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Americaâ•Žs Inconsistent Foreign Policy to Africa; a Case Study of Apartheid South Africa

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Americaâ•Žs Inconsistent Foreign Policy to Africa; a Case Study of Apartheid South Africa East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 8-2018 America’s Inconsistent Foreign Policy to Africa; a Case Study of Apartheid South Africa Olugbenga Samson Ojewale Mr East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the African Languages and Societies Commons, and the Other American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Ojewale, Olugbenga Samson Mr, "America’s Inconsistent Foreign Policy to Africa; a Case Study of Apartheid South Africa" (2018). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3439. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3439 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. America’s Inconsistent Foreign Policy to Africa; a Case Study of Apartheid South Africa _______________________ A thesis presented to the Department of History East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Arts in History _______________________ by Olugbenga Samson Ojewale August 2018 _______________________ Dr. Daryl Carter, Chair Dr. Henry Antkiewicz Prof. Elwood Watson Keywords: Apartheid, Foreign Policy, Cold war, Africa ABSTRACT America’s Inconsistent Foreign Policy to Africa; a Case Study of Apartheid South Africa by Olugbenga Samson Ojewale This study lays bare the inconsistencies in the United States of America’s Foreign Policy, and how it contributed to the longevity of apartheid in South Africa. Michael Mandelbaum opined that America’s foreign policy post-Cold War era drifted from containment to transformation.1 America became involved with transferring their democracy and constitutional order to the countries they entangled with in running those countries’ internal governance. Instead of war, America preached and practiced proper, organized governance. Thus, America’s foreign policy to Europe and Asia post- Cold War was all about democracy and protection of fundamental human rights. However, the role of America’s Foreign Policy in Africa took a turn in Africa, with Congo in 1960, Ghana in 1966 and Nigeria with their successive military regimes. This study intends to make sense of it all. 1 Michael Mandelbaum, Mission Failure: America and the World in the Post-Cold War Era, (New York, Oxford University Press, 2016),3. 2 AKNOWLEDGEMENTS There is no how this Thesis project would have been possible without the resoluteness and support of the Thesis Chair and Adviser Dr. Daryl Carter. My utmost gratitude to my adviser, who read my various revisions and helped make some sense of the confusion. Also, to the other committee members in person of Dr. Henry Antkiewicz, and Dr. Elwood Watson who offered academic guidance. My utmost appreciation also goes to the Department of History of East Tennessee State University for the enabling academic environment, awarding of financial aid, etc. to complete my degree and project. And finally, thanks to my parents Dr. Anna Muyiwa, and friend Abayomi Thompson who was with me during this process and always offering support. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. 4 Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 6 2. SOUTH AFRICA AFTER WORLD WAR II, 1948-1994 ......................................... 10 South Africa and Mining ......................................................................................... 12 Urbanization ............................................................................................................ 14 Population Explosion .............................................................................................. 19 Emancipation ........................................................................................................... 25 3.APARTHEID AND ITS RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ...................................................................................................................... 28 Segregation Laws .................................................................................................... 30 The Laws Brought Oppression ................................................................................ 33 Intervention and Sanctions ...................................................................................... 38 4. SOUTH AFRICA FROM THE COLD WAR PERSPECTIVE ................................. 44 Violent Protests and Embargo ................................................................................. 44 The Soviet Factor .................................................................................................... 45 The Influence of Cold War on South Africa ........................................................... 50 The US Supports South Africa Against Communism ............................................. 52 The Soviet Arms Freedom Movements in South Africa ......................................... 56 5. HARBINGER OF CHANGE: PRESIDENT CARTER LATE 1970’S ..................... 60 4 6. DIVESTMENT: US POLICY UNDER PRESIDENT REAGAN ............................. 78 A New Dawn ........................................................................................................... 78 A New Policy .......................................................................................................... 79 Reagan in Bed with Apartheid ................................................................................ 84 Change Becomes Imminent .................................................................................... 85 Reagan Strongly Denies Supporting Apartheid ...................................................... 89 Desmond Tutu and Ronald Reagan ......................................................................... 92 George Bush’s Different Approach ......................................................................... 95 7. THE FALL OF APARTHEID .................................................................................. 100 The Historiography of Black Politics During the Struggle ................................... 105 The Anc ................................................................................................................. 110 An Alliance for a Common Cause ........................................................................ 111 The Ideological Shift to Armed Struggle .............................................................. 113 The Frontrunner of the Struggle ............................................................................ 114 8. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 118 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................................... 125 VITA ............................................................................................................................. 138 5 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION United States of America is known to be a trailblazer, front-runner and pioneer of democracy, rule of law, freedom and respect for fundamental human rights for citizens of the world. It is a known fact that the United States of America stands for democratic rule which is indeed the face of their foreign policy. Joyce P. Kaufman, in detailing and proving democracy as the beacon of America’s foreign policy, quoted the arguments of some of the founding fathers of America, especially Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton, on ‘whether the United States be involved with the world or not? Is it the responsibility of the United States to help spread democracy?’2 Hence, democracy and the rule of law are not just the foreign policy of America but the very basis of her existence and history. Thus, America’s foreign policy to Europe and Asia post-Cold War was all about democracy and protection of fundamental human rights. However, the inconsistency in this famed policy was laid bare in Africa. What America preached against and discouraged elsewhere became conspicuously seen in some parts of Africa. Why America would support sustained anti-democratic and segregationist rule throws up many questions which we shall try to answer in this study. The inconsistencies in the American foreign policy contributed to the longevity of apartheid. For almost fifty years, apartheid thrived in South Africa as the minority 2 Joyce P. Kaufman, A Concise History of U.S Foreign Policy, New York, Rowman and Littlefield, 2006. 6 whites controlled the affairs of the southern African nation while maligning the black majority, and committing great fundamental human rights crimes in the process. Virtually all the American presidents who were in power during the apartheid regime in South Africa refused to see apartheid as a fundamental problem, but an opportunity for alliance in the Cold War and the war against communism. The country's precious minerals, its strategic location, its government's role as a staunch supporter of American and the West's policy of blocking the
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