The Foreign Service Journal, November 2003

Home , Ellsworth Bunker, Henrik Kauffmann

REMEMBERING ELLSWORTH BUNKER ■ CHILD SOLDIERS ■ ONE DAY IN HAITI

$3.50 / NOVEMBER 2003 OREIGN ERVICE FJ O U R N A L STHE MAGAZINE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS PROFESSIONALS

IN THEIR OWN WRITE Books by Foreign Service Authors

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F OCUSON F S A UTHORS THE VIEW FROM THE ROND-POINT HARRY TRUMAN / 47 It was just one of many murders on an ordinary day, 19 / IN THEIR OWN WRITE: but the killing of Jean-Jacques Durand encapsulates BOOKS BY FOREIGN SERVICE AUTHORS what Haitians have lost. Once again we are pleased to feature a compilation By Daniel F. Whitman of recently published books by Foreign Service- affiliated authors. In addition to a wide selection APPRECIATION / 51 of policy-oriented works, memoirs and novels, A Soldier in the Cause of Peace: this year’s edition includes several helpful “how to” books Sergio Vieira de Mello, 1948-2003 for adapting to the nomadic FS lifestyle, as well as new By Tatiana C. Gfoeller culinary and children’s books sections — truly something for everyone. By Susan Maitra C OLUMNS PRESIDENT’S VIEWS / 5 A Proud Profession F EATURES By John Limbert

37 / ELLSWORTH BUNKER: SPEAKING OUT / 16 GLOBAL TROUBLESHOOTER, VIETNAM HAWK The Middle East Road Map: Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker is perhaps most Going Nowhere Fast often remembered today as having been a “hawk” By Ronald Spiers in wartime Saigon. But the controversies that still REFLECTIONS / 60 surround that period should not obscure the major Page 19 By Pam Anderson contributions he made to the successful practice of American diplomacy for nearly 30 years. By Howard B. Schaffer D EPARTMENTS LETTERS / 7 43 / THE LOST CHILDREN OF GULU CYBERNOTES / 12 The U.S. and other international donors are BOOKS / 49 assisting the young Ugandan victims of the Lord’s IN MEMORY / 53 Resistance Army. But much more needs to be done. By Jeffrey Ashley INDEX TO ADVERTISERS / 58 AFSA NEWS / CENTER INSERT

THE MAGAZINE FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS PROFESSIONALS OREIGN ERVICE Foreign Service Journal (ISSN 0146-3543), 2101 E Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037-2990 is published FJ O U R N A L S monthly with a combined July/August issue by the American Foreign Service Association, a private, non-profit Editor Editorial Board STEVEN ALAN HONLEY organization. Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and does not necessarily represent the views of the Journal, the Editorial Board or AFSA. Writer queries and submissions are invited, preferably by Associate Editor JUDITH BAROODY, SUSAN B. MAITRA CHAIRMAN e-mail. Journal subscription: AFSA Members - $9.50 included in annual dues; others - $40. For foreign surface Business Manager mail, add $18 per year; foreign airmail, $36 per year. Periodical postage paid at Washington, D.C., and at additional MIKKELA V. THOMPSON MARK W. BOCCHETTI mailing offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to Foreign Service Journal, 2101 E Street N.W., Washington, Ad & Circulation Manager ED MILTENBERGER STEPHEN W. BUCK D.C. 20037-2990. Indexed by Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS). The Journal is not responsible for unso- AFSA News Editor TATIANA C. GFOELLER licited manuscripts, photos or illustrations. Advertising inquiries are invited. The appearance of advertisements SHAWN DORMAN CAROL A. GIACOMO herein does not imply the endorsement of the services or goods offered. FAX: (202) 338-8244 or (202) 338-6820. Art Director WILLIAM W. JORDAN E-MAIL: [email protected]. WEB: www.afsa.org. TELEPHONE: (202) 338-4045. © American Foreign Service CARYN J. SUKO AURIE ASSMAN Association, 2003. Printed in the U.S.A. Send address changes to AFSA Membership, 2101 E Street N.W., Editorial Intern L K BENJAMIN BODNAR HOLLIS SUMMERS Washington, D.C. 20037-2990. Printed on 50 percent recycled paper, of which 10 percent is post-consumer waste. BILL WANLUND TED WILKINSON Cover and inside illustration by Elizabeth Scott

NOVEMBER 2003/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 3

PRESIDENT’S VIEWS A Proud Profession

BY JOHN LIMBERT

It seems appro- Iraq was hot, dangerous, anarchic, very well: our new colleagues are priate to devote my tangled, and absolutely unpredictable. outstanding. first column as your Our working and living conditions, Special kudos should also go to our new AFSA president especially in the earliest days, were retired colleagues, whose knowledge to a few words of from the “hunter-gatherer” phase. and willingness to help in the most introduction. First, I Working alongside a talented group of unpromising settings are keeping our would like to thank Civil Service and military colleagues, posts secure, healthy and functioning my predecessor John we never knew from one day to the through some very difficult times. Naland and State VP Louise Crane, next what we would face as we sought At various times in Mauritania, for who led AFSA so ably between John’s to understand and come to terms with example, our RSO, our management departure and my arrival. I started Kurds, Shi’ites, Ba’athists masquerad- officer, our information specialist, our work at AFSA headquarters on Sept. ing as born-again democrats, and local office manager, and even our desk 8, 2003, after spending three years militias (which, with all their faults, did officer back in the department, were as chief of mission at a maximum- provide a measure of security in a retirees working as WAEs. hardship SEP post (Nouakchott, setting of chaos). We can all take pride No one needs to give the Foreign Mauritania), including a two-month in what our colleagues have done, and Service lessons in courage and patrio- side trip to Kuwait and Baghdad to are doing, there. tism. We should never give any ground work on General Jay Garner’s Iraq The same was true during my three to those who would, for example, take reconstruction team. years in Nouakchott. I could not have cheap shots at our consular employees I have been an FSO for 30 years, with been prouder of how our people were — the same consular employees who service mostly in the Middle East performing under very adverse and ensured the well-being of hundreds of (Algiers, Jeddah, Abu Dhabi, Dubai and austere conditions. No sooner had I American citizens during times of civil Tehran) and Africa (Djibouti, Conakry returned there from Baghdad than a strife in Liberia, Mauritania and the and Nouakchott). In Washington, I’ve group of disgruntled military officers Ivory Coast. Most of the places we served on three State promotion boards, from the Mauritanian armored brigade work are dangerous and difficult, and worked in the department’s Office of turned their tank cannons against the recent efforts of terrorists have left the Coordinator for Counterterrorism the president and the government. employees and their families with (S/CT) and been the chief of new- Everyone in the U.S. mission family — fewer and fewer safe havens. employee orientation at FSI. communications personnel, our securi- Far from making any apologies for What have I seen in my recent ty officer, spouses and children, and doing what we do, we have every right postings? Above all, I am more con- our wonderful FSN community — to feel proud of how well we use vinced than ever that ours is a proud responded with professionalism and our experience, our skills in foreign profession. In Baghdad, for example, courage in the best traditions of our languages, and our knowledge of our Foreign Service team from many Service. I would make special mention personal relations and foreign cultures agencies — including both active-duty of our newly-hired specialists and to defend U.S. interests around the globe and retired employees — has been generalists (who made up a large and look after individual Americans performing magnificently in a setting proportion of our staff). Whatever the living abroad. The Foreign Service — all that resembles the bar in “Star Wars.” Board of Examiners and FSI are doing of it — is serving the American people to recruit and train the folks coming very well indeed. I will ensure that John Limbert is the president of the into the Service via the Diplomatic AFSA serves the members of the American Foreign Service Association. Readiness Initiative, they are doing it Foreign Service. ■

