A HISTOR·y - o ·F THE JEWISH PEOPLE
BY
MAX L. MARGOLIS AND ALEXANDER MARX
HARPER TORCHBOOKS ~ The Temple Libr~ry Harper & Row, Publishers New York · THIS BOOK IS PUBLISHED AT THE DESIRE OF THE LATE
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OF WILLIAMSPORT1 PENNSYLVANIA
FROM FUNDS CONTRIBUTED FROM HER ESTATE . BY HER EXECUTOR MR. ABRAHAM ERLANGER MISS ULMAN WISHED THE PUBLICATION OF THIS VOLUME FOR THE FURTHERANCE OF TRUTH AND EQUITY
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A ~STORY-' 6:Ef 'IIHE. IBWISH''PBOPLE Copy~ight ·1927 by- The·Jewish Publication· Sqciety of America. Printed in the United States of America. This book.. ..yas. originally published in 1927 and is here published1in association with The Jewish Publication Society of America. First HARPER TORCHBOOK edition published 1965 by Harper & Row, Publishers, Incorporated 49 East 33rd Street New York, N. Y. 10016 TABLE OF CONTENTS BOOK I I N PALESTINE FROM THE BEGINNING TO THE EXTINC TION OF THE PATRIARCHATE (2,000 before-425 after t he Chris- tian era) ...... , ..•...... : , .. .. . · , ..... 1-230 CHAPTER I THE BEGINNINGS OF THE PEOPLE (2000-1225 before the Christian era) Home of Abraham-The Semites-Abraham's migration-Geography of Palestine-Canaanites and Amorites-Earlier inhabitants-Egyptian dominion-Hebrew settlements- Canaanite culture ·and religion- The Israelites in Egypt-Egyptian bondage ...... 3-13 CHAPTER II MOSES. THE EXODUS (1220) The birth of Moses-The prophetic call-The exodus-The crossing of the Red Sea-At Sinai- The Ten Words-The Book of the Cov enant- The wanqerings-The conquest of Sihon and Og-The Second Code-The Torah ...... 14-21 CHAPTER III THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN. THE JUDGES (1180-1100) Joshua-The assault on Jericho-Separation of Judah- Ai, Bethel, Gibeon-Deborah-The victory over Sisera- Ehud-The Midianites Gideoo-Abimelech-The revolt at Shechem- Death of Abimelech- Jephthah-The slaughter of the fugitive Ephraimites ...... 22-30 CHAPTER IV THE INROADS OF CANAANJTISil RELIGION The mode of life altered by the settlement- The governing bodies Infiltration of the Baal cult-Micah's idolatrous shrine-The outrage of Gibeah--Shiloh ...... 31-34 CHAPTER V THE RISE OF THE MONARCHY (1080-1030) Wars with the Philistines--Samson-Capture of the Ark and death of Eli--,Samuel-The assembly at Mizpah-Jabesh in Gilead calls for help--Saul-Jon.athan's feat at Michmas-Saul's melancholy ....35-39 CHAPTER VJ SAUL AND DAVID (1030-1013) David--Saul's jealousy-David's flight-At Nob-Slaughter of the priests-David in the mountains of Judah-seeks the protection of Achish~Ziklag raided by Amalekites-Battle of Gilboa-Death of Saul and Jonathan-David's lament ...... , ...... 40-44 VII VIIJ TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER VII \ DAVID. THE CAPTURE OF JERUSALBM (1013- 1006) David proclaimed king at Hebron- lshbaal and Abner-Joab slays AThner-Ishbaal murdered- David king of Israel and Judah-Wars with 'tire ~hilistines-The capture of Jerusalem-Transfer of the Ark .. 45-50 CHAPTER VIII THE WARS OF DAVID (1006-980) War with the Ammonites-Capture of Rabbab- Wars with Afameans Subjection of Moab and Edam-The extent of David's realm-His army-:-The altar in Araunah's threshing-floor- David's attitude to Sa!Jl's· family , ,,., .. ,,.,,,, .. . ,, ...... 51-54 CHAPTER IX THE REVOLTS OF ABSALOM ANO OF SHEBA (980-973) · David and Bath-sheba-Amnon and Tamar-Amnon slain-Absalom banished-The revolt of Absalom-David flees across the.Jordan-The end of Absalom-The revolt of Sheba- The succession- Death of David-His character and place in history ...... , , ...... •..... 55-60 I CHAPTER X I SOLO~!ON. THE TEMPLE (973-933) Svlomon comes to terms with Egypt-loses territory in the north I Solomon opens up the country to commerce-His buildings-The Temple -The IGng's Palace-The dedication of the Temple-Solomon's foreign marriages-Ahijah of Shiloh abets the revolt of Jeroboam-Jeroboam ~. flees to Egypt .. , .