Absolutely Barbaric!

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Absolutely Barbaric! Absolutely Barbaric! Die Wikinger als Erben des Germanenmythos Masterarbeit zur Erlangung des Titels „Master of Arts“ (MA) an der Philosophisch-Historischen Fakultät der Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck (Masterstudium Europäische Ethnologie) am Institut für Geschichtswissenschaften und Europäische Ethnologie Fach: Europäische Ethnologie vorgelegt von Paul Csillag, MA (01215174) betreut von Univ.-Ass. Priv. Doz. Dr. Konrad J. Kuhn Innsbruck 2020 Inhalt Einleitung ...............................................................................................................................3 Quellen und Methodik ....................................................................................................7 Gliederung ......................................................................................................................9 Forschungsstand ........................................................................................................... 12 A. Gefangen im (Bedeutungs-)Netz 2.0? – Methodische Überlegungen zum Forschen auf YouTube ............................................................................................................................... 15 A) 1. Dichte Beschreibung als Analyseoption eines digitalen Teildiskurses ...................... 16 A) 2. YouTube – Eine demokratische Plattform? .............................................................. 18 A) 3. In die Röhre sprechen? – Über den Dialogcharakter auf YouTube und die Vorteile digitaler Feldforschung ..................................................................................................... 21 A) 4. Ein Fan unter Vielen? – Selbstreflexive Betrachtung von Eigen- und Forschungsinteressen ........................................................................................................ 24 B. Identität, Authentizität, Mythos – Eine begriffliche Trias .............................................. 26 B) 1. Identität.................................................................................................................... 28 B) 2. Authentizität ............................................................................................................ 31 B) 3. Mythos ..................................................................................................................... 39 C. Zwischen traditionellen und neuen Medien – Eine inhaltliche Heranführung................. 42 C) 1. Der Germanenmythos .............................................................................................. 43 C) 1. a) Mythische Erzählungen .................................................................................... 44 C) 1. b) Verwendete Medien ......................................................................................... 46 C) 1. c) Ideologische Implikationen .............................................................................. 47 C) 1. d) Die Deutsch-Skandinavische Wahlverwandtschaft ........................................... 48 C) 2. Die moderne Rezeption der sogenannten Wikinger .................................................. 49 C) 2. a) Mythische Erzählungen .................................................................................... 53 C) 2. b) Verwendete Medien ......................................................................................... 55 C) 2. c) Ideologische Implikationen .............................................................................. 57 C) 3. Der Historienfilm ..................................................................................................... 59 1 C) 4. Vikings – Eine Serie belebt das Genre ...................................................................... 65 D. Ergebnisse – Zwischen Genres, Praxen und Bedeutungen ............................................. 67 D) 1. Genres – YouTubes Darstellungsfacetten .................................................................. 67 D) 1. a) Soundtrack ....................................................................................................... 68 D) 1. b) Filmszenen ...................................................................................................... 71 D) 1. c) Montagevideos ................................................................................................. 74 D) 1. d) Trailer .............................................................................................................. 76 D) 1. e) Reality ............................................................................................................. 78 D) 1. f) Historische Aufklärung..................................................................................... 