NOVEMBER 2003/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 5

LETTERS

A Poached Byline have been slighted and treated as cussed at country team meetings I would like to correct the byline second-class citizens. The comments could easily be handled through e- on the article “Assisting Anti-Poaching about FSOs not knowing what mails to all employees. As for repre- Efforts in Chad” contained in your specialists do or that there are differ- sentational events, without language September issue. When asked for my ences in treatment or benefits training, they become a real bore. So, input on what specialists do in the between FSOs and specialists are dear specialists, consider yourselves Foreign Service, I incorrectly assumed absolutely right on. It happens day in lucky. that it would be published as a few and day out, and it even happens in One thing that really struck me short paragraphs accompanied by the Journal. As I have stated previous- was that most of the comments came some photographs. Although I am ly in letters I have written, I don’t from specialists who are in categories very proud of the project and the part expect print media journalists to know that are distinct, such as DS, IM, I played, the article was based on the or understand the differences, but OMS, etc. What was not addressed after-action report written by Les within our organization, they certainly were the positions that can be filled McBride, longtime employee of should be known. by both specialists and FSOs — e.g., Embassy N’Djamena, and should Former Director General Davis’ GSO, FMO and HRO. This dual have had his byline on it, not mine. comment that, “We are all interde- competition for positions is, I believe, Les McBride has been finding pendent. We are all members of the slanted toward FSOs. I would be very innovative ways to fund and imple- Secretary’s ‘One Team; One Mission’” interested in knowing how many GSO ment valuable projects in Chad for was particularly entertaining. I know positions at the largest and most many years. I am a great admirer of that she honestly believes what she popular posts (London, Paris, Rome, his substantive accomplishments in says, but the reality is different. etc.) are filled by GSO specialists. this, among the poorest of countries, Perhaps she was referring to one It has been argued in the past that and like the many people in Chad team, but the first string, the second perhaps all FS-2 and FS-1 jobs in who have expressed their gratitude, I string, etc. In that regard, I agree GSO, FMO and HRO should be want to make sure he gets the credit wholeheartedly with what Nanette reserved for the specialists in those he is due for his wonderful work. Krieger, whom I know personally, said job categories, but that never went Les, keep fighting the good fight! in response. anywhere for obvious reasons. I even Joe Cole Years ago, I was invited by a junior spoke to a former DG about this Information Program Officer officer group to speak to them about and the DG’s comment was that Embassy Istanbul the differences between FSOs and GSOs (HROs and FMOs were not specialists from my perspective. mentioned in the comment), once Fewer Class Some of them were somewhat they reach the FS-2 level, should be Distinctions, Please shocked to learn that they, as JOs in converted to FSOs and be allowed to I received my copy of the latest their first assignment, were entitled to serve in any management position. Foreign Service Journal (September) more privileges than I, a specialist I’m not sure I agree with that, but it at yesterday and read pretty much every- with more than 16 years of service. least provided recognition that GSO thing in the issue regarding specialists. I understand why some specialists specialists who reach the FS-2 level There were some very interesting feel slighted because they are not have, generally speaking, more man- comments from my colleagues. Good asked to attend country team meet- agement experience behind them issue. ings or invited to representational than FSO management officers of the I am pleased to know that after 32 events. However, the slight soon same grade. years in this organization, I am not the fades when you are obligated to do I also agree with Mark Butchart, only person who feels that specialists these things. Most of what is dis- who stated he dropped out of AFSA

NOVEMBER 2003/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 7 L ETTERS

because he felt it did not represent his interests as a specialist, but not completely. Some representation is better than none and AFSA has done well by the Foreign Service in general. But in those cases where AFSA has advocated the interests of specialists, it has done so primarily for DS and OMS specialists, seldom for the rest and certainly not those of us in the GSO, HRO and FMO categories — the eligibility for USAA insurance being an exception. My question is, why must the Foreign Service have two classes of employees? Why not just hire employees to do jobs? Get rid of the exam process, and stick with interviews and oral assessments. The CIA operates that way as I understand it (to the extent that any of us know anything about that organization), which seems to work well. There will always be distinctions in the Foreign Service between those considered “substantive” (POL and ECON) and those who do real things (CONS and ADMIN). But if we were all one general category of employees — Foreign Service — perhaps moving between functions would be easier, promotions would be fairer, the FS would profit because it could easily take advantage of the skills and experience of its employees, and there would be fewer “class distinctions.” Kenneth R. Yeager Executive/Contracting Officer Regional Procurement Support Office American Consulate General Frankfurt

Singing AFSA’s Praises I just wanted to take this opportunity to sing AFSA’s praises for the September FSJ, dedicated to Foreign Service specialists. I was very pleased to see this much-needed and

8 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 L ETTERS

deserved attention given to the contributions Foreign Service specialists make to foreign diplomacy. I can tell you that all of my fellow Career Development Officers (at least on the specialist side) were impressed and glad to see this recognition, as I am sure specialists worldwide will be. Thanks for keeping your ear to the ground and your eyes open. C.W. Mathis Foreign Service Information Management Specialist Washington, D.C.