••• • •.•••...... , .. ,.,,,., •..• , ••• , •• ,, ... 61-66 CHAPTER XI l' THE SECESSION OF THE NORTH t (933-875) Rehoboam and Jeroboam-Decentralization in the North-War between Israel and Judah-Abijah- Nadab-Baasa-Asa king of Judah-Elah son of Baasa-Omri founds the third dynasty in Israel ...... , , . 67-69 CHAPTER XII THE LORD OR BAAL?-ELlJAB (887- 851) Omri-Samaria-The reconquest of Moab-Omri's alliance with the Phoenicians- Ahab king of Israel-Jehoshaphat king of Judah- The prophets- Elijah- The contest on Mount Carmel-Elijah's flight to Horeb-The judicial murder of Naboth- Elijah's translation .... 70-74 CHAPTER XIII AHAB AND THE ARAMBANS (854.-843) Ahab and Ben-hadad-The Assyrian advance-The battle of Karkar The battle of Ramoth in Gilead-Death of Ahab-Ahaziah-Jehoram . 75-77 TABLE Oi" CONTENTS ll' CHAPTER XIV ELISHA. JEllU (843) Revolt of Mesha-Edom proclaims its independence-]ehoram king of Judah- His successor Ahaziah-Elisha plans the destruction of the Omri dynasty-The revolt of Jehu-The slaughter of Ahab's house- The bloodshed at Samaria ...... 7i"'80
CHAPTER XV THE ADVANCE AND RETREAT OF ASSYRIA (843-746) Athaliah reigns in Judah-Jehoiada seats Jehoash upon the throne The repairs of the Temple-Jehu pays tribute to Shalmaneser-The Aramcan invasions-Jehoahaz succeeds Jehu-Renewed attacks by Arameans under his son Jehoash-Adadnirari IV the 'deliverer' Arnaziah succeeds his father Jehoash in Judah- Victory over t11e Edomites-Azariah (Uzziah) king of Judah and Jeroboam ll Icing of Israel...... , ...... 8il-M
CHAPTER XVI LIFE UNDER THE MONARCHY Husbandry-Domestic lab-Or-Handicrafts-Life in the large cities Uneven distribution of wealth-Particularism and centralization Education-Popular religion- Priests, prophets, wise men-Gun-ents and cross-currents ...... • , , , • ,85-8~ CHAPTER XVII AMOS AND HOSEA (760-734) Amos at Bethel-call to repentance-The people's wrong piety-The 'Day of the Lord'- Amos essentially a moralist-Hosea witness of the disintegration of the Northern Kingdom-His castigation of image worship- Israel's vacillating policy-Restoration to come un CHAPTER XVIII ISAIAH AND THE ASSYRIAN ADVANCE (744-720) Shallum, Menahem, Pekahiah kings of Israel-Abaz king of Judah The Syro-Ephraimitic war-Isaiah-Vision of the doom and of the restored 'Remnant'- Deportation of Israelite population to Assyria Hoshea last king of Israel-Ahaz introduces Assyrian worsJ~ip ..95 -98 CHAPTER XIX THE FALL OF SAMARIA. HEZEKIAH (729- 692) Tiglath-pileser king of Babylon (Pul)-Egypt spurs Palestine on to revolt- Sargon's capture of Samaria-Deportation of Israel-Samaria settled with foreigners-Isaiah counsels submission to theAssyrians Hezekiah and his abortive reformation- The Siloam tunnel-The cap ture of Ashdod- Sennacherib invades Palestine- Jerusalem delivered 99-lOJ x TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XX MANASSEH. JOSIAH. JEREMIAH (692-609) Assxrian conquest of Egypt- Manasseh's reaction- Beginning of the deq~ne of Assyrian power-Amon-Josiah-The finding of the Book of t;he Torah- Complete reformation in the spirit of Mosaism- Jeremiah quick,ly disenchanted- The fall of Nineveh--Death of Josiah in bat- tle., ...... 104-180 CHAPTER XXI THE END OF THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH (608-586) J ehoahaz- Jehoiachin-Jeremiah predicts the destruction of the Temple ---'Battle of Carchemish-Nebuchadrezzar-Jehoiachin led into cap tivity__:_Zedekiah-Ascendancy of the anti-Babylonian party-The destruction of Jerusalem- Gedaliah governor at Mizpah-His murder The flight of his adherents to Egypt-Jewish settlements in Egypt 109-113 CHAPTER XXII THE BABYLONIAN EXILE (586-538) The life of the exiles-Ezekiel-Individual responsibility-Resurrection of the nation in its own home-Release of JP.hoiachin-The fall of Bab ylon-Cyrus gives permission for the return to Palestine--The Great Unknown Prophet-Israel's mission ...... :114-118 CHAPTER XXIII THE RESTORATION (538-432) The home-comers under Sheshbazzar-Cambyses and the conquest of Egypt-Darius I.