DOCSLIB.ORG

On Watch Profiles from the National

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
On Watch Profiles from the National CLASSIFIED BY: Multiple Sources DECLASSIFY ON· Originating Agency's Determination Required. ~A.epro\l';~j ~)r Rel:a.~e tl'~l ,r~.J':::!~, Ot (JY-lO-LUtJ l FOI.l-'., l-,ac;e tf 13b5:: ON WATCH Profiles from T~I National Security Agencys'past 40 years ~- I I '~ UNCLASSIFIED PREFACE (U) On July 17, 1984, Lieutenant General Lincoln D. Faurer, the Director of the National Security Agency, asked the National Cryptologic School to produce a "popular history" of the Agency aimed principally at new employees who perhaps were unaware of the past accomplishments of NSA. As the project evolved, the National Cryptologic School envisioned an informal collection of significant experiences from the Agency's past which stressed NSA accomplishments as the best way to make new employees aware of the unique history of NSA and United States SIGINT and COMSEC efforts. At the same time the History and Publications Division was asked to compile a more formal one-volume study of NSA, stressing its organization, structure, mission and evolution. The two products, one produced by the School and the other by the History Office are complementary but separate. This is the National Cryptologic School's contribution. The History Office study is to be published separately. I I I I,,, 11~.·····'.'·'· I·;.. 'I;·I'···· L~:~' UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED CONTENTS PREFACE CHAPTER I: The End of the Beginning CHAPTER 2: Emergence of a National Cryptologic Authority ______________________________________ 13 CHAPTER 3: Treachery and Triumph ___________________________________________________________ 19 CHAPTER 4: The Decade of the Fifties _________________________________________________________ 23 CHAPTER 5: The Vietnam Era ________________________________________________________________ 33 CHAPTER 6: The Gulf of Tonkin Incident ______________________________________________________ 43 CHAPTER 7: SIGINT Support to U.S. Combat Operations 51 CHAPTER 8: The Decade of the Sixties _ 61 CHAPTER 75 CHAPTER ~~/I~~I::::::: :::::: :::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::. 81 CHAPTER I I: The Decade of the Eighties 91 (b) (1) (b) (3)-50 USC 403 (b) (3)-P.L. 86-36 ~' I~.~··.;.·... ..··· i~ iii UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED CHAPTER ONE THE END OF THE BEGINNING MAGIC and the Road to Victory July 11. 1945. Arlington, Virginia (V) The drilling ring of the telephone jolted Frank Rowlett out of a sound sleep. He fumbled with the instrument in the dark, switched on a lamp and grunted. It was two o'clock in the morning. (V) Rowlett, one of America's cryptologic pioneers began his career with the Army's Signal Intelligence Service in 1930. After four and a half years of war, he had grown accustomed to calls in the dead of night. (V) "I've got one that you've got to come and look at," said the duty officer in the Purple Room. (U) Rowlett rubbed the sleep from his eyes. "Yes, I'll be there." It may have been the clipped tone of the duty officer's voice, or maybe it was a sense that a change was in the air. They had seen hints of new directions in Japanese communications in recent weeks. Before Rowlett put the phone back in the cradle he said, "Is this something different?" (V) "Yes," was the duty officer's curt reply. (V) Rowlett was already swinging his feet to the floor. The duty officer placed an identical call to Signal Security Agency head Brigadier General W. Preston Corderman. He, too, was on his way to Arlington Hall Station. (U) When Frank Rowlett arrived at Arlington Hall, he went straight to the operations area in B Building known as the Purple Room. Purple was the nickname for the Japanese Cipher Machine, Type B, introduced in late 1936. Lieutenant Henry Graf, one of the linguists assigned to translate deciphered Japanese diplomatic messages, thrust a MAGIC decrypt at him. MAGIC was the covername used for decrypted Japanese diplbmatic traffic. The Japanese diplomatic message was an "extremely urgent" cable from Tokyo's Foreign Minister Shigenori Togo to Japan's Ambassador Naotake Sato in Moscow. Since we are secretly giving consideration to termination of the war in view of the pressing situation confronting Japan both at home and abroad, you are not to confine yourself [in talking to Molotov] to the objective of a rapprochement between Russia and Japan but are to sound out the extent to which it is possible to make use of Russia with regard to ending the war as well. (V) The intent of the message was unmistakable. Rowlett's mind raced. The Japanese were ready to quit, and they wanted to cut a