Second-Class Is Okay! Your series of articles about and from specialists in the September issue of the Foreign Service Journal is timely. They lead to an important dis- cussion about the structure of the Foreign Service and what the Service is trying to accomplish with the resources at its disposal. I entered the Service in 1966 as a Foreign Service staff officer. After training, the United States Infor- mation Agency sent me to Cali, Colombia as a student affairs officer and assistant director of the Centro Colombo-Americano del Valle. Foreign Service staff officers were second-class citizens, so to speak. We did not take the Foreign Service exam. We did not have titles like secretary, counselor, consul or attaché. The Foreign Service saw us as an adjunct, yet valued what we did, the extra- governmental resources we controlled and our involvement in the local community. Our presence was good for both the U.S. and the host country. Pet-friendly The old Foreign Service system was much more effective than the new one. USIA specialists then knew they were second-class and could stay in one place long enough to accomplish something and build strong relations in the local community. And our low salaries meant we were a real bargain for the U.S. government.

NOVEMBER 2003/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 9 L ETTERS

During my posting to Cali, I took all is for members of our officer corps No Polemics, Please and passed the Foreign Service exam. to look down as well as up. The approach recommended by After I passed, USIA sent me back to Sheldon Avenius James Olsen in “Capitalism and the the same job in Cali at the same salary, USIA FSO, retired Mexican Poor” (July-August FSJ) but as an FSO with a new career track. Arlington, Va. constitutes one useful tool in the devel- Once in the “real” USIA Foreign opment toolbox — but not a panacea. Service, we learned the career- A Shortage of Conservatives Yes, the ideas of economist Hernando enhancing importance of looking up Stephen Dujack laments the fact de Soto have a place within the com- instead of down, from whence we that conservative Republicans have plex process known as “development,” came. But we still needed that tended to take a dim view of the as former USAID Administrator second-class group, the Foreign State Department. (“For Professor Brian Atwood recognized. But Olsen’s Service staff officers, on the front Gingrich, A Little History Lesson,” preaching to Mexico on what it needs lines running the binational centers, September FSJ). One reason may to do, rather than analyzing what cultural centers, libraries and insti- be the glaring shortage of conserva- has actually happened when de tutes, who promoted English and tives or Republicans at State, parti- Soto’s ideas have been applied over the influenced hearts and minds. Since cularly among FSOs. Apart from past 17 years in the developing world, then, USIA and now the Department political appointees, conservative constitutes a polemic. An objective of State seem to have forgotten the Republicans at State are as numer- account of how de Soto’s ideas have utility of those instruments and ous as butchers at a PETA conven- played out in practice and evolved institutions and dissolved our former- tion. I’d estimate that 80 percent of since the mid-1980s would have added ly organic relationship with them. the FSO corps are Democrats (with more to our knowledge. Once we became FSOs, we a much lower percentage among FS Instead, Olsen’s final paragraph, learned that a second-class job did not specialists and civil servants), com- contending that international agen- lead to a first-class future in the pared to around a third of the U.S. cies and bilateral donors (e.g., Foreign Service. USIA did away with electorate. Even if we just take the USAID) don’t know their partners, is a cheap specialist corps, many of those results of the last election (50/50), an unfounded assertion and nowhere former specialists gaining access to the it’s fairly obvious that ideological proven. regular Service. Then we changed the diversity at the State Department is And speaking of USAID, “Telling Foreign Service itself. We made the woefully out of whack. Their Own Stories” (in the same rank system homogenous with the The question, of course, is whether issue) seems to suggest that the Civil Service and military service. This this tilt colors how FSOs implement Association for Diplomatic Studies incredible series of well-intentioned the policies of a given administration. and Training’s oral history program blunders led to the demise of what That is debatable. I do know that covers the State Department exclu- had been an effective, highly trained almost any reference by many FSOs sively. In fact, ADST’s compilation and experienced specialist corps. Now to the Washington Times, Weekly includes an extensive collection of we have no USIA. We have separated Standard, Wall Street Journal, or oral histories contributed by retired ourselves from the most effective virtually any elected Republican USAID officers, prepared under the long-range foreign policy projection lawmaker is accompanied by such a leadership of W. Haven North devices we had. display of eye-rolling and knowing through a multi-year grant from The Foreign Service specialist snickers that I wonder whether to call USAID. I would like to see a similar corps today is different from the for medical help. article in the Journal highlighting the former Foreign Service staff officer Let’s face it. As long as State is per- experiences of USAID Foreign corps. Yet upon reflection, it may not ceived as a place that is overwhelmingly Service staff. be such a bad thing to be second- dominated by Democrats, FSOs should Michael S. Zak class, if one knows one’s job and profess no surprise when the institution USAID FSO, retired understands that one’s work is neces- they serve comes under attack by a Annandale, Va. sary and appreciated. A supportive branch of government that may have a role is just as important as a leader- better claim to looking like America. The Ombudsman Office ship one, as long as both understand Richard G. Miles Ambassador Cohen’s article in the and recognize the value and contribu- FSO June issue about AFSA’s role as a tion of the other. Most important of Washington, D.C. professional organization and a labor

10 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 L ETTERS

union states that the Office of the Ombudsman was created around 1972. This is not quite accurate. Ambassador William Macomber conceived the idea for such an office in late 1969 when he was under secretary for management. Amb. Macomber asked my husband, Bob Gordon, to accept this new position, which he did in January 1970, remaining until February 1972. Amb. Cohen was generous in his recognition that Bob viewed his work as “problem solving.” Indeed, he did, though I doubt that he ever thought of himself as a gadfly. Nancy S. Gordon Florence, Italy

Author’s Request I am researching the history of a U.S. intelligence collection organization that operated under the leadership of John V. Grombach from 1942 to 1955. I would like to hear from Foreign Service officers who served in this organization or who have direct knowledge of it. The organization, known informally as “The Pond,” started as part of the War Department in 1942. In 1947, it established a headquarters in New York City and went into the private sector, operating until 1951 on contract for the State Department. The CIA took over the contract in 1951 and terminated it in 1955. The Pond used Foreign Service officers to conduct clandestine human intelligence operations overseas. Its primary liaison in the State Department was the “Division of Foreign Activity Correlation.” If any FSO would care to share knowledge of The Pond, please contact me at [email protected] or at 3719 N. Pershing Drive, Arlington, VA 22203. Thank you very much. Mark Stout Arlington, Va. ■

NOVEMBER 2003/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 11 CYBERNOTES