-Zerubbabel-Haggai and Zechariah- The Temple built- Unfriendly rteighbC>rs-Malachi-Ezra-DissolutiM C>f unlaw ful marria~es-Preparations to rebuild the walls and denunciations by the .$,amantans- Nehem,iah builds the walls-Reading and acceptance ofthe Torah-Nehemiah once more corrects abuses-The Samaritans 119-125 CHAPTER XXIV FROM PERSIAN RULE TO GREEK (424-187) Ba~olii-The Jews of Elephantine-Queen Esther-Alexander the Great- Wars of the generals after his death-The Seleucids and Ptol emies- Battle of Panium and the Seleucid domination of Palestine Ptolemy II. and the Greek translation of the Torah-Life in Palestine The Scribes and the Great Synagogue-Simon the Just- Worldlingsand pietists ...... 126-133 CHAPTER XXV HELLENISTS AND PIETIS'l'S . ANTIOCHUS EPIPHANES (187- 165) The house of the Tobiads-Hyrcanus-Character of Antiochus Epiph anes- J ason secures the high priesthood-Greek fashions in Jerusalem Menelaus high priest- Antiochus returns from Egypt and orders the . suspension of the Jewish religion- The author of the book of Daniel } udah the Maccabee-Defeat of Nicanor at Emmaus-Rededication of the Temple ...... , ...... ·...... 134- 141 ~TABLE OF CONTENTS Xl CHAPTER XXVI JUDAH THE MACCABEE AND HIS BROTHERS (165- 142) Rescue of Jews beyond J udea-Cap!ure of Hebron-Menelaus re"laced by Alcimus-J udah victorious over Nicanor-Treaty with Rome-Judah falls in battle with bacchides-Jonathan leader- becomes high priest The Onias temple in Egypt-Jonathan confirmed by Demetrius li'.- slain by Tryphon-The yoke of the heathen removed.'...... 142-149 CHAPTER XXVII SIMON. JOHANAN HYRCANUS. ALEXANDER JANNA! (142- 76) Simon takes the Citadel and levels it to the ground-Syrian invasion of Judea repulsed-Simon murdered- Jerusalem invested by Antiochus Sidetes-Dynastic disturbances in Antioch-Samaritan temple razed to the ground-Rise of the Pharisees- Death of Hyrcanus-Aristobulus - Alexander Jannai and his wars-The antagonism of the Pharisees- Death of Jannai ...... 150-157 CHAPTER XXVIII THE LAST HASMONEAN RULERS (76-37) The true and false Pharisee-The collection of Holy Scriptures Sadducees and Pharisees-Salome Alexandra-Civil war between Aris tobulus and Hyrcanus-Pompey- Hyrcanus II.- Antipater-Caesar Mark Antony-The Parthian invasion-Antigonus-Herod named by Rome King of the Jews .. , ...... , ...... , .... , ...... 158-168 CHAPTER XXIX HEROD THE GREAT (37-4) Murder of Aristobulus-Herod and Cleopatra-Herod confirmed by Octavian- Execution of Miriam the. Hasmonean- Herod's administra tion-His buildings-The Herodiari Temple-Other buildings-The Sanhedrin-Shammai and Hillel-Execution of Alexander, Aristobulus, and Antipater ...... 169-176 CHAPTER XXX ROME TIGHTENING ITS HOLD (4 before-41 after the Christian era) Archelaus-The Procurators-The Zealots-The Essenes-The Apoc alyptists-John the Baptist-Jesus of Nazareth-Pontius Pilate-Riot in Alexandria-Philo-Commotion in Palestine over Caligula's order -Agrippa confirmed by Claudius ...... 177-188 CHAPTER XXXI THE WAR WITH ROME (41-67) Agrippa !.-The Procurators-Fadus, Tiberius Alexander, Cumanus, Felix, Festus, Albinus, Florus- The peace and war parties-Victory over Gal11<1s-War declared- Josephus in GaUlee- Ves.pasian--The fall of Jodephath-North of Palestine brought under subjection by the Romans ...... J$9-198 XII TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XXXII \ THE NATIONAL DlSASTER (68-73) The Zealots in Jerusalem- Johanan of Gish-halab-Simon bar Giora Reign of the commune-Vespasian emperor--Eleazar son of Simon ' Titus invests Jerusalem-Destruction ol the City and the Temple-The hiumph of Titus-Capture of Masada ...... 199- 204 CHAPTER XXXIII SPIRITUAL RECONSTRUCTION. SPASMS UNDER TUA.JAN AND llADRJAN . (70-135) ·The.Pharisees succeed to leadership- J ohanan son of Zaccai-Gamaliel II.