Faustian deal with the Russians that would get them out of the war. More ominous was the possibility that Russian intervention on behalf of the Japanese now could lead to Soviet domination of postwar Asia. (Vj The message and its implications were to have a staggering impact on the speed and direction of American prosecution of the war in the Pacific, the decision to drop two atomic bombs and the conduct of Vnited States foreign policy toward the Soviet Vnion for as far into the future as anyone could see. (V) The war in Europe had been over for nearly nine weeks, since the Germans signed the surrender documents at a farmhouse in Reims, France, on May 7. The Allies were now intent upon ending the war in the Far East although they fully expected the cost in lives to be high. The effort was to begin on November 1 with the invasion of Kyushu; Japan's great southern island, in what the Joint Chiefs of Staff called Operation OLYMPIC. They feared casualties could even go as high as a million men. (V) The B-29 bombing offensive against the Japanese home islands was taking an awesome toll, as was the ever-tightening naval blockade. The Allies had some evidence of a sense of despair in Japan. Some believed it started with the man in the street and reached upward all the way to the emperor. But no one contended UNCLASSIFIED DOCID,:. .. ,:~;~'.';:~:.:'><; ~:,; .;.~ ·,~~i;~i+t. UNCLASSIFIED 'l.' .••• ~~~_...-:_,,? ,'. ,, that the despair was universal. The war party, still strongly entrenched, was determined to carryon the fight .y~~;~.~~~L;~ , until the last general had committed hara-kiri on the summit of Mount Fujiyama. (U) But the MAGIC decrypt Rowlett received on July 11 was a new straw in the wind. , (U) It caused the United States to review the bidding, to take a close look at what was going on between ;.._.. ,:.• ~{'tr.' .'f: ..... "": Tokyo and Moscow. As it had throughout the war in the Pacific, MAGIC was to playa central role in Washington's assessment of Japanese peace feelers toward the Soviet Union. (U) As early as April 5, two days before the Nazi surrender in Europe, the Soviet Union had notified the Japanese that the 1941 non-aggression pact between their two countries would not be renewed when it ,'''~ . ,"- ," expired in 1946. MAGIC intercepts had revealed Japan's frantic but vain efforts to get Moscow to renew " ,.'t. the treaty. '-',r • (U) MAGIC material decrypted at Arlington Hall and passed on to G2 at the Pentagon turned up ." '; ~... .' indications of Japanese fears of what might lie ahead. MAGIC also told Washington about events unfolding .. in the Soviet Far East. Bits and pieces of COMINT were pulled together to form an intelligence mosaic. "~-i.'r1'~_--\-~, '.•;',. ,~; . (U) A Lieutenant Colonel Hamada, former intelligence officer with the Kwantung Army posted to the office of the Military Attache in Moscow, cabled Tokyo: "Assuming that the Russians do intend to attack .. ,-.. ~ .' .... - Manchukuo they will probably gain a quick victory by using overwhelming force, at least double the strength of ours. " (U) On May 26 the Japanese Military Attache in Moscow warned that the Soviet Union might "enter the war against Japan at the same time as the United States launches its all-out attack on the Japanese mainland (U) On June 1 a Japanese courier arriving in Moscow after a cross-continent trek made an ominous report to Ambassador Saw. The Red Army was continuing mass shipments to the Far East. From May 26 through 29 the courier reported seeing some 200 "transport trains" carrying tanks, guns, aircraft and trucks moving eastward. Sato sent the report to Tokyo by radio on June 4; it was plucked from the ether by the Signal Security Agency and decrypted. (U) Reports from the Japanese consulate in Manchukuo and the observations of another courier who traveled the Trans-Siberian Railroad caused Ambassador Sato to report that "by July or August Russia would have completed her military preparations in the Far East." Sato's situation reports from Moscow, duly intercepted and decrypted at Arlington Hall Station, continued their pessimistic tone. On June 8 he warned Tokyo that if the Russians attacked' 'we would have no choice but to reach a decision quietly and, resolving to eat dirt and put up with all sacrifices, fly into her arms in order to save our national structure." (U) By the time Frank Rowlett read the message from Tokyo in the small hours of the morning on July 11, he knew the end for Japan was rapidly approaching. (U) The drama intensified the following day when another message from Togo came in. His Majesty is deeply reluctant to have any further blood lost among people on both sides and it is his desire, for the welfare of humanity, to restore peace with all possible speed.... It is his private intention w send Prince Konoye to your place as Special Envoy and have him take with him a letter from the Emperor containing the above statements. Please inform Molotov of this and get the consent of the Russians to having the party enter the country. (U) Sato did his best to carry out his instructions, but to no avail.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vol XIV, No. 3, August 2011
