Gruntinio Vandens Lygio Dinamikos Tarpdrenyje Tyrimai Ir Modeliavimas

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Gruntinio Vandens Lygio Dinamikos Tarpdrenyje Tyrimai Ir Modeliavimas ALEKSANDRO STULGINSKIO UNIVERSITETAS VILIMANTAS VAIČIUKYNAS GRUNTINIO VANDENS LYGIO DINAMIKOS TARPDRENYJE TYRIMAI IR MODELIAVIMAS Daktaro disertacija Technologijos mokslai, aplinkos inžinerija (04T) 2013, Kaunas 2 Disertacija rengta 2001-2012 metais Aleksandro Stulginskio universiteto Vandens inžinerijos institute. Disertacija ginama eksternu. Mokslinis konsultantas: prof. habil. dr. Saulius VAIKASAS (Aleksandro Stulginskio universitetas, technologijos mokslai, aplinkos inžinerija – 04T). Interneto svetainės, kurioje skelbiama disertacija, adresas: http://ktu.lt/turinys/disertacijos-gynimas/ www.asu.lt/mokslas/lt/ http://www.lei.lt/ Recenzavo: Dr. Jūratė KRIAUČIŪNIENĖ (Lietuvos energetikos institutas, technologijos mokslai, aplinkos inžinerija – 04T); Prof. habil. dr. Algirdas ŽEMAITAITIS (Kauno technologijos universitetas, technologijos mokslai, chemijos inžinerija – 05T). © V.Vaičiukynas, 2013 © Leidykla „Technologija“, 2013 ISBN 978-609-02-0989-9 3 TURINYS Į V A D A S ................................................................................................................. 6 Tiriamoji problema ..................................................................................................... 6 Darbo aktualumas ....................................................................................................... 7 Tyrimų objektas .......................................................................................................... 8 Darbo tikslas ............................................................................................................... 8 Darbo uždaviniai ........................................................................................................ 8 Tyrimų metodika ........................................................................................................ 8 Darbo mokslinis naujumas ......................................................................................... 9 Darbo praktinė reikšmė. ............................................................................................. 9 Ginami disertacijos teiginiai ....................................................................................... 9 Darbo rezultatų aprobavimas ...................................................................................... 9 Disertacijos struktūra .................................................................................................. 9 1. LITERATŪROS APŽVALGA ............................................................................ 20 1.1. Gruntinio vandens lygio dinamika sunkiuose gruntuose .................................. 20 1.2. Tarpdrenio geofiltracijos pagrindiniai skaičiuojamieji parametrai ir priemonės drenažo efektyvumui padidinti ................................................................................. 22 1.3. Paviršinio ir drenažo nuotėkio įtaka infiltracijai ............................................... 26 1.4. Drenažo sistemų įtakos gruntinio vandens režimui ir filtracijai tyrimai ........... 29 1.5. Drenažo sausintuvų filtracinių apsauginių medžiagų įtaka gruntinio vandens režimui ...................................................................................................................... 32 1.6. Drenažo parametrų skaičiavimo metodikos ir jų įtaka gruntinio vandens režimui ...................................................................................................................... 35 1.7. Geofiltracijos modeliai ...................................................................................... 38 1.8. Autoriaus indėlis į nagrinėjamą tematiką ......................................................... 42 2. TYRIMŲ METODIKA ........................................................................................ 42 2.1. Gruntinio vandens lygio slūgimo PLAFI modelio pritaikymas ........................ 42 2.2. Geofiltracijos modelio pradinių sąlygų pasirinkimas ........................................ 47 2.2.1. Modelio topologinės schemos sudarymas ...................................................... 47 2.2.2. Kraštinių sąlygų nustatymas ........................................................................... 50 2.2.3. Modeliuojamo tyrimų objekto (prototipo) apibūdinimas ............................... 54 2.2.4. Vandens režimo stebėjimų metodika .............................................................. 56 2.2.5. Lauko matavimų duomenų statistinės analizės metodai ................................. 58 2.2.5.1. Duomenų kokybės tikrinimas ...................................................................... 58 2.2.6. Trūkstamų gruntinio vandens slūgio duomenų ir gruntinio vandens slūgimo greičio nustatymas .................................................................................................... 