~Eliezer son of Hyrcanus-Joshua son of Hananiah-Eleazat son of :Azariah-The meetmg at J abneh-Synagogue worship and Scripture reading-Communal institutions-Schools-Jewish uprisings under Tra jan-Hadrian- The Third War against Rome-Akiba-Bar Kokeba- The fall of Ileth-ther . , ...... , ...... , ...... 205-215 CHAPTER XXXIV THE MAKERS OF THE MISHNAH (135-175) The ten martyrs-Sanhedrin reestablished-Simon son of Gamaliel Meir and his wife Beruriah- Judah son of Hai- Simon son bf Johai- Judah 1.-The Mishnah-Other tannaitic works ... , ...... 216-233 CHAPTER XXXV THE LAST PATRIARCHS (18Q-425) The Roman dominion-Gamaliel III.-Judah I I.-Gamaliel IV. Judah IIl.-Johanan bar Nappaha-Simon son of Lakish-Constantine the Great-fiillel 11.-Julian the Apostate-The Christian emperors Gamaliel V.- Judah IV.--Gamaliel Vl.-Extinction of the patriarchate . 224-230 ., BOOK II THE EASTERN CENTER UNTIL THE EXTINCTION OF THE qAONATE (175- 1038) ...... 231-283 CHAPTER XXXVI RAB AND SAMUEL (175-254) The Babylonian center-Life of Babylonian Jews-The Exilarch-Rab founds the school at Sura-Samuel at Nehardea ...... 233- 239 CHAPTER XXXVII UNDER THE SASSANIANS. THE TALMUD OF BABYLON (254-632) The Sassanian rulers-Judah son of Ezekiel founds school at Pumbe ditha-Huna-Rabbah son of Nahmani and Joseph-Abaye and Raba Shapur II.-Ashi-Rabina II.-The Talmud committed to writing- Description of the Talmud- Saboraim-Gconim...... 240-247 I . TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII CHAPTER XXXVIII THE RISE OF MOHAMMEDANISM (622-858) Jews in Southern Arabia-In the north west of the Peninsula-Moham med's attitude to the Jews-The Kainuka' exiled-The other !'?wish clans slaughtered or banished-The Arab conque;;t of Syria and.Pales tine, of Egypt and Iran-The treatment of unbelievers- The exilarclt Bustani-The activity of the Geonim ...... 248-257 CHAPTER XXXIX THE KARAITE SCHISM (767-900) The Messianic pretenders-Abu Isa Obadiah of lspahan-Yudghan of Hamadan-Manifestation of anti-traditional tendencies-Anan founder of the Karaite sect- Benjamin of Nehawend-Daniel al-Kumisi 258-263 CHAPTER XL SAADIAlI (882- 942) The decline of the Gaonate-Egypt and the Fustat community-Pales tine before the Arab conquest-Since the Arab conquest-The Masorah - The regulation of the calendar-Aaron ben Meir-Saadiah opposes his calendar reform- Elevated to the Gaonate- Rupture with the exilarch-Reconciliation-Saadiah 's literary works ...... 264-272 CHAPTER XL! THE END OF THE BABYLONIAN SCHOOLS (943-1038) Hastening of decline-Sherira-His son Hai-New centers arising 273-276 CHAPTER XLII THE KAIRA WAN COMMUNITY (700-1050) The rulers of Kairawan-Character of the Jewish community- The lay heads-Eldad the Danite- Isaac Israeli- Jacob son of Nissim and Hushiel son of Elhanan- Hananel son of -Hushiel and Nissim son of Jacob-Other North-African communities ...... 277- 283 BOOK III THE WEST-EUROPEAN CENTERS TO THE EXPULSION FROM SPAIN (139 before-1492 after the Christian era) ...... 285-476' CHAPTER XLIII THE JEWS OF ITALY TO THE END OF THE EMPIRE (139 before-410 after the Christian era) The Jewish community at Rome-Caesar-Augustus-Jewish prose lytism-Growth of Jewish settlements-Economic and religious con- ditions-Cultural life- Josephus and his literary activity ...... 287-296 ------ XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XLIV THE JEWS OF ITALY DOWN TO THE TWELFTH CENTURY (410-1146) The Ostrogoth and Lombard rule-Gregory 1.-An intenser Jewish spii"it- The Oria school-Sabbatai Donnolo- Pa\tiel vizir to Fatimite Muizz-Chronicle of Ahimaaz- Nathan son of Jehiel...... 297-302 ' CHAPTER XLV TliE JEWS OF SPAIN UNDER ROMANS, GOTHS AND MOHAMMEDANS (300-990) The beginnings under Roman rule-The Visigoths-Reccared I. con verted. to Catholicism-Sisebut reenacts severe measures against the Jews;-"Draconic enactments of the Fourth Council of Toledo-Persecu tions under Chintila and Egica-The Mohammedan conquest and deliverance-The Cordova Court-Hasdai Ibn Shaprut-Menahem son of Saruk and Dunash son of Labrat-The new versification . . 