79 D) 2. Praxen – Der Digitale Diskurs.................................................................................. 80 D) 2. a) Praxen der Vernetzung ..................................................................................... 80 D) 2. b) Praxen der Bewertung ...................................................................................... 82 D) 2. c) Praxen der Persönlichkeitsäußerung ................................................................. 83 D) 3. Bedeutungen – Online Foren als ein Digitaler Kongress ........................................... 84 D) 3. a) Ethnische oder Performative Identität? – Das Selbst zwischen Geburtsrecht und wählbarem Kodex ......................................................................................................... 85 D) 3. b) Religiöse Identität – Die Wiedererweckung des Heidentums? .......................... 99 D) 3. c) Geschlechtliche Identität – Muskelbarbar und Schildmaid .............................. 107 Konklusion ......................................................................................................................... 114 Danksagung ........................................................................................................................ 117 Quellenverzeichnis ............................................................................................................. 118 Literaturverzeichnis ............................................................................................................ 123 Anhang ............................................................................................................................... 135 2 Einleitung Als ich mich vor kurzem in Istanbul aufgrund eines Studienaufenthaltes befand, geriet ich in ein Gespräch mit einem norwegischen sowie einem österreichischen Studenten. Der Norweger erzählte aufgewühlt von einer Beerdigung in seinem Bekanntenkreis, woraufhin der Österreicher stutzte. Der Zweitere erkundigte sich, ob man in den skandinavischen Ländern seine Toten nicht verbrenne, dies sei seine erste Vorstellung einer nordischen Bestattung gewesen. Der Norweger wehrte lachend ab, dies sei ein Mythos, der mit der Verbreitung von Wikingern1 zu tun hätte. Der Österreicher erkannte sogleich seine fehlerhafte Einschätzung aufgrund von Stereotypen und versuchte seine Scham, ertappt worden zu sein, scherzend zu überspielen. So trivial diese Anekdote erscheinen mag, sie schärfte meine alltägliche Aufmerksamkeit für Symbole, die mit den Skandinaviern2 vergangener Tage in Verbindung standen. Dies sollte, so glaubt man, in Istanbul nicht häufig der Fall sein, doch jede Woche geriet ich an einen Gegenstand oder eine Person, deren Leben von den nordischen Kämpfern berührt wurde. Eine Freundin vermarktete Socken für eine norwegische Firma, deren Design von Wikingermotiven bestimmt wurde. Eine andere Bekanntschaft hatte sich aufgrund einer Kostümparty einen gehörnten Helm aus Stoff besorgt. Und schließlich, wie ich bei einer Touristenführung zur Geschichte der Stadt erfahren durfte, waren die Waräger, ursprünglich eine Söldnertruppe aus Skandinavien, die Leibwächter der byzantinischen Kaiser gewesen. So bemerkte ich, dass die Wikinger eine entscheidende symbolische Rolle auf globaler Ebene spielten, ob es sich nun um den Unterhaltungssektor oder die Vermarktungsbranche handelte. Die gehörnten Seeräuber zeichnen sich zwar durch eine besondere Ikonizität aus, bedienen sich aber teilweise deskriptiver Topoi einer anderen historischen Identifikationsfigur. In zahlreichen popkulturellen Medien erscheint der klassische, meist als Germane verstandene Barbar mit Keule, Schwert oder Axt. Sein betonter Oberkörper wird nur teilweise durch Felle bedeckt. Der Charakter entspricht dem des Hau-Draufs, der sowohl brutal als auch kühn agiert. Die Beurteilung seiner Qualitäten wird dabei jeweils vom Medium und vom Impetus des Urhebers 1 Der Begriff Wikinger ist schwierig, da er historisch nicht fixiert wurde. Die Forschung einigte sich weder auf eine bestimmte Wortherkunft noch auf einen spezifischen Bezeichnungskontext. So fallen zahlreiche Bedeutungen unter diesen sammelnden Terminus. Ich verwende ihn dennoch in dieser Arbeit, da sie sich vor allem auf die Rezeption einer popkulturellen Figur bezieht, die mit Wikinger betitelt wird. 2 Bezeichnungen für historisch nationale, ethnische oder religiöse Kollektive werden in dieser Arbeit nicht einer geschlechtergerechten Sprache angepasst, um das konventionelle Narrativ wiederzugeben. Dadurch soll kein Individuum ausgeschlossen, sondern der Fokus auf Völker im populären Verständnis gelenkt werden. Ein „Gendern“ würde dieses Konzept sprachlich dekonstruieren, was in einem anderen Kontext durchaus positiv zu werten wäre. 3 bestimmt. Besondere Bekanntheit erhielt dieses halbhistorische Fantasiegebilde durch zahlreiche Abenteurerromane,
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