Debating America’s Role the Democratic People’s Republic of in the World want you to understand Korea to the negotiating table in A public education effort to stimu- that I’m not saying “white” August — is well known, its assis- late a national dialogue about the future tance to Washington in intelligence Ibecause the Americans of U.S. foreign policy is under way. and diplomatic matters as part of the “The People Speak: America Debates say “black.” war on terrorism has attracted less Its Role in the World” features more attention. than 1,000 debates and discussions in – President Jacques Chirac of On Sept. 11 the Senate Foreign communities across the U.S. during France, in an interview prior Relations Committee took note of October, and a series of signature to his speech at the U.N. China’s emergence in hearings on debates organized in partnership with General Assembly, Sept. 22, “U.S. Relations with China” — in the the World Affairs Councils in major www.nytimes.com. words of Assistant Secretary of State cities through early 2004. The signa- for East Asian and Pacific Affairs ture debates will feature leading mem- James A. Kelly, “one of the most bers of the foreign policy communities. and Rockefeller Brothers Fund important bilateral relationships of The program was initiated by the Open financed a Council on Foreign the 21st century.” The testimony by Society Institute’s Cooperative Global Relations study that examines the Kelly and several experts is a good Engagement Project in collaboration current National Security Strategy as place to start to get up to speed on with the United Nations Foundation well as alternative ways to address the China (http://foreign.senate.gov/ and the Rockefeller Brothers Fund threats facing the United States. “A hearings/2003/hrg030911a.html). (http://www.opensocietypolicy New National Security Strategy in an The May report of an independent center.org/html/debate.html). Age of Terrorists, Tyrants, and task force sponsored by the Council Sixteen organizations, representing the Weapons of Mass Destruction” offers on Foreign Relations on “Chinese entire political spectrum, launched the three diferent approaches to national Military Power” fills in a critical debate series at a press conference at security policy in the form of presiden- dimension (http://www.cfr.org/publi the National Press Club on Sept. 30. tial speeches (http://www.osidc. cation.php?id=5985). You can keep A Web site, The People Speak org/National_Security_CPI.pdf). up with day-to-day news on China at (http://www.jointhedebate.org/ The study was used as the basis for http://news.yahoo.com/fc?tmpl index.htm), provides all the materials debates over the summer in Chicago, =fc&cid=34&in=world&cat=china needed to organize a debate, including San Francisco and Houston. OSI and _us_relations. downloadable debate “kits,” planned its collaborators are also working to For background, the State activities happening around the coun- adapt this material for use by college Department’s “The United States and try, and information on the mini-grant students in holding their own debates China” overseas Web page is a gold program that has been created to sup- on national security policy. mine (http://usinfo.state.gov/region port local citizens’ efforts. Additional al/ea/uschina). Here, regularly updat- resources include links to the Bush The China Factor ed, are official texts, key documents, administration’s national security One of the most significant devel- reports and fact sheets, congressional strategy document, “The National opments at the periphery during the testimony and statements bearing on Security Strategy of the United States past two years has been the slow and the U.S. relationship with China. of America,” and a variety of indepen- steady rise of China as a world power. China’s energy situation is document- dent analyses of national security While China’s critical role in Korean ed at the U.S. Department of Energy’s issues. diplomacy — 50 years after fighting Energy Information Administration In June the Open Society on the other side on the Korean Web site (http://www.eia.doe.gov/ Institute, United Nations Foundation peninsula, it was China that brought emeu/cabs/china.html). The Library

12 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 CYBERNOTES

of Congress’ country study of China also has a dynamic program conduct- edu/index.cfm?fuseaction=topics. covers geographic information as well ed by its Freeman Chair in Chinese home&topic_id=1462). The Nixon as the different periods of Chinese Studies, presently held by Bates Gill Center’s China program is directed by history (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/ (http://csis.org/china/index.htm). David Lampton, a professor of cs/cntoc.html). CSIS released a study in August titled Chinese studies at the Johns Hopkins Among think tanks, the Carnegie “China’s New Journey to the West: School of Advanced International Endowment for International Peace China’s Emergence in Central Asia Studies. Its latest report is “U.S.- has an active China program directed and Implications for U.S. Interests.” China Relations in a Post-September by Minxin Pei and Michael Swaine, The Woodrow Wilson Center’s large 11th World” issued in 2002 (http:// including partnerships with the Asia program encompasses study of www.nixoncenter.org/chinapro- Chinese policy community (http:// developments in China, such as the gramindex.htm). www.ceip.org/files/programs/ 2003 report “China After Jiang,” A number of nonprofit organiza- china-home.ASP). The Center for which analyzes trends and transitions tions maintain useful Web sites on dif- Strategic and International Studies in Chinese politics (http://wwics.si. ferent facets of the U.S.-China relationship. The National Committee on United States-China Relations is an Site of the Month: educational organization established www. PeaceCorpsWriters.org by scholars and civic, religious and business leaders in 1966 that encour- Almost everyone who lives and works in a foreign country has the impulse ages U.S.-China citizen contacts at one time or another to write about it. Peace Corps authors have seized on (http://www.ncuscr.org). The U.S.- the Internet revolution to nurture the writing habit among fellow volunteers; it China Business Council was founded is an initiative that Foreign Service writers may find of particular interest. in 1973 to expand U.S.-China busi- The Peace Corps Writers Web site was launched in 1999, to fulfill the ness and economic ties (http:// Peace Corps mission to “bring the world back home.” However, making the www.uschina.org/public/wto). The listings of returned Peace Corps Volunteers’ books and writings, along with United States of America-China reviews, available online is not only an educational opportunity for Americans Chamber of Commerce was founded to learn about the world; it is also meant to be an inspiration to other RPCV in 1993 by a Chinese businessman writers. A bimonthly e-zine features new books by Peace Corps writers, an and an American businessman interview with a writer, book reviews and letters. The site also contains a bib- (http://www.usccc.org). liography of more than 1,100 books by over 325 RCPV writers, and resources – Benjamin Bodnar, for both readers and writers. Among them are a list of friendly agents and Editorial Intern publishers, information on self-publishing and publishing-on-demand, and other very useful links such as “How to Write A Novel in 100 Days” and Do You Look “Opportunities for Writers.” Like Your Dog? The site is edited by John Coyne, a secondary-school English teacher in Do you look like your dog? Do you Addis Ababa from 1962 to 1964, who is manager of communications for the know others who do? Have you ever College of New Rochelle. Site designer and webmaster Marian Haley Beil wondered why some people look like taught high school math in Ethiopia from 1962 to 1964, and worked with their dogs? Well, stay tuned. An Coyne on publishing RPCV Writers & Readers, the Web site’s predecessor, international contest for owners with from 1989 to 1998. Declining subscriptions for the printed newsletter brought look-alike dogs is set to become a new about its demise in 1998, but numerous communications of praise for the TV game and reality show, promoters publication led to its relaunch online. announced recently (www.doyou looklikeyourdog.com). On the show,