303-312 CHAPTER XLVI SAMUEL THE NAGID AND SOLOMON IBN GABIROI, (993-1069) The rise of talmudic studies-Moses son of Enoch and his son-The dissolution of the Caliphate-Samuel ha-Levi vizir of King Habbus and his son Badis at Granada-Samuel's benefactions and scholarship Solomon Ibn Gabirol- The character of his poetry- His philosophy- Bahye lbn Bakuda ...... 313-320 CHAPTER XLVII AI,·FASI AND HIS SCHOOL (1013-1141) The killing of Samuel's son Joseph and the massacre at Granada-The Jews.,of Seville and Saragossa-lsaac al-Fasi at Lucena-The unification of the Christian states-The Jews of Toledo- The Almoravides-Joseph Ibn Megas- Moses Ibn Ezra ...... •... 321-326 ., CHAPTER XLVIII JUDAH HA-LEVI AND ABRAHAM lDN EZRA (1086-1167) Judah ha-Levi as a poet-His 'Kozari' and emphasis on the election of Israel-His departure for Palestine-The 'Zionide'-The Almohadc per secution-Abraham Ibn Daud-Abraham Ibn Ezra- His travels and literary works-Judah al-Harizi-The Jews in Christian S pain-Ben jamin of Tudela ...... •...... 327-336 CHAPTER XLIX MOSES llIAIMONIDES (1135-1204) Maimun expatriates himself and family-His son Moses-The 'Lumi nary' or commentary on the Mishnah-The Creed-Epistle to the Jews of, Yemen- The growth of Maimonides' fame-Physician and head of Egyptian Jew~The 'Code' of Maimonides-Opposition at Bagdad- fitirl~/~~ .~ .. ~~~~h-~ . '?~i.~~·~~~t·h· .~~ .~~i~~~~~~~s~.~~~it3:~ TABLE OF CONTENTS xv ·CHAPTER L THE FRANCO-GERMAN CENTER. GERSHOM OF i'l!AYENCE (321-1040) The Jews of Cologne-The Franks in Gaul-The anin1osity of the Church against the Jews-Persecutions under the last Merovmgians lmproved conditions under the Carolingians-Inimical attitude of,the higher clergy-Agobard of Lyons and his successor Amu1o-The rise of the Capetian dynasty-Conditions in Southern France--The Rhenish Communities-The Calonymus family at Mayence-Gershom 'the Luminary of the Exile'-Expulsion of Jews from Mayence under Henry II...... ,,, .. 346-355 CHAPTER LI RASHI AND HIS SCHOOL. 'l'HE FIRST CRUSADE (1040-1105) Talmudic learning on both sides of the Rhine-Rashi and his commen taries on Bible and Talmud- The First Crusade- The massacres at Spires, Worms, Mayence, and elsewhere-The return to normal condi- tions-The Tosaphists-Jacob Tam ..... , ...... 356-364 CHAPTER LII THE SECOND AND THIRD CRUSADES (1099-1215) The Latin Kingdom-The Mohammedan conquest of Edessa-The Second Crusade-Slaughter of Jews on the banks of the Rhine and in France-Destruction of the community of Blois-Death of Jacob Tam -Philip Augustus expels the Jews from the royal domains-Activity of the Tosaphists-Massacre at Bray- The Third Crusade-Jews recalled by Philip Augustus-Isaac the Elder and his school- Judah the 'Sai,nt' at R~tisbon-The J~ws ?f Germa.ny become 'serfs qf the treas- ury -Ephrann of Bonn-Susskmd of Tnmberg ...... 365-373 CHAPTER LIU THE JEWS OF FRANCE AND GERMANY IN THE UHRTEENTH CENTURY (1198-1293) Innocent III.-The fourth Lateran Council-The 'Badge'-Emperor Frederick II.-The Fulda Trial-The charter of Duke Frederick II. Louis IX.-Nicholas Donin and the burning of the Talmud-Jehiel of Paris and the later Tosaphists-The Mongol invasion-Innocent IV. declares the blood accusation to have no foundation- Rudolph of Habsburg-Meir of Rothenburg ...... , , , , 374-383 CHAPTER LIV THE JEWS OF ENGLAND (1066-1290) Permanent settlement under William the Conqueror-The Norwich libel-The Jewish money-lenders and the king-Aaron of Lincoln The York massacre-Extortionate taxation by the Crown-The libel at Lincoln-Restrictive legislation-The expulsion ...... 384--391 -~------ xvt TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER LV \ THE JEWS OF PROVENCE (1100-1394) Under the counts of Toulouse and the counts of Provcnce-Lunel as a se1t of culture- The Tibbonids- The Kimbis- The Albigensian crusade L-The quarrel about Maimonides-Theedict of expulsion from France- Recall- The 'Shepherds' and Lepers--5econd edict of expulsion-Final expOlsion-Levi son of Gershon ...... 