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Study of Minor Species in the Venus Night Mesosphere Daria Evdokimova

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Study of Minor Species in the Venus Night Mesosphere Daria Evdokimova Study of minor species in the Venus night mesosphere Daria Evdokimova To cite this version: Daria Evdokimova. Study of minor species in the Venus night mesosphere. Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP]. Université Paris-Saclay; Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI), 2021. English. NNT : 2021UPASP039. tel-03230093 HAL Id: tel-03230093 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03230093 Submitted on 19 May 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Study of minor species in the Venus night mesosphere Étude des espèces mineures dans la mésosphère nocturne de Vénus Thèse de doctorat de l’université Paris-Saclay et Space Research Institute IKI of Russian Academy of Sciences École doctorale n° 127 : astronomie et astrophysique d’Ile-de-France (AAIF) Spécialité de doctorat: Astronomie et Astrophysique Unité de recherche : Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, LATMOS, 78280, Guyancourt, France Référent : Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines Thèse présentée et soutenue à Paris-Saclay, le 22 janvier 2021, par Daria EVDOKIMOVA Composition du Jury Nathalie CARRASCO Présidente Professeur à l’Université Paris-Saclay Sébastien LEBONNOIS Rapporteur & Examinateur Directeur de recherche CNRS à Sorbonne Université Dmitrij TITOV Rapporteur & Examinateur European Space Agency (Pays-Bas) Alexander RODIN Directeur de laboratoire au Moscow Institute of Physics Examinateur and Technology (Russie) Nicholas SCHNEIDER Examinateur Professeur à l’Université du Colorado (Etats-Unis) Direction de la thèse Franck MONTMESSIN Directeur de thèse Directeur de Recherche CNRS à l’Université Paris-Saclay Denis BELYAEV Co-Directeur de thèse Chercheur au Space Research Institute (Russie) Thèse de doctorat 2021UPASP039 : NNT СONTENTS СONTENTS ............................................................................................................................................. 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................ 5 PURPOSE OF THE WORK .................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 1. Venus and its atmosphere ................................................................................................. 9 1.1. The Earth’s evil twin .................................................................................................................................. 10 1.2. A new view of Venus ................................................................................................................................. 11 1.3. History of observations .............................................................................................................................. 12 1.3.1. Venus space missions .......................................................................................................................... 12 1.3.2. Venus Express ..................................................................................................................................... 17 1.3.3. Future missions .................................................................................................................................... 18 1.4. The surface of Venus .................................................................................................................................. 19 1.5. The atmosphere of Venus ........................................................................................................................... 20 1.5.1. Composition ........................................................................................................................................ 20 1.5.2. Structure of the atmosphere ................................................................................................................. 21 1.5.3. The cloud layer .................................................................................................................................... 23 1.5.4. Transparency windows ........................................................................................................................ 25 1.5.5. Mesosphere and atmospheric dynamics .............................................................................................. 27 1.6. The SPICAV instrument ............................................................................................................................ 30 1.6.1. Ultraviolet channel of the SPICAV spectrometer ............................................................................... 31 1.6.2. Infrared channel of the SPICAV spectrometer .................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 2. Sulphur dioxide and ozone in the atmosphere of Venus ................................................. 36 2.1. Overview of sulphur dioxide research ........................................................................................................ 36 2.1.1. Temporal and spatial distributions of sulphur dioxide ........................................................................ 36 2.1.2. Vertical profile of SO2 obtained by SPICAV/SOIR instrument on board Venus Express and ground based facilities in the mesosphere ................................................................................................................. 38 2.2. Ozone in the atmosphere of Venus. ............................................................................................................ 40 2.2.1. Discovery of ozone in the atmosphere ................................................................................................ 41 2.2.2. Ozone at the top of the clouds ............................................................................................................. 41 2.3. Photochemistry: a review of atmospheric models for SO2 and O3 ............................................................. 42 CHAPTER 3. Data processing of stellar occultation spectra ................................................................. 49 3.1. The stellar occultation technique: retrieving the atmospheric composition from transmittance spectra .... 49 3.2. Calibrations and stray light correction in the raw data. .............................................................................. 51 3.2.1. Studied trace gases .............................................................................................................................. 51 3.2.2. UV Signal considerations with SPICAV ............................................................................................. 53 3.2.3. Estimation of errors in atmospheric transmission spectra. .................................................................. 54 2 3.2.4. Sources of an additional emission registered by the UV channel of SPICAV .................................... 55 3.2.4.1. Lyman-α emission ........................................................................................................................ 56 3.2.4.2. Airglow of nitric oxide ................................................................................................................. 57 3.2.4.3. Solar radiance in the stellar occultation spectra ........................................................................... 59 3.2.5. Wavelength- to-pixel registration ........................................................................................................ 59 3.2.6. Spectral inversion ................................................................................................................................ 61 3.2.6.1. Cases of positive gas detection ..................................................................................................... 62 3.2.6.2. Upper detection limits for two gases. ........................................................................................... 65 3.2.6.3. Chlorine oxide absorption band .................................................................................................... 70 3.2.7. Vertical inversion problem .................................................................................................................. 71 3.2.8. Calibration influence on the spectral inversion ................................................................................... 73 3.2.9. Stray light elimination technique ......................................................................................................... 75 3.2.9.1. Method #1..................................................................................................................................... 76 3.2.9.2. Method #2..................................................................................................................................... 76 3.2.9.3. Comparison of methods ................................................................................................................ 77 3.2.9.4. Atmospheric transmission and error bars
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