NOVEMBER 2003/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 13 C YBERNOTES

dogs, including a research study com- 50 Years Ago... paring Pomeranian and Siberian The voices of advocacy are constant, repetitious and Husky owners and a workshop called insistent; they speak in different tongues. But above “the “What Kind of Dog Are You?,” for sounding brass or tinkling cymbal” of discordance and ten- people to better understand them- sion, one can hear the steady beat of the motif of stubborn selves and others based on the dogs faith in the [United Nations] Charter vision of a better world. they choose. Other research projects have begun on cops and canines and — William Sanders, in “Assignment to the United Nations,” FSJ, an exploration of how people who are November 1953. drawn to different breeds differ in their personality, interests, activities, owners and their dogs will compete in of the book’s June 1 contest deadline, and lifestyles. (Perhaps a future edi- a series of obedience, agility and is due for publication in January 2004 tion will feature diplomatic dogs.) humor trials, such as owners and dogs by Broadway Books, a division of The contest, Web site, book and with the best matching costumes, Random House. Contest entrants are reality show are all the brainchildren the funniest trick, and the most ath- divided into eight main groups: work- of Gini Graham Scott, a sociologist letic pair. “Think Fear Factor meets ing, herding, sporting, non-sporting, interested in psychological profiling, American Idol meets Best in Show,” terriers, hounds, toys, and just plain who became fascinated with the way state backers of the venture, to be pro- mutts. people look like their dogs after duced by Indigo Films. The Do You Look Like Your Dog? attending the Golden Gate Kennel A book, Do You Look Like Your contest Web site also features links to dog show in San Francisco in 1992 Dog?, which features 100 of the own- research on why people look like and (http://www.worldofdogs.org/who. ers who most looked like their dogs as share key personality traits with their htm). ■ Home Suite Home

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Here’s what people “I am absolutely a fan of this book.” are saying — Marc Grossman Under Secretary of State for “ Inside a U.S. Embassy is a fasci- about Political Affairs nating look at foreign policy in Inside a U.S. practice through the eyes of U.S. Embassy … “I think that not only members of diplomats.” the Committee but all Americans — Senator Joseph Biden, will be deeply interested in this.” D-Del., Ranking Minority — Senator Richard Lugar, Member, Senate Foreign R-Ind., Chairman of the Senate Relations Committee Foreign Relations Committee Order your copy today! Go to www.afsa.org/inside or call (847) 364-1222. Quantity discounts available. For more information, E-mail [email protected]. SPEAKING OUT The Middle East Road Map: Going Nowhere Fast

BY RONALD SPIERS

n 1967, I was political counselor Palestine if firmly presented in the at Embassy London. Shortly name of the international community. after the Arab-Israeli Six-Day The so-called A clear picture of what is expected to IWar and the subsequent adoption of “Road Map” is too lie at the end of the tunnel would help U.N. Resolution 242, requiring with- the parties avoid bogging down in the drawal of Israel from territories occu- much just the intricacies of who does what, when, pied in the war in exchange for peace “same old, same and in what order. Of course, the and recognition from Arab govern- extremist Israelis of the far right and ments, I was asked to speak at the old” to lead to a the settlers’ lobby would scream British Royal Defense College on solution. bloody murder, as would Palestinians what could be done to resolve the of the Hamas persuasion. underlying conflict. However, it is also clear that these My view then was — and remains groups are a minority on both sides, today — that the conflict could not, it basis. Those who accepted it although each has demonstrated and would not, be resolved if it were could count on the support and enough political heft to impede left to the two parties to work out. assistance of the U.N. and the development of a settlement between Leaving the parties to proceed on sponsoring powers; those who reject- the parties themselves. Furthermore, their own in working out details was ed it would forgo further economic, the imbalance of power between the tantamount to handing a veto to political or security support. parties is too great to make negotia- the extremists on either side: the The recent convening of the tions other than a conversation Israelis who wanted to “transfer” the Quartet (the U.S., the European between drastically unequal players: Palestinians and absorb territory con- Union, the U.N. and Russia) was a F-16s, tanks, bulldozers and heli- quered in the war, and the Palestinians constructive step in that it widened copters vs. rocks, rifles, suicide who would never be reconciled to the participation in the process and thus bombers and a ruined infrastruc- existence of an Israeli state. It is a the sources of encouragement and ture. formula that guarantees the peace pressure on both sides. But the so- The situation has become more process remains only that: a process, called “Road Map” is too much just difficult since 1967 due largely to the with peace remaining an ever-reced- the “same old, same old” to lead to a Israeli settlement policy of “creating ing goal. Over the years I have spoken solution. It is too vague in its details facts on the ground.” (When Henry and corresponded with many Israelis and too general as to its end result, Kissinger once complained to Golda and Palestinians who have reached the leaving too much to the two parties to Meir about settlements and the obsta- same conclusion. fight out between themselves, even cles they present to peacemaking, she I proposed then that the U.S. and with help and encouragement from reportedly answered, “Henry, why do Britain move quickly to convene a Quartet members. you think we put them there?”) A group that would include France Accordingly, the Quartet should similar obstacle is the claim that the and the Soviet Union, preferably stop pussyfooting around and present Occupied Territories are not “occu- with the United Nations’ blessing, to the sides with a clearly defined pied” but only “disputed,” which flies spell out the full elements of an outcome. Such an outcome could, in in the face of U.N. Resolution 242’s equitable resolution and present it my judgment, be acceptable to the reference to territories “occupied in to the two sides on a take-it-or-leave- mainstream in both Israel and the recent conflict.” It also violates the