392-401 CHAPTER LVI GERMAN JEWS IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY . (1298- 1407) Rindfl~isch and the 'Armleder'- The Black Death- The Flagellants Tbe Golden Bull-Jacob Levi Molin and Israel Isserlein-The Diet at Ulm-Precarious condition of German Jewry-Denunciation of the 'Alenu' prayer- Chief rabbi by the grace of the emperor ...... 402-412 CHAPTER LVII GERMAN JEWS DURING TilE FIFTEENTH CENTURY (1410-1480) The Hussite wars-Expulsion from Austria-Excesses in Thuringia, Bavaria, and along the Rhine-Capistrano, the 'Scourge of the Jews'- Peter Schwarz and Hans Vayol-The Trent libel...... 413-418 CHAPTER LV III JEWS JN CHRISTIAN SPAIN. NAHMANI (1203-1293) Castile organizes a coalition against the Moslems-Economic and corn· munal life of the Jews of Aragon-Gerona-Nahmani- The Cabala The d isputation at Barcelona- Nahmani in Palestine-Conditions in Castile and Portugal...... , , ...... 419-429 CHAPTERLIX THE PROGRESS OF THE CABALA " (1280-1340) Solomon Ibn Adret-Abraham Abulafia- Moses de Leon-The Zohar Asher son of J ehiel- T he golden period of Castilian Jewry-Abner of Bu:gos-Jacob son of Asher...... 430-439 CHAPTER LX THE DECLINE OF SPANISH JEWRY (1348-1405) Samuel Abulafia-Degeneration of Castilian Jewry-Nissim of Gerona - The crief rabbinate of Portugal-Ferrand Martinez-Massacres in Castile and Aragon-Crypto-Jews-Paul of Burgos-Prophiat D uran 440-450 CHAPTER LXI TBE DISPUTATION AT TORTOSA (1340-1444) I sa~e Barfat-Hasdai Crcscas-Anti·Jewish legislation-Vincent Ferrer -The Tortosa Disputation-}oseph Albo-The Valladolid Assembly- Ascendancy of thz Neo-Christians ...... 451-459 ---- ~------ TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII CHAPTER LXII THE MARANOS (1454-1488) Marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand- Hostility against the Maranos The 'CatholicSovereigns'- The lnquisition-Torquemada-The lnqui s;ition in Aragon-Fusion of the Neo-Christians with the nobility ' 46o-469 CHAPTER LXIII THE EXPULSION FROM SPAIN AND PORTUGAL (1492- 1497) The fall of Granada-The edict of expulsion from Spain-The discovery of the New World by Columbus-The fugitives-The edict in Portugal -Abraham Zacuto-The Maranos in Portugal...... 47o-476 BOOK IV THE EMERGENCE OF NEW CENTERS TO THE EVE OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1492-1786) .....•...... •.. 477-599 CHAPTER LXIV THE AGE OF HUMANISM (1330- 1546) Humanism in Italy-Immanuel of Rome- Hebrew presses- Elijah del Medigo-Elijah Levita-Humanism in Germany-The Pfefferkorn- Reuchlin controversy-Luther's attitude to the Jews ...... 479-485 CHAPTER LXV AMSTERDAM AND HAMBURG (1492- 1671) The Nasi family-The first houses of worship-Elijah Montalto-Saul Levi Morteira..:_cerman Jews arrive-Manasseh Ben-Israel-Crom- well-Readmission to England-Hamburg Jewry ...... 486-494 CHAPTER LXVI URIEL DA COSTA AND BARUCH SPINOZA (1585- 1677) Urie! da Costa-Spinoza-His excommunication-The Theologico-polit ical Tractate-Spinoza's biblical criticism- His philosophical system 495- 500 CHAPTER LXVII THE ITALIAN REFUGE (1492-1663) Naples-Isaac Abrabanel- His sons Judah and Isaac-The Ferrara community- The Papal States- Reubeni and Molko- Rome and Ancona- Genoa-Milan-Venice-] udah Modena-Simhah Luzzatto 501-511 CHAPTER LXVIII UNDER THE CRESCENT \ (1492-1579) The Constantinopl~ community-Saloniki- Joseph, duke of Naxos- Solomon Ashkenazi- Tiberias rebui'lt ...... 512- 517 ------·-- XVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER LXIX PALESTINE (1488-1628) Obadiah of Bertinoro-Safed-Jacob Berab-Joseph Kar<>-The 'Shu!- ' h~ Aruk'-Isaac Luria-Hayim Vital-Isaiah Hurwitz ...... 