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Communities of Tree Vegetation and Wood-Destroying Fungi in Parks of the Kyiv City, Ukraine

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Communities of Tree Vegetation and Wood-Destroying Fungi in Parks of the Kyiv City, Ukraine Lesn. Cas. For. J. 62 (2016) 110–122 DOI: 10.1515/forj-2016-0012 ORIGNAL PAPER http://www.nlcsk.sk/fj/ Communities of tree vegetation and wood-destroying fungi in parks of the Kyiv city, Ukraine Olena Blinkova*, Oleksandra Ivanenko Institute for Evolutionary Ecology NAS of Ukraine, 03143, Kyiv, 37 Lebedeva str., Ukraine Abstract Selected forestry parameters were investigated in the system of tree vegetation and wood-destroying fungi in parks of the Kyiv city along a gradient of recreational transformation. We investigated vitality, age structure and health conditions of woody plants (Acer platanoi- des L., Aesculus hippocastanum L., Carpinus betulus L., Frangula alnus Mill., Pinus sylvestris L., Quercus robur L., Q. rubra L., Sambu- cus nigra L., Tilia cordata Mill.), and species, systematic, trophic and spatial compositions of xylotrophic fungi (27 species of xylotrophs representing 22 genera, 16 families, 6 orders of divisions Basidiomycota; class Agaricomycetes). The results showed that the communi- ties of tree vegetation and xylotrophic fungi in parks depend on the degree of recreational transformation of the environment. Vitality, age structure and health conditions of trees altered species composition of xylotrophs. Key words: ecological links; parks; woody plants; xylotrophic fungi Editor: Jaroslav Holuša 1. Introduction tree vegetation reflect artificial phytocoenoses’ development and state (Blinkova & Ivanenko 2014). In urban conditions Communities consisting of different biodiversity elements of parks, which are not durable for anthropogenic or natural with their tight ecological links play a significant role in evo- reasons, the resistance of tree vegetation to negative influ- lutionary ecology. In this context communities of tree vegeta- ence is significantly diminished and in general, the attrition tion and wood-destroying (xylotrophic) fungi are essential ofweakest plants and reformation of species composition and elements to study. These ecological objects represent an structures of parks increases (Terho et al. 2007; Schwarze important basis for the modern indication and monitoring 2008; Arefyev 2010; Glaeser & Smith 2010). of the environment. Tree vegetation is an important element Due to the construction of park alleys, parkways, intro- of forest ecosystems to preserve the landscape and especially duction of non-native crops and creation of new landscape biotic diversity of organisms. components during the past decades, the parks in Kyiv have Xylotrophic fungi are decomposers of organisms, and undergone an intensive recreational transformation, which obligatory components of forest ecosystems. Wood-destroy- is manifested in the break-down of structural and functional ing fungi are essential functional elements of forest ecosys- integrity of phytocoenoses’ organisation. This in turn essen- tems, which are highly sensitive to environmental changes tially affects the functioning of the communities of dominant (Rypáček 1957; Stepanova & Mykhin 1979; Schmidt 2006; woody species and xylotrophic fungi in urban ecosystems. Yurchenko 2006; Terho et al. 2007; Dai et al. 2007; Schwarze It is also notable that there is no data on mycobiota of tree 2008). In some cases, they are root and stem pathogens of vegetation from the territory of the Kyiv parks. The literature trees, and hence, they negatively affect their health condi- survey and analyses of mycological collection of the National tions. Numerous studies of the stated issues differ mostly herbarium of Ukraine – Herbarium of M. G. Kholodny Insti- in the methodological approaches and the depth of studies. tute of Botany NAS of Ukraine (KW-myc) showed that the The works often deal with only certain structural and func- investigation of wood-destroying fungi of Kyiv was localised tional components of forest ecosystems. They refer mostly in botanical gardens, in some objects of the nature reserve to systematics and phytopathology of fungi. This leads to fund of Ukraine or natural landmarks. Fragmentary findings incomplete information, especially under the terms of bio- of xylotrophic fungi in artificial phytocoenoses were certified logical objects being influenced by a complex of ecological in herbarium: Aurantiporus fissilis (Berk. et M. A. Curtis) H. factors of different origin, intensity and uncertainty. Jahn ex Ryvarden (as Tyromyces fissilis (Berk. et M. A. Cur- The communities of tree vegetation and xylotrophic fungi tis) Donk, KW 17867–17868; 1960), Ganoderma lipsiense as important bases for correct indication and monitoring the (Batsch) G.F. Atk. (as G. applanatum (Pers.) Pat., KW 921; state of forest ecosystems, have not been sufficiently studied 