16 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 S PEAKING O UT

provisions of the Fourth Geneva also believe they would be greeted Convention, which makes deliberate- with relief and support by the mainly changing the demographics of an Leaving Israel and stream majorities of both countries. occupied area by an occupying power Since, unfortunately, extremists either illegal under international law — a Palestine to proceed on control the government, or are dispro- view clearly confirmed by the State portionately influential, on both sides, Department’s legal authorities in their own guarantees the the suggestion that such a proposition 1978. should be put to popular referenda peace process remains may have merit. But until the interna- The Way Ahead tional community puts forward a clear I believe the path I advocated in only that: a process, with view of an equitable final settlement, my address to the Royal Defence the political dynamics of the Middle College in 1967 continues to be peace remaining an East will just lead the Road Map to the valid, and that the intervening his- fate of all its predecessor efforts. tory of the conflict during the past ever-receding goal. Active leadership is urgent. We decade, from the Oslo Accords to cannot continue to hide behind the Road Map, supports the con- ambiguity, letting each side proceed tention that a more definitive out- with almost diametrically opposed side intervention is indispensable to interpretations and understandings a settlement. As I said then, such a 4. The Palestinian “right of return” of the vague end-point provisions of settlement should consist of the fol- should be limited to no more than a the Road Map. Prime Minister Ariel lowing six elements: reasonably small number (e.g., Sharon implies returning no more 50,000) based on family reunification than 40 percent of the Occupied 1. Israel must withdraw fully from considerations. Territories, with such circumscribed the West Bank and Gaza to the 1967 authority as to make Palestine a col- Green Line. Any border rectifica- 5. An international peacekeeping lection of Bantustans. (Interestingly, tions must be mutually agreed and force should be installed as a buffer at the most eloquent critics of this any territory retained by Israel should the border until both sides agree its vision are themselves Israelis.) What be balanced by territory of equal presence is no longer necessary or the Likud leadership thinks of as a area and value transferred to the desirable. Palestinian “state” is far removed Palestinians. from what Palestinians seek, yet we 6. The settlement and the security continue to obscure the differences 2. Palestine would be a demilita- of each party would be “guaranteed” in a fog of language. We must con- rized state, and a major international by the U.N. and the sponsoring pow- front the differences, and the economic reconstruction program ers, which should include the United Quartet must declare its position that will give Palestinians a stake in a States and major Arab neighbors. firmly. This is politically difficult, reordered Middle East would be initi- but leadership consists of facing up ated. The Israeli contribution could To these, a seventh point must be to the “tough decisions” politicians be considered partial compensation added today: Israeli settlers electing so love to talk about making. for its confiscation of property of to remain in Palestine should do so as In the meantime, neither side is Palestinians who were expelled or fled Palestinian citizens, just as Arabs who willing or able to take the first small the conflict in 1948 and thereafter. remained in Israel after 1948 have steps while so much confusion is left become Israeli citizens. On both sides about what they are leading to. 3. Jerusalem must be a shared these minorities should enjoy full Paradoxically, even the very process of capital. Israel’s unilateral and unrec- rights of citizenship. “negotiation” is increasing mutual dis- ognized 1967 annexation and expan- I believe anything less than this trust and producing crisis after crisis. sion of the municipal boundaries will not fly; neither will anything We have seen this repeatedly in of Jerusalem would be annulled. more. recent weeks, with the resignation of Water resources should be equitably There is no doubt that these Palestine Prime Minister Abu Mazen, shared, and Palestine would control provisions would be equally unpalat- the intensified Israeli campaign its own aquifers. able to extremists on either side, but I against Arafat, the continuation of

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A clear picture of what is expected would help the parties avoid bogging down in the intricacies of who does what, when, and in what order.

settlement expansion and wall-building and the resumption of suicide bombings. Since this issue is so crucial to other problems like the war on terrorism and resolution of the situation in Iraq, we cannot be indif- ferent to its continuing implications for American security. Having served live better. as ambassador to two Muslim countries, I have seen first-hand how brand new luxury high rise : fully appointed one, one bed- deeply the festering Palestinian- room dens and two bedroom corporate suites : state of the art fitness and business centers : heated outdoor lap pool : Israeli problem burns into the custom made mahogany furniture : fully equipped kitchens Muslim psyche and colors its view of : luxury towels and linens : soft, firm or hypoallergenic pil- low selection : weekday club breakfast serving Starbucks® the United States. Coffee : afternoon Tazo® Tea : digital premium cable and We have already wasted 35 years high speed internet : 27” and 20” sony wega tv and dvd : while thousands have been killed and sony cd stereo : free local phone : on-site management, maintenance, housekeeping : concierge services : walking despair has clouded the future of distance to ballston common mall, ballston and virginia both communities. ■ square metro stops Ambassador Ronald Spiers was a Foreign Service officer from 1955 to 1989, serving as minister in London, ambassador to the Bahamas, Turkey and Pakistan, assistant secretary for political-military affairs and for intelligence and research, and under secretary for management. Following korman communities arlington retirement from the Service, he CORPORATE SUITES served as U.N. under secretary- general for political affairs from 1989 arlington, va 880 north pollard street 866.korman.4 : kormancommunities.com to 1992. He writes and lectures on foreign affairs and is a fellow of the American Academy of Diplomacy.

18 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 F OCUS ON FS AUTHORS

IN THEIR OWN WRITE Elizabeth Scott

he Foreign Service Journal is pleased to present our annual Foreign Service authors roundup as a cover story again, this year in November to allow plenty of time for holiday orders. Here is an annotated list of some of the volumes written or edited by Foreign Service personnel and family members, past and present, in 2002 and 2003. This year’s selection contains a lively history and biography section, thoughtful studies of policies and issues, and as many as 10 diverse memoirs of Foreign Service life — as well as several helpful “howT tos” for adapting to the nomadic lifestyle, four novels, and new culinary and children’s books sections. As last year, a significant portion of our titles are self-published. Our primary purpose in compiling this list is to celebrate the wealth of literary talent within the Foreign Service community, and to give our readers the opportunity to support colleagues by sampling their wares. Each entry contains