518-524 CHAPTER LXX THE JEWS OF RUSSIA AND POLAND TO TEE END OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY . (100-1501) The Crimean settlement-The Chazars-Migration of German Jews The Charter of Boleslav-Ascendancy of the Church-Expulsion from Lithuania and return ...... 525- 53 1 CHAPTER LXXI INTERNAL ORGANIZATION. LURIA AND ISSERLES. (1510--1573) . Shakna- Jewish autonomy-Solomon Luria-Moses Isserles- The Council of Four Lands ...... 532- 540 CHAPTER LXXII THE ZENITH OF POLISH JEWRY (1550-1648) ;;gg1~r:1s~n~~~~i.":~~i.t~~s. . ·o·f· . ~~~ ..~~~~~~ ~~·d·~~~t~~~~u:t~~41~~~i CHAPTER LXXIII THE JEWS OF BOHEMIA (1579- 1654) Prague-Joseph of Rosheim-Mordecai Meisel-Yorn Toh Lipmann Heller- Hi$ incarceration- His release and migration to Poland. 547-550 CHAPTER LXXIV THE CHMTELNICKI MASSACRES (1648- 1655) The" Cossacks-The massacres-Nemirov and Tulchin-Other towns- Muscovite invasion of Lithuania- The Messiah's spouse ...... 551- 557 CHAPTER LXXV SAllBATAl ZEVI (1626--1676) At Smyrna-At Jerusalem-Mission to Egypt-Nathan of Gaza Sabbatai publicly proclaimed as Messiah-The believers in Europe Sabbatai's departure for Constantinople-His detention at Abydus- Sabbatai turns Moslem-His death ...... , ...... 558-567 CHAPTER LXXVI THE SABBATIANS. MOSES HA YIM LUZZATIO (1676--1747) Cardoso-Mordecai of Eisenstadt-Jacob Querido and his son-The Donmeh- Judah 'the Saint ' and Hayim Malak-Nehemiah Hayun David Oppenheim-Solomon Ayllon and the Haham Zebi-Moses Hayim Luzzatto ...... 568-577 TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX CHAPTER LXXVII BASIDISM (1660-1797) Impoverishment of Polish Jewry- Ritual murder charges- Ganganelli Decay of spiritual life-Israel Baal Shem Tob (the Besht)-Frank and the Frankists-The Preacher of Mezdyrzecz- Habad-Shneor Zalmin of Liady- The Gaon of Vilna- Conflicts between Hasidim and Mith- naggedim, , . , ...... 578-588 CHAPTER LXXVIII THE JEWS OF !'RUSSIA (1671- 1786) Condition of German Jews-Admission of Jews to the Mark- Eisen menger-Moses Mendelssohn- The leaders of the old type of Judaism The Eybeschiltz-Emden controversy-Mendelssohn's translation of the Pentateuch-Joseph II. and his Patent of Tolerance- Naphtali Herz Wessely- Mendelssohn 's 'Jerusalem' ...... 589-599 BOOK V THE AGE OF EMANCIPATION (1787-1925) ...... 601-737 CHAPTER LXXIX JEWS IN AMERICA IN COLONIAL AND REVOLUTIONARY Til"\fES (1654-1790) lhe first Jewish settlement at New Amsterdam-At Newport-In Georgia-Religious conditions- The Philadelphia community- Ger $hOm Mendes Seixas-The Jews congratulate Washington .. ... 603- 607 CHAPTER LXXX JEWISH EMANCIPATION IN FRANCE AND FRENCH DEPENDENCIES (1787- 1811) Before t he Revolution- The Sephardim and Alsatian Jews-Jewish emancipation in France-In Holland-The Jews of Rome freed Napoleon- Assembly of Notables and Grand Sanhedrin-Consistorial org-<1.nization-In Westphalia-Israel Jacobsohn-Emancipation in Frankfort-In the Hanseatic cities ...... 608- 618 CHAPTER LXXXI EMANCI PATION IN :OPRUSSIA (1786-1812) David Friedlander- The circles of Rationalists- Epistle to Pastor Teller-The Grant of March, 1812- Conditions in the Austrian domin- ions-Herz Hornberg ...... 619-626 CHAPTER LXXXII RUSSIAN JEWS UNDER PAUL AND ALEXANDER I . (1796-1825) Derzhavin's project-The Statute of 1804-Expulsion from villages- The school at Volozhin-Beginnings of Enlightenment ...... 627-631 xx TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER LXXXIII CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN CENTRAL EUROPE (1814-1823) The Vienna Congress-The Hamburg Temple-Isaac Bernays-Hep .hej}.- Political reaction-The 'Beer Temple' in Berlin closed . . . 632-637 CHAPTER LXXXIV THE RENASCENCE OF JEWISH SCHOLARSHIP (1819-1868) Leopold Zunz-Isaac Samuel Reggio-Samuel David Luzzat~Nah- lll'.1n Krochmal-SOiomon Judah Rapoport ...... 638-641 CHAPTER LXXXV AFTER THE JULY REVOLUTION (1830-1846) The July Revolution-Isaac Adolphe Cremieux-Religious conditions in France-English Jewry-The House of Rothschild-David Salomons _-Moses Montefiore-The Jews of Canada obtain equal rights.642-647 CHAPTER LXXXVI .RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENTS AMONG THE JEWS OF TKE UNITED STATES (1802-1868) Reforms in Charleston-Mordecai Manuel Noah-Isaac Leeser. 