    Volume XIV, Edition Number 3 - August 2011 Inside This Issue … Annual FAO Banquet Report Silent Missions that Speak to FAOs The History of the Foreign Area Officer The Joint FAO Skill Sustainment Program Rotary Airpower in Irregular Warfare — Afghanistan Bridging the Coordination Gap Managing Security Cooperation Expectations Negotiating with the Chinese Arab Strategic Thought—Dr. Saleh Salem Preparing Airmen for Multi-National Operations DISCLAIMER: Association‘s International Affairs Journal (a non-profit publication for “The FAO JOURNAL” US Regional and International Affairs professionals) is printed by the Foreign Area Officer Association, Mount Vernon, VA. The views expressed within are those International Affairs of the various authors, not of the - Politico-Military Affairs - Intelligence - Security Cooperation - Department of Defense, the Armed services or any DoD agency, and are intended to The professional Journal of the FAO Association advance the profession through thought, dialog and academic discussion. The Volume XIV, Edition Number 3 — Published August 2011 contents do not reflect a DoD position and ISSN 1551-8094 are not intended to supersede official government sources. Journal content constitutes or implies affirmation or endorsement by FAOA or DoD. Inside This Issue: PURPOSE: To publish a journal for disseminating professional knowledge and furnishing information that promotes under- standing between U.S. regional and interna- Annual FAO Banquet Report tional affairs specialists around the world By: LTC Don Baker , US Army Pg 3 and improve their effectiveness in advising decision-makers. It is intended to forge a The History of the Foreign Area Officer closer bond between the active, reserve, By: Mr. Jeffery Hoffman, DoD Civilian Pg 6 and retired FAO communities.
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Area Officer (FAO) Management System
    The concept of equipping military officers with regional expertise, language skills, and knowledge of U.S. and foreign political-military relationships dates back to 1889 when the U.S. sent permanent military Attaches to London, Paris, Vienna, and Saint Petersburg. 1 To provide a greater worldwide historical perspective, one year prior to the deployment of our military “soldier statesmen,” the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party had just been formed whose later roots evolved into the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The following year, the “rising star” in Britain, Sir Winston Churchill was only fourteen years old, attending private school, struggling to pass the entrance examination for the British military academy at Sandhurst. This same year, the London Dock Strike had occurred, which formed the foundation of what is known today as the British Labour Party. Additionally, in 1889, a counselor network of British-Indian officers began their assignments in Iran, the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France was inaugurated, and the Berliner Fußball-Club Marbert was formed, which became one of the founding members of the German Football Association, more commonly affiliated with the FIFA World Cup. That same year, the Treaty of Berlin had been signed between Britain, the U.S. and Germany over the Samoan islands and the Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria. To the east, U.S. Secretary of State, John Hay, negotiated the first “Open Door Policy” between the U.S. Admission ticket and China to establish new trade agreements and the transition of power was passed from for Eiffel Tower Inauguration and Alexander the III to his son, Nicholas the II, which reigned in the Industrial Revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Full Spring 2001 Issue the .SU