NOVEMBER 2003/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 19 F OCUS

full publication data along with a short commentary. Eating for Pregnancy: An Essential Guide to Nutrition While many of these books are available from book- with Recipes for the Whole Family stores and other sources, we encourage our readers Catherine Jones, with Rose Ann Hudson, R.D., L.D., to use the link to Amazon.com from the AFSA Web Marlowe & Company, 2003, $16.95, paperback, site to order your selections. We have created a new 332 pages. Bookstore in the AFSA Marketplace (see p. 36 for “Delicately balancing optimum and unnecessary instructions). For books that cannot be ordered weight gain … simple yet flavorful dishes … an over- through Amazon.com, we have provided the necessary whelming amount of information,” is what Publishers contact information. Weekly had to say about this book. An excellent But enough crass commercialism. On to the books! culinary guide, it is chock-full of reliable and up-to- — Susan Maitra, Associate Editor date information on the special nutrition needs and issues of pregnancy. And it contains more than 120 CULINARY AFFAIRS easy-to-prepare recipes for breakfast, lunch and dinner, as well as tasty and healthy snacks and treats A Year of Russian Feasts for the whole family — picky young children included. Catherine Cheremeteff Jones, A chapter on vegetarian delights is an added bonus. Jellyroll Press, 2002, $16.95, Each recipe is accompanied by clear information on paperback, 192 pages. its nutritional value, preparation and storage tips, This is a culinary journey into and menu suggestions. An appendix contains weight- the heart and hearth of Russia gain charts, lists of food sources for all the essential undertaken during the exciting and nutrients, and food cleaning, handling and safety tips. turbulent years from 1991 to 1994. Essential for the pregnant woman, this book is a “Communism was on the verge of valuable addition to anyone’s kitchen. Catherine Jones, collapse and Yeltsin was trying desperately to convince also the author of A Year of Russian Feasts, is a gradu- his fellow citizens that democracy was the path of the ate of La Varenne Culinary School in France, and worked future,” the author explains in her introduction. for the late Jean-Louis Palladin. Rose Ann Hudson is a “Gorbachev’s ideas of glasnost and perestroika, loosely perinatal nutritionist who served on the staff of the defined as openness and restructuring, did in fact Columbia Hospital for Women in Washington, D.C., create a more accessible Russia, one that allowed me for 12 years. to make Russian friends, enter Russian homes, and explore Russian traditions and culture — all things that The Gringo’s Guide to Chilean Wine would have been difficult, if not impossible, under Fred Purdy, Impresos Offset Communism.” Bellavista Ltda., 2003, 5th The result is an enjoyable and informative read fea- edition, $8, paperback, 205 pages. turing 40 of the best recipes from the author’s Russian This new, fifth and final edition collection, thoughtfully adapted for American of “a brief, irreverent and opin- kitchens. The recipes were gleaned from the yellowing ionated tour of the wines of pages of notebooks of her Russian friends, from cooks Chile” has the distinction of offer- whose memory is their only guide, and from the ing detailed sketches of more kitchens of her grandmother and mother (a descen- individual Chilean wineries and winemakers than any dant of the Sheremetev clan of the Romanov dynasty) other source — including the glossy and expensive — and each one comes with a good story. Guia de Vinos de Chile, top competitor to the Catherine Cheremeteff Jones was born in India and Gringo’s Guide. The Guide also pioneered with the traveled the world with her father, retired Ambassador inclusion of a section on where to find wines, and in Brandon Grove Jr. Today she travels the world with spreading understanding and appreciation of the once her FSO husband Paul Jones, whom she met in esoteric but now world-famous wines of Chile in, Moscow, and their two children. as author Fred Purdy puts it, “the language of

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Shakespeare and the Beatles.” Ms. LaTeef is the author of Working Women for the When Purdy, a career FSO who retired in 1987, 21st Century: Fifty Women Reveal Their Pathways to began studying Chilean wine seriously in 1970, there was Success, a book selected by the New York Public no easy way to learn about the subject other than by Library as recommended reading for young adults. word-of-mouth. Purdy’s self-education in Chilean wine She is planning three more books based on African folk was an avocation and labor of love. Twenty-five years tales, and another eight books for children. later he decided he would have to write the book he was still looking for, and the first edition of the Gringo’s Zoe Guide was born. The book is an engaging and very Calvin Watlington, practical introduction to the world of wine, its history, Ebonylaw Publishing, geography, making and appreciation. “Trying and 2002, $9.95, paperback, Buying Chilean Wine — and Where to Find It” is a key 28 pages. chapter that is complemented by a chapter on exports Tolerance is good but and the availability of Chilean wine in the U.S. embracing differences is even better! That is the What the Gringo’s Guide lacks in polish, it more message of this happy book for children between the than makes up for in personality and basic information ages of 4 and 7, which introduces the concept of about wine in general and Chilean wine in particular. diversity to children in terms that they can under- To purchase the book, contact the author by e-mail: stand. Zoe is a little girl with a “chocolate” dad and [email protected], or write to 211 Briarcliff a “vanilla” mom who moves to a new location to Road, Harrisburg PA 17104. begin kindergarten. In the process, she meets many new people and addresses the differences in skin col- BOOKS FOR CHILDREN ors among her classmates and in her own family. Author Calvin Watlington, a member of the Foreign The Hunter and the Ebony Tree Service since 1998, is a former teacher and an attorney Nelda LaTeef, Moon Mountain with a strong interest in children’s rights issues. His Publishing, 2002, $15.95, motivation in writing Zoe was the desire to humanize hardcover, 30 pages. the statistics on biracial and multicultural families, and, In this authentic African folk in particular, to give the children of these families tale geared to 5-to-9-year-olds, a a friend to identify with. Mr. Watlington is currently hunter must overcome a daunting posted in Tegucigalpa with his partner Danielle challenge before he can marry the Roziewski, an education consultant, and two young girl he loves. It will take more than mere strength — children. He worked with two Nicaraguan artists to the girl has made sure of that! The hunter will need illustrate Zoe, his first children’s book. brains, a good plan, loyal friends and excellent archery skills. Given its slightly advanced vocabulary, this strik- MEMOIRS OF FOREIGN SERVICE LIFE ingly illustrated book is ideal for parents to read aloud to their children. Food Soldier Author and illustrator Nelda LaTeef, the daughter Howard L. Steele, Ph.D., Ravens- of a Foreign Service officer, was born in Tunis and Yard Publishing, Ltd., 2002, spent the first 18 years of her life overseas. The seed $17.95, paperback, 277 pages. for this, her first children’s book, was planted under an A native of Pennsylvania with acacia tree in Niger where Ms. LaTeef encountered the an interest in subsistence agricul- village griot, or storyteller, during a stint of fieldwork ture and agriculturalists since for an anthropology course at Harvard University. The childhood, Howard Steele was a book received the Storytelling World Honors Award in professor of agricultural economics 2003, and has also been published in Italian. A Korean- before joining the Foreign Agricultural Service in 1971. language edition is planned. Over a 34-year career he served in 43 countries on six

NOVEMBER 2003/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 21 F OCUS

continents, and survived gun-toting Bolivian revolu- Family Travels in India tionaries, Viet Cong mortar and rifle fire, deadly anarchy Alice Trembour, Monsoon House, in Sri Lanka, a shakedown by Tanzanian police, rodent- 2002, $12.95, paperback, 169 sized cockroaches in Taiwan and sheep’s-eye stew in pages. Arabia. This is a gem of a book. The Steele shows us poverty and prosperity, fear and fun, daughter of a retired USIA officer, mistakes, corruption, incompetence, language and Alice Trembour spent a memo- cultural glitches … and some developmental successes. rable two years, from age 8 to 10, As Steele advanced from mid-level technician to in Calcutta; 35 years later, she senior-rank FSO, he found his own government and its returned to India with her family, to the Indian bureaucracy at times as challenging to navigate as the Institute of Ahmedabad, where her husband was a vis- dozens of overseas regimes and their national cultures. iting professor for one year. This is the story of that Throughout, the writing is lucid and light-hearted, but year, from the point when all three children (ages 12, 9 rich in on-the-scene detail and full of information and and 7) refuse to consider the move, to their visit to penetrating observations. Mahatma Gandhi’s ashram just before returning to the This memoir is a great read for travel buffs, but at U.S. Based on Trembour’s letters home, the book the same time provides insight and perspective for stu- chronicles the day-to-day experiences and challenges dents of international development as well as for pub- the family faced and the way each family member was lic or private sector employees heading for an overseas affected. tour. The unassuming title does not convey the richness

