15 II.1 MARCHANTIOPHYTA:Les Marchantiophytes ou Hépatiques .
    [Show full text]
  • Earliest Record of Megaphylls and Leafy Structures, and Their Initial Diversification
    Review Geology August 2013 Vol.58 No.23: 27842793 doi: 10.1007/s11434-013-5799-x Earliest record of megaphylls and leafy structures, and their initial diversification HAO ShouGang* & XUE JinZhuang Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China Received January 14, 2013; accepted February 26, 2013; published online April 10, 2013 Evolutionary changes in the structure of leaves have had far-reaching effects on the anatomy and physiology of vascular plants, resulting in morphological diversity and species expansion. People have long been interested in the question of the nature of the morphology of early leaves and how they were attained. At least five lineages of euphyllophytes can be recognized among the Early Devonian fossil plants (Pragian age, ca. 410 Ma ago) of South China. Their different leaf precursors or “branch-leaf com- plexes” are believed to foreshadow true megaphylls with different venation patterns and configurations, indicating that multiple origins of megaphylls had occurred by the Early Devonian, much earlier than has previously been recognized. In addition to megaphylls in euphyllophytes, the laminate leaf-like appendages (sporophylls or bracts) occurred independently in several dis- tantly related Early Devonian plant lineages, probably as a response to ecological factors such as high atmospheric CO2 concen- trations. This is a typical example of convergent evolution in early plants. Early Devonian, euphyllophyte, megaphyll, leaf-like appendage, branch-leaf complex Citation: Hao S G, Xue J Z. Earliest record of megaphylls and leafy structures, and their initial diversification. Chin Sci Bull, 2013, 58: 27842793, doi: 10.1007/s11434- 013-5799-x The origin and evolution of leaves in vascular plants was phology and evolutionary diversification of early leaves of one of the most important evolutionary events affecting the basal euphyllophytes remain enigmatic.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fossil Flora and Age of the Wamsutta Red Beds (Middle
    Document generated on 10/01/2021 10:12 p.m. Atlantic Geology Journal of the Atlantic Geoscience Society Revue de la Société Géoscientifique de l'Atlantique The fossil flora and age of the Wamsutta red beds (Middle Pennsylvanian), Narragansett Basin, southeastern Massachusetts, USA and correlation with the Cumberland Group of the Maritime Provinces of Canada Paul C. Lyons and Robert G. Sproule Volume 54, 2018 Article abstract New collections of plant macrofossils provide a precise Middle Pennsylvanian URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1055420ar age for the lower Wamsutta Formation red beds of the Narragansett Basin, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2018.011 southeastern Massachusetts, USA. The Wamsutta assemblage indicates strong correlation with the Cumberland Group of the Maritimes Provinces of Canada, See table of contents which was earlier considered to be of late Langsettian to early Duckmantian age. This correlation is supported by the presence in the Wamsutta Formation of the following plant-fossil species: Neuralethopteris schlehanii, Neuropteris Publisher(s) obliqua, Senftenbergia plumosa, Calamites suckowii, Annularia asteris, Annularia cf. microphylla,Asterophyllites charaeformis, Asterophyllites Atlantic Geoscience Society grandis, Asterophyllites lindleyanus, Sphenophyllum cuneifolium, and Sphenopteris valida. Moreover, the new fossil flora resembles the Middle ISSN Pennsylvanian florules of western Europe, such as the Laveineopteris loshii Subzone. The new flora is especially similar to those of the Iberian Peninsula, 0843-5561 (print) where there is a complete succession of Carboniferous macrofloral zones, and 1718-7885 (digital) this similarity confirms a late Langsettian or early Duckmantian age for the lower Wamsutta macroflora. The new collections of Wamsutta Formation Explore this journal plant fossils, along with a smaller existing collection, represent the oldest known macroflora in the Narragansett Basin.
    [Show full text]
  • Palynology of the Upper Chinle Formation in Northern New Mexico, U.S.A
    Lindström et al. 1 1 Palynology of the upper Chinle Formation in northern New Mexico, U.S.A.: 2 implications for biostratigraphy and terrestrial ecosystem change during the Late 3 Triassic (Norian–Rhaetian) 4 a* b c d 5 Sofie Lindström , Randall B. Irmis , Jessica H. Whiteside , Nathan D. Smith , Sterling J. e f 6 Nesbitt , and Alan H. Turner 7 a 8 Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen 9 K, DENMARK, [email protected] b 10 Natural History Museum of Utah and Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of 11 Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108-1214, USA c 12 Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of 13 Southampton, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UNITED KINGDOM d 14 Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA 15 90007, USA e 16 Department of Geosciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, 17 Virginia 24601 USA f 18 Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 19 11794-8081, USA 20 21 Abstract 22 A new densely sampled palynological record from the vertebrate-bearing upper Chinle 23 Formation at Ghost Ranch in the Chama Basin of northwestern New Mexico provides insights 24 into the biostratigraphy and terrestrial ecosystem changes during the Late Triassic of 25 northwestern Pangaea. Spore-pollen assemblages from the Poleo Sandstone, Petrified Forest, Lindström et al. 2 26 and 'siltstone' members are dominated by pollen of corystospermous seed ferns (Alisporites) 27 and voltziacean conifers (Enzonalasporites, Patinasporites). Other abundant taxa include 28 Klausipollenites gouldii and the enigmatic fused tetrad Froelichsporites traversei, whereas 29 spores of ferns and fern allies are generally rare.
    [Show full text]