648--650 CHAPTER LXXXVII TUE DAMASCUS LIBEL (1840) Ratti Menton-Mehemet Ali-Protests in EuroR_e and America-The journey of Montefiore, Cremieux and Munk-The common bond of Jewry ...... 651--653 CHAPTER LXXXVIII THE STRUGGLE FOR EMANCIPATION IN WESTERN EUROPE (1830-1858) Gabriel Ries~r-The revolution of 1848-The reaction-Baron de Roth~hild seated in the English Parliament ...... 654--658 CHAPTER LXXXIX REFORM AND COUNTER-REFORM (1841-1860) The Hamburg Temple strife-The Frankfort Reform Society-Opinions on circumcision- Abraham Geiger-Samuel Holdhcim-Ludwig Philipp son-Zechariah Frankel-Samson Raphael Hirsch- The West London Synagogue ...... • ...... , ...... •.. 659-664 CHAPTER XC POLITICAL AND CULTURAL CONDITIONS IN EASTERN EUROPE (1815--1855) The czars hereditary kings of Poland~Assimilationists and old-fashioned ]em-Expulsion from villages in Russia-Nicholas 1.-The 'cantonists' -The Pale of Settlement-The Haskalah-Uvarov-Max Lilienthal-- Montefiore's mission to Russia-The Crimean War ...... 665-674 TABLE OF CONTENTS XX1 CHAPTER XCI PROGRESS OJ? THE UEFORM MOVEMENT IN AMERICA AND IN EUROPE . (1845-1876) The German immi~rat i on-Isaac M. Wise-David Einhorn-The Civil War- The unification of Italy and of Germany-Emancipation achie.ed in Austria and Germany-The Mortara case-The Alliance Israelite Universelle-Colonization of Palestine-Moses Hess-Graetz's 'History of the Jews'-The Synods of Leipzig and Augsburg and the Philadelphia Conference-Rabbinical training schools ...... 675-682 CHAPTER XCII THE JEWS OF RUSSIA AND RUMANIA (1855-1878) Alexander II.-The Polish Revolution- The Kutais trial-Moses Loeb Lilienblum and Perez Smolenskin-Cremieux vainly pleads for the Rumanian Jews-Benjamin F. Peixotto-The Russo-Turkish War- The Congress of Berlin-Meir Loeb MaJbim ...... 683-690 CHAPTER XCIII GERMAN ANTI-SEMITISM AND RUSSIAN POGROMS (1878-1894) Bismarck and Lasker-Stocker--Tisza-Eszlar-Alexander 111.-Pobie donostzev--The pogroms of 1881-The exodus to America-Ignatiev and the May Laws-Leo Pinsker and the BILU-The Lovers of Zion The Pittsburgh Platform and the opening of the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York--William I.-The Xanten tdal-Plehve-Baron Maurice de Hirsch and the ICA ...... 691-701 CHAPTER XCIV ZIONISM (1894-1904) The Dreyfus Affair-Theodore Herzl-Max Nordau-The Vienna Anti-Semites-The 'Jews' State'-The Zionist Congresses-The Mizrahi -The Kishinev pogrom-Death of Herz!...... 702-711 CHAPTER XCV TBE 'BLACK HUNDREDS' AND THE RUSSIAN RllVOLUTION (1905-1912) The ITO-Ahad Haam-Eliezer Ben-Jehuda-Simon Dubnow-The Russian Revolution- The Bielostok pogrom-The Beilis trial-National divisions in Austria- The Polish boycott ..•.... ,., ..... ,,,, 712~718 CHAPTER XCVI TBE EXODUS TO MIERICA (1905-1914) Movement to restrict immigration-American Jewish Committee Abrogation of the treaty with Russia-Jewish scholarship in England- Solomon Schechter- Jewish organi1..ati9ns in Germany ...... 719- 724 XXII TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER XCVII \ THE WORLD WAR (1014-1918) The plight of the Jews- The American Joint Distribution Committee T11e 'Zion Mule Corps'-The Russian Revolution-The Palestinian •campaign- The Balfour Declaration-The entry of Allen by into Jeru · salem ...... 725-731 CHAPTER XCVIII MINORITY RIGHTS AND THE PALESTINIAN MANDATE (1918- 1925) Tpe Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia-The Armistice-Pogroms in t>he Ukraine-The Peace Conference-Sir Herbert Samuel first British H \gh Commissioner in Palestine-The problem of reconstruction of the Jews in the war area-Recrudescence of. Anti-Semitism in Europe and J\merica- The opening of the Hebrew University of J erusalein.. 732-73 7 Bibliography ...... 739-752 Index ...... 753-801