Red Ink: Native Americans Picking up the Pen in the Colonial Period
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University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 2006 Red ink: Native Americans picking up the pen in the colonial period Drew Lopenzina University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Lopenzina, Drew, "Red ink: Native Americans picking up the pen in the colonial period" (2006). Doctoral Dissertations. 323. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/323 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Red Ink: Native Americans Picking Up The Pen In The Colonial Period BY DREW LOPENZINA Bachelor’s Degree, University o f Massachusetts, Amherst, 1999 Master’s Degree, University of New Hampshire, Durham, 2001 DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In English Literature May, 2006 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3217431 Copyright 2006 by Lopenzina, Drew All rights reserved. INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ® UMI UMI Microform 3217431 Copyright 2006 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED c 2006 Drew Lopenzina Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This dissertation has been examined and approved. 97 - Dissertation Director, Siobhan Senier, Associate Professor of English t k AxtU ^ C Lm 5 - 1 If Brigitte Sailey, Associate Professor of English David Watters, Associate Professor of English S . 7 • , . I / “/ / f t - Cynthfia Van Zandt, Assistant Professor of History fic&cetttm. ----- <k—-- k —xk ^ ________ John Ernest, Eberly Family Distinguished Professor at West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 577 / ^ > bate' Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my family, friends and the members of my dissertation committee for their help, understanding, guidance and patience throughout this project. Special mention must go out to Barbara Morrison who has stood alongside through all the difficult hours, to Dylan and Amelia whose time with their father was forever compromised, though they never complained, to Siobhan Senier for her careful readings, insight and patient advice over occasional pints, to John Ernest for the long conversations, unusually wise counsel and the generous offering of his time over many years, to Keith Botelho who kept pace and drove me to reach the finish line in the spirit of friendship, to Greg Brennan who remained endlessly interested even when my own interest was failing, to Greg Guthrie for the last minute copy-editing and more, to my students who kept me grounded in the understanding of what this is all really about, and to Briggs Bailey for always having answers from the comer office. Special thanks also to my mother and father for all they do, to Pete for occasionally coming up to the Press Room even when time was short, to Jimmy for the canoe trips, Betty for the cookies, and my dog for giving me an excuse to leave the computer and get outside at three to four hour intervals each day. Much thanks also to David Watters, Cynthia Van Zandt, Monica Chiu, Sue Schibanoff and 999ers, and a tip of the hat to Emily Hinnov, Scott Rudd, Lisa Feldman, Kuhio Walters, David Edwards, Scott Massey and others who contributed to keeping me sane during an incredibly difficult process. May all favors be reciprocated some day in a like spirit of giving and support. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER PAGE INTRODUCTION: SURVIVAL WRITING.................................................................. 1 I. WUSSUCKWHEKE OR THE PAINTED LETTER: GLIMPSES OF NATIVE SIGNIFICATION ACKNOWLEDGED AND UNWITNESSED..................................45 A. While You Were Sleeping: Colonialism’s Unrecorded Dialogues................ 45 B. Pharmakon or Key?: Opening up an Idea of Writing in Native Space...........56 C. First Glimpses: Witnessing and Unwitnessing the Materials of Civilization in New Spain........................................................................................................64 D. Black Robes and Birch Bark: Jesuits Encountering Native Writing in New France................................................................................................................... 73 E. From Wussuckwhommin to Wussuckwheke: The Transformative Nature of Writing and the Word ........................................................................................... 91 II. AMALECK (WRITTEN IN STONE): ELIDING INDIGENOUS PRESENCE THROUGH WRITING IN COLONIAL NEW ENGLAND............................................. 111 A. Eden as Ground Zero: Locating Western Epistemologies of Containment...Ill B. Moses in America: Lost Civilizations and the Intelligibility of Rock Carvings.................................................................................................................122 C. Captive Audiences: New England’s Early Native Students or “First Fruits.” ..............................................................................................................................143 D. Paradise Lost Again: Unwitnessing the Pequot Massacre in Puritan Accounts of the Pequot War...............................................................................150 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. III. PRAYING INDIANS, PRINTING DEVILS: CENTERS OF INDEGENIETY WITHIN COLONIAL CONTAINMENTS....................................................................... 174 A. Setting up Shop: Harvard’s Indian College and the Mission of John Eliot Amongst the Natives of New England..............................................................174 B. A Town Called “Rejoycing”: Establishing the Praying Town on Native Space..................................................................................................................... 187 C. Shadow Printer: The invisible Native hand on the Lever of the Press............ 193 D. Tears and Testimonies: “Tears of Repentance” and Eliot’s Indian Dialogues .............................................................................................................................. 204 E. Thresholds of Change: Caleb Cheeshateaumauk’s “Honoratissimi Benefactores”...................................................................................................... 215 IV. BENEATH THE WAVE: THE MAINTENANCE OF NATIVE TRADITION IN HIDDEN TRANSCRIPTS, 1700-1768.............................................................................. 243 A. Diving into the Wreck: Locating the Hidden Transcripts of Resistance in Native Writings of the Eighteenth Century......................................................243 B. “This Indian Land”: Writings in the Massachusett Language and Sustaining Native Space.................................................................................... 256 C. Evangelism and Eye-strain: Samson Occom’s Native-Centered Vision of Evangelism.......................................................................................................... 267 D. “An Undoubted Call”: A Native Agency for Occom’s Tour of England 285 E. “The Doctor is Turn’d Heretical”: The Declaration of Independence in Occom’s “A Short Narrative of My Life”........................................................289 V. 0’ BROTHERTON WHERE ART THOU: COOPERSTOWN, BROTHERTON AND THE PERSISTENCE OF PLACE IN THE AMERICAN WILDERNESS 312 A. A Tale of Two Settlements: Forging “A Body Politick” in the American Wilderness .............................................................................................................312 B. Mount Vision: Selectively Surveying the Terrain in Cooper’sThe Pioneers .............................................................................................................................. 319 C. “Natural Rights”: The Mohegan and the Mason Land Case............................330