22 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 F OCUS

of this book. It is an excellent guide for Western Jungle Paths and Palace Treasures: families heading for South Asia, whether for a stay of An American Woman Encounters several weeks or for a longer-term visit. The rich the Romance and Reality of India opportunities for travel with children are well illustrat- Mary Seniff Stickney, Writer’s ed, and the questions and concerns of parents taking Showcase, 2001, $18.95, their families to distant cultural venues are sensitively paperback, 347 pages. addressed. The preparations, both material and When Mary Stickney’s agrono- otherwise, that wise parents make to ensure their mist husband was offered a children’s experience is the best possible are also Foreign Service position, they and revealed. their four children headed to India, at the beginning of Last, but by no means least, the author’s keen insight that country’s “Green Revolution,” with great anticipa- and exceptional prose make Family Travels in India a tion. They found the adventure of a lifetime, told here delight to read. in lively, highly readable detail. There were moments of despair, moments of joy and moments of terror. They Point IV: Memories of a Foreign traveled thousands of miles throughout the heart of Service Officer India, sometimes on tracks so impassable they had to James O. Bleidner, Power of One park the jeep and walk through the jungle. As they Publishing, 2002, $24.95, encountered this often-baffling land, they learned from paperback, 204 pages. their experiences and from the many individuals they James Bleidner joined the came to know and love. Foreign Service in 1956, after duty This book will appeal to a wide audience, both young with an Air Force fighter squadron and old, travel-buff and armchair globetrotter. But it is during World War II and several a special treat for India hands, as agricultural engineer years managing a modern dairy farm for ARAMCO in Donald James Minehart notes in his foreword: “Mary Saudi Arabia. Bleidner, an agricultural scientist, Stickney has taken the time to explore India in a recounts his experiences working to bring to fruition manner that many of us old India hands can only the “Point Four” vision of making the benefits of admire. … You may not understand India when you’ve American science and industrial progress available to read the book, but you will understand why she was underdeveloped countries. transfixed by the country and its people.” His narrative takes us from an assignment with the then-International Cooperation Administration devel- Diapers on a Dateline: oping a livestock-raising and meat producing complex The Adventures of a United Press in the Bolivian highlands, to a tour as acting chief of the Family in India During the 1950s Agriculture and Rural Development Division of Pegge Hlavacek, Writers Club USAID in Colombia, and on to Chile, Costa Rica, Press, 2002, $23.95, paperback, Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Sudan, and 400 pages. finally retirement in Florida. Insights into South In 1951, Pegge McKiernan was American politics, traditions and problems of develop- a young widow working as a vice ment are interspersed with family anecdotes and post- consul in Lahore. Pegge’s first hus- retirement adventures. band, a CIA agent, had been killed by Tibetan border The other half of this story can be found in Alligators guards three years earlier as he fled from the Chinese On My Roof (Vintage Books, 2002), a memoir by Mr. communist advance in Sinkiang, and her twin toddlers Bleidner’s late wife Marjory that was featured in these were back home with grandparents. That was when she pages last year. met and, a year later, married John Hlavacek, United To purchase this book, contact the author by e-mail: Press Bureau Chief for India and Pakistan. There her [email protected], or at 708 Leah Jean Lane, Winter story begins. Haven FL 33884-3198. This book is not a story of India, so much as the

NOVEMBER 2003/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 23 F OCUS

account of a family’s experience there, Pegge Hlavacek Tales of an American Culture is careful to state in her introduction. Still, while this Vulture unusual family’s experience in Bombay and New Delhi Bill McGuire, iUniverse, Inc., 2003, in the 1950s is enjoyable as a personal story, it also con- $16.95, paperback, 240 pages. tains much rich detail on India and things Indian during Much has been written about that country’s first two decades as an independent relations between the governments nation. The author traveled widely in India, Pakistan of the United States and the former and Sri Lanka (then Ceylon), and met luminaries such Soviet Union. But what about peo- as Prime Minister Nehru and his daughter Indira. The ple-to-people contact between the Hlavaceks also had a unique relationship with Tenzing two countries during the Cold War? How were young, Norgay, the conqueror of Mount Everest, and his fami- Russian-speaking Americans treated in the Soviet Union? ly that is recorded in the book. Why did Soviet citizens stand for hours in the cold, rain The narrative is written in a breezy, chatty, very and snow to visit American cultural exhibitions? What personable style, which carries the reader along happily. happened when a Soviet delegation met with the John An adventurous newspaper reporter before she became Birch Society in Iowa? What caused the Voice of America a vice consul, the author wrote the book in 1960; four to stop hiring Russian-speaking Americans and replace decades later her husband discovered the unpublished them with recent Soviet emigrés? Author Bill McGuire’s manuscript in a box in the attic of their home in narrative is based on his experiences in the USSR and in Omaha, Neb. the U.S. McGuire, a native of Pennsylvania, studied Russian at Some Far and Distant Place Georgetown University. He worked on three USIA- Jonathan S. Addleton, University sponsored exhibits in the Soviet Union and toured both the of Georgia Press, 2002, $19.95, U.S. and USSR with high-level American and Soviet dele- paperback, 232 pages. gations. He spent 17 years as a writer, announcer and pro- Released for the first time in ducer in the Russian Service of the Voice of America, and paperback, this memoir by USAID for the next 10 years was a program development officer at Mission to Mongolia Director USIA’s Office of Teleconferencing. Jonathan Addleton offers a unique perspective on the Muslim- Creative Recollection of a Foreign Service Life Christian interaction that has come to center stage in Mary Cameron Kilgour, 2003, $10.00, paperback, today’s world. 62 pages. Born in Muree, a small hill station in Pakistan over- This volume is a compilation of previously published looking Kashmir, of Baptist missionary parents from short stories and reflections by retired USAID officer rural Georgia, the author grew up at the intersection of Mary Cameron Kilgour. The nine finely wrought pieces different religions, races, classes and cultures. His vivid convey the humor, irony, injustice and fortitude in charac- portrayal of