61 2.2.7. Geofiltracijos modeliuojamo laikotarpio parinkimas ..................................... 62 3. TYRIMŲ REZULTATAI .................................................................................... 63 3.1. Lauko duomenų kokybinio tikrinimo rezultatai ................................................ 63 3.2. Kritulių ir temperatūros įtakos gruntinio vandens lygių kitimui tarpdrenyje skaičiavimas ............................................................................................................. 70 3.3. Gruntinio vandens lygių tarpusavio ryšio tarp atskirų drenažo sistemų nustatymas.................................................................................................................75 4 3.4. Trūkstamų gruntinio vandens slūgio duomenų ir gruntinio vandens slūgimo greičio nustatymas .................................................................................................... 80 3.5. Geofiltracijos modeliuojamo laikotarpio parinkimas ........................................ 87 3.6. Geofiltracinio modelio PLAFI kalibravimas ir validavimas ............................. 90 3.7. Drenažo tranšėjų laidumo ir skersinių drenų įrengimo įtaka GVL tarpdrenyje dinamikai .................................................................................................................. 94 3.7.1. Drenažo tranšėjų laidumo įtaka gruntinio vandens lygiui tarpdrenyje ........... 94 3.7.2. Skersinių drenų įtaka gruntinio vandens lygiui tarpdrenyje ........................... 96 4. IŠVADOS ........................................................................................................... 100 5. PRAKTINĖS REKOMENDACIJOS ................................................................. 101 6. NAUDOTOS LITERATŪROS SĄRAŠAS ....................................................... 101 7. MOKSLINIŲ PUBLIKACIJŲ SĄRAŠAS ........................................................ 113 PRIEDAI ................................................................................................................. 114 5 Į V A D A S Gruntinio vandens lygio reguliavimo (sausinimo) įtaka įrodyta ne tik žemės ūkio kultūroms, bet ir urbanizuotoms teritorijoms, miškams, keliams ir t.t. Taikant sausinimo priemones, pagerėja dirvos fizikinės ir cheminės savybės, pavasarį greičiau įšyla dirvožemis, galima anksčiau pradėti sėjos darbus, o rudenį - vėliau nuimti derlių, taip prailginant vegetacijos laikotarpį. Žemių sausinimas turi daug įtakos ir žmonių gyvenimo kokybei, rekreacijai (Mendez et. al. 2004). Nusausinti laukai apsaugo žmonių sodybas ir juose esantį turtą nuo apsėmimo, saugo inžinerinių statinių pagrindus, suteikia stabilumo ir tvirtumo požeminiams statiniams, sumažina sufoziją ir eroziją, pagerina teritorijos sanitarinę-higieninę būklę. Drenažas gali būti naudojamas ir kaip aplinkosauginė priemonė. Šios priemonės pagalba galima sumažinti žemės paviršiaus eroziją. Iškritus gausiems krituliams ir susidarius paviršiniam nuotėkiui, dalį šio vandens sulaikant (sukaupiant) žemės drenažo tranšėjoje, sumažinama galimybė vystytis paviršiaus erozijai (Jackson, Boutle 2008). Tūrines tranšėjines drenas rekomenduojama įrengti vandens telkinių apsauginėse juostose. Jų pagalba paviršiumi atitekėjęs užterštas paviršinis vanduo patenka į drenažo tranšėją. Tokiu būdu išvengiama užteršto vandens tiesioginio patekimo į vandens telkinį, nes iš dalies šis vanduo apsivalo, jam besifiltruojant iš tranšėjos į minėtąjį telkinį. Tačiau, be teigiamų sausinimo pusių, daug straipsnių parašyta ir apie neigiamą jo žalą gamtai. Žinoma, kad bet kokia žmogaus veikla turi vienokios ar kitokios įtakos gamtai. Ne išimtis ir žemių sausinimo darbai, kurie, atskirais jų taikymo atvejais, padarė žalos gamtai (Schneider, Eugster 2006). Todėl, siekiant ateityje žmonių gyvenimo kokybės gerinimo ir tuo pačiu gamtos išsaugojimo, reikia parinkti tokias sausinimo priemones, kurios padarytų kuo mažesnę žalą gamtai ir kartu duotų žmogui didesnės ekonomiškai pagrįstos naudos. Tiriamoji problema Drenažas šiuo metu yra vienas iš efektyviausių būdų gruntinio vandens lygio reguliavimui tiek Lietuvoje, tiek ir visame pasaulyje. Jis naudojamas ne tik žemės ūkyje, bet ir urbanizuotose teritorijose, miškininkystėje, tiesiant kelius, aplinkosaugoje ir t.t.. Drenažas pašalina perteklinį gravitacinį vandenį ne tik iš aeracijos zonos, aktualios žemės ūkiui, urbanizuotų teritorijų tvarkymui, kelių sankasoms, statinių statybai, bet, esant reikalui, ir iš gilesnių sluoksnių. Drenažo sausinamasis efektyvumas daug priklauso nuo drenuojamo dirvožemio pralaidumo bei panaudotų sausinimo priemonių konstrukcijos. Deja, daugeliu atveju derlingiausi dirvožemiai yra sunkios mechaninės sudėties ir mažai laidūs vandeniui. Todėl žmonėms, dirbantiems žemės ūkyje, tvarkantiems urbanizuotas
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