    Naval War College Review Volume 54 Article 1 Number 2 Spring 2001 Full Spring 2001 Issue The .SU . Naval War College Follow this and additional works at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review Recommended Citation Naval War College, The .SU . (2001) "Full Spring 2001 Issue," Naval War College Review: Vol. 54 : No. 2 , Article 1. Available at: https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol54/iss2/1 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Naval War College Review by an authorized editor of U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Naval War College: Full Spring 2001 Issue NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIE COLLEGE WAR NAVAL NAVAL WAR COLLEGE REVIEW W Spring 2001 Volume LIV, Number 2 Spring 2001 Spring S E T A T S D E T I N U E H T N A V A L W A R C O L L E RI B RI A G V I U O E S T M AR I V I C Published by U.S. Naval War College Digital Commons, 2001 1 Color profile: Disabled Composite Default screen Naval War College Review, Vol. 54 [2001], No. 2, Art. 1 Cover The first large-scale thermonuclear deto- nation—the 10.4-megaton IVY MIKE test of 1 November 1952, at the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Pacific Proving Grounds on Eniwetok Atoll in the Mar- shall Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • May/Jun 2017
    The Graybeards is the official publication of the Korean War Veterans Association (KWVA). It is published six times a year for members and private distribution. Subscriptions available for $30.00/year (see address below). MAILING ADDRESS FOR CHANGE OF ADDRESS: Administrative Assistant, P.O. Box 407, Charleston, IL 61920- 0407. MAILING ADDRESS TO SUBMIT MATERIAL / CONTACT EDITOR: Graybeards Editor, 2473 New Haven Circle, Sun City Center, FL 33573-7141. MAILING ADDRESS OF THE KWVA: P.O. Box 407, Charleston, IL 61920-0407. WEBSITE: http://www.kwva.org In loving memory of General Raymond Davis, our Life Honorary President, Deceased. We Honor Founder William T. Norris Editor Secretary Term 2016-2019 KWVA Liaison to Korean War Nat’l Museum Arthur G. Sharp Lewis M. 'Lew' Ewing George J. Bruzgis Robert Mitchell 2473 New Haven Circle 310 Clay Hill Dr 230 Legion Pl 3021 Rosefield Dr. Sun City Center, FL 33573-7141 Winchester, VA 22602 Haledon, NJ 07508-1420 Houston, TX 77080-2609 Ph: 813-614-1326 Ph: 540-539-8705 Ph: 973-956-8672 Ph: 713-939-8880 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] KWVA Liaison to Korean-American Assn. Advertising Manager Asst. Secretary Jongwoo Han Gerald W. Wadley Jacob L. Feaster, Jr. David J. Clark 310 Summerhaven Dr N Finisterre Publishing Inc. 22731 N Hwy 329, Micanopy, FL 32667 PO Box 552 East Syracuse, NY 13057-3127 3 Black Skimmer Ct Cell: 352-262-1845 Fort Belvoir, VA 22060-0552 Ph: 315-637-9836, [email protected] Beaufort, SC 29907 [email protected] Ph: 703-695-2186; Cell: 781-913-2735 Emeritus [email protected] Chaplain 843-521-1896 Treasurer Robert Personette [email protected] Tom Gregg Paul H.
    [Show full text]
  • National Archives National Personnel Records Center (NPRC) VIP List, 2009
    Description of document: National Archives National Personnel Records Center (NPRC) VIP list, 2009 Requested date: December 2007 Released date: March 2008 Posted date: 04-January-2010 Updated 19-March-2010 (release letter added to file) Source of document: National Personnel Records Center Military Personnel Records 9700 Page Avenue St. Louis, MO 63132-5100 Note: NPRC staff has compiled a list of prominent persons whose military records files they hold. They call this their VIP Listing. You can ask for a copy of any of these files simply by submitting a Freedom of Information Act request to the address above. The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question. GovernmentAttic.org is not responsible for the contents of documents published on the website.
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. DON’T GIVE UP THE SHIPS: UNITED STATES NAVAL OPERATIONS DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF THE KOREAN WAR DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Duk-Hyun Cho, B.A., M.A. a|c afc a|e s|e afe The Ohio State University 2002 Dissertation Committee: Approved By Professor Allan R. Millett, Adviser Professor John F.
    [Show full text]
  • Inquiry Into the U.S.S. Pueblo and Ec-121. Plane Incidents
    [H.A.S.C. No. 91-121 INQUIRY INTO THE U.S.S. PUEBLO AND EC-121. PLANE INCIDENTS REPORT *OF THE SPECIAL SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE U.S.S. PUEBLO [Pages of all documents printed in behalf of the activities of the House Committee on Armed Services are numbered cumulatively to permit a comprehensive index at the end of the Con- gressL Page numbers lower than those in this document refer to other subjects.] U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE /-0M WASHINGTON : 1969 HOUSE COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES NIN1rY-F.RST CoNGRESs, FIs-r SEsHION L. MENDEL RIVERS, South Carolina, Chairman 1IILIP J. PHILBIN, Massachusetts LESLIE C. ARENDS, Illinois ALVIN E. O'KONSKI, Wisconsin F. EDWARD H9BERT, Louisiana WILLIAM G. BRAY, Indiana MIELVIN PRICE, Illinois BOB WIIhSO•j:C:4..5$kia 0. C. FISHER. Texas