1961), Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill (KW 17618, so far. This concerns the necessity of the complex analysis of KW 17620; 1965, 1971), Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr. evolutionarily established links between tree vegetation and (KW 18103; 1972) and Trametes hirsuta (Wulfen) Lloyd xylotrophic fungi. The compositions of xylotrophic fungi and (KW 6; 1957). *Corresponding author. Olena Blinková, e-mail: [email protected], phone: +38 044 526 20 51 O. Blinkova, O. Ivanenko / Lesn. Cas. For. J. 62 (2016) 110–122 The hypothesis of our study is that the species, trophic, 1956). Kyiv is located at the border of two geobotanical systematic and spatial compositions of xylotrophic fungi are zones: European broad-leaved forests, represented by the closely associated with vitality, age structure and healths sub-province of mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forests of condition of stands in the Kyiv parks. The paper aim is to Polissya, and the European steppe region, represented by describe communities of tree vegetation and wood-destroy- the Ukrainian forest-steppe sub-province of oak forests, ing fungi of parks in urban conditions in relation to the level steppificated meadows and meadow steppes (Biluk 1977). of recreational transformation of the environment. In the survey conducted in September 15 – 30, 2014 we distinguished seven parks in the Kyiv city (Table 1). 2. Materials 2.2. Method 2.1. Study site Within each studied park, the mapping of dominant tree The parks in the urban conditions of Kyiv were selected vegetation was carried out at experimental plots EP1–EP7. for the analyses since human impact is maximised in these The experimental plots represent the parks and were chosen objects. Kyiv is located on the right and left banks of the by the reconnaissance method. Each experimental plot was Dnipro river at the border between the Forest-Steppe zone established according to the detailed route-method (Dilis and the Polissya of Ukraine following the geo-botanical 1974; Vasilevich 1992; Mirkin 1998). The area of each division of Ukraine. The area of the city is 835.6 km², of experimental plot was 0.5 – 0.7 ha (Dilis 1974). which 43,600 ha are parks. The average annual temperature By taking into account basic characteristics of rec- over the period 2013 – 2014 was 8.5 °C . The vegetation reational changes of elements of structural and functional season (> 5 °C) lasted 204 days and started on April 10. The organisation of parks in Kyiv (the state of tree stratum, climate is of a semi-continental type for the Forest-Steppe undergrowth, soil surface layer, herbaceous cover and leaf- zone. The geomorphologic structure of Kyiv belongs to litter) the level of recreational transformation rate was speci- 3 geomorphologic zones: South Polissya, Dnipro, Azov- fied for each experimental plot ng from minimal to maximal Dnipro (Biluk 1977). Soddy-podzolic soils, gray forest soils consequences. The stages of the recreational transformation and sod meadow soils are the main soil types in Kyiv (Gavriluk were assessed according to Rusin (2003) (Table 2). Table 1. General characteristics of studied parks. Affiliation to the nature Area No Name GPS coordinates Year Established Dominant tree vegetation reserve fund [ha] 50°28’30’’ N, monument of landscape art Quercus robur L., Carpinus betulus L., Acer platanoides L., Tilia 1 Park “Syrets’kyy hay” 1952 176,1 30°25’30’’ E of national significance cordata Mill., Betula pendula Roth, Populus alba L. Holosshyivs’kyy 50°38’25’’ N, monument of landscape art 2 Park name Maksyma 1957 140,9 Quercus robur L., Carpinus betulus L., Acer platanoides L. 30°50’12’’ E of local significance Ryl’s’koho 50°46’31’’ N, 3 Park “Peremoha” 1965 — 66,1 Quercus robur L., Pinus sylvestris L., Fraxinus excelsior L. 30°60’56’’ E Acer platanoides L., Acer saccharinum L., Quercus robur L., Park-monument 50°46’37’’ N, monument of landscape art 4 1972 55,1 Aesculus hippocastanum L., Ulmus glabra Huds., Thuja. of landscape art “Nyvky” 30°42’82’’ E of local significance occidentalis L., Morus alba L. Aesculus hippocastanum L., Acer platanoides L., 50°30’15’’ N, 5 Park “Druzhby narodiv” 1972 — 219.4 A. tataricum L., Quercus rubra L., Tilia cordata Mill., Picea abies 30°32’35’’ E [L.] H. Karst., Salix alba L. Solom’yanskyy 50°42’55’’ N, Quercus robur L., Q. rubra L., Tilia cordata Mill., Acer 6 1973 — 29,6 Landscape Park 30°48’45’’ E platanoides L., Fraxinus excelsior L. Forest Park 50°44’09’’ N, Quercus robur L., Q. rubra L., Pinus sylvestris L., Betula 7 1976 — 35,3 “Urochyshche Sovky” 30°37’42’’ E pendula Roth Table 2. Stages of recreational transformation. Degradation State of stage Herbaceous cover and leaf-litter Tree stratum and undergrowth Soil surface full species composition of herbaceous plant community, plant 1 trees are healthy, undergrowth is numerous and of different ages I stage of degradation projective
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