CHARLES S. GUBSER. CILftraip E. BENNETT, Florida CHARLES ALEXANDER PIRNIE, New York JAMES A. BYRNE, Pennsylvania DURWARD G. HALL, Missouri A. STRATTON, New York SAMUEL DONALD D. CLANCY. Ohio OTIS G. PIKE, New York ROBERT T. STAFFORD, Vermont RICHARD H. ICHORD, Missouri CARLETON J. KING, New York LUCIEN N. NEDZI, Michigan :WILLIAM L. DICKINSON, Alabama LENNON, North Carolina ALTON CHARLES W. WHALEN, JR., Ohio WILLIAM J. RANDALL, Missouri. ED FOREMAN, New Mexico HAGAN, Georgia G. ELLIOTT JOHN E. HUNT, New Jersey CHARLES H. WILSON, California G. WILLIAM WHITEIIURST, Virginia ROBERT L. LEGGETT, California ROBERT J. CORBETT, Pennsylvania FLOYD V. HICKS, Washington SPEEDY 0. LONG, Louisiana RICHARD C. WHITE, Texas BILL NICHOLS, Alabama JACK BRINKLEY, Georgia ROBERT H. MOLLOHAN, West Virginia W. C. (DAN) DANIEL, Virginia JORGE L, CORDOVA, Puerto Rico JOHN R.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bureau 01 Ersonnel Ca "
    THE BUREAU 01 ERSONNEL CA " E AUGUST 1967 607 NUMBER Nav-Pers-0 VICEADMIRAL BENEDICT J. SEMMES,Jr., USN TheChief of Naval Personnel REARADMIRAL BERNARD M. STREAN, USN TheDeputy Chief ofNaval Personnel CAPTAINJAMES G. ANDREWS, USN AssistantChief for Morale Services TABLE OF CONTENTS Features Navy Comes tothe Rescue ............................. 2 The Fleet Greets Stars at StarsGreets Fleet The Sea L 8 Navy’s Bees Sprout Wings of Steel ........................ 12 Farewell to the Flying Boats and Their Tenders __________-___ 14 Orion andNeptune Carry On ........................... 17 D ate Line: Vietnam Line: Date _ _______-__ 18 Life Line of the Pacific: ComServPac ...................... 22 Destroyer Doctor 25 Ask the Man Who Flies One-Navy’s Spad _________________ 26 Navy Exchange, Taiwan _______________________-_-___-_ 28 Departments Today‘s Navy ~ ___________ 30 Servicescope: News of Other Services ..................... 40 The Word 42 Word The Letters tothe Editor ................................... 58 Bulletin Board ForBetter Navy:a Another Lookat the Record 44 Now’s.... the Time to Be Thinking About Operation Deep Freeze _-_ 48 DlrectlvesInBrief ...................... _-__-______ 49 To an LDO Commission via the WO Program ________________ 51 A Reporton A LivingConditions Whidbey at _ 52 ReportonBachelor Housing ~ ...................... 54 This Completes Listing ot Ships Eligible for AFEM ____________ 55 Taffrail Talk ........................................... 64 John A. Oudine,Editor Assotiate Editors G. Vern Blasdell, News Don Addor, layout & Art Ann Hanabury, Research Gerald Wolff, Reserve 0 FRONT COVER:SHARP SIGHT-An E2A Hawkeye earlywarning aircraft is directed toa Seventh Fleet carrier’scatapult for launch. Theaptly named Hawkeye alertsthe carrier to approaching aircraft with its keen radar domeeye. 0 AT LEFT: SEASILHOUETTE-The guidedmissile destroyer USS Cochrane (DDG 21) makes a high-speed starboardturn into the sun asshe chases asonar contact inthe South China Sea.-Photo by William Powers, PHC, USN.
    [Show full text]
  • Bristol Newsletter Winter 2016-7
    ussbristoldd857.org January 31, 2017 USS BRISTOL DD857 VETERANS ASSOCIATION WINTER 2016 -2017 NEWSLETTER Don’t Forget to Visit YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=uss+bristol+dd+857 for additional Bristol “stuff”. Heroes Among Us…………………..1 Heroes Among Us carrying fuel and other oil products essential to modern warfare. After Father Aloysius H. Schmitt……..2 USS Fechteler (DE-157), a overhaul at New York City, she took In Memoriam……………………3 Buckley-class destroyer escort of part in experimental antisubmarine exercises in Narragansett Bay, from A Mother Asked…………………5 which she sailed on 28 February Pre-planning a Must……………..5 1944 for the Azores and Derry, Northern Ireland. Arriving on 6 Heroes Photo Collage…………..6 March 1944, she joined the escort of Blockade Of Wonsan……………7 a New York-bound convoy, reaching the United States on 22 March. Destroyer Challenges China Claims………………………….17 On 1 April 1944, Fechteler sailed from New York for Hampton Roads, William “Bill” Crawford………18 Virginia, where she joined a convoy Heroes Meet After WWII……..21 for Bizerte, arriving on 22 April after coming under heavy enemy air Buddy Trampler, WWII, 11th the United States Navy, was Airborne………………………22 attack two days before. two days named in honor of Augustus before. Homeward-bound, Fechteler 9th Infantry Division and the USS Fechteler, a Rear Admiral w a s t o r p e d o e d b y U - 9 6 7 General John Pope (AP 110)….22 serving in the United States commanded by Albrecht Brandi on Navy during World War I. 5 M a y i n t h e W e s t e r n April 1966 Atlantic Storm That Nearly Sank BRISTOL……….23 Fechteler was launched on 22 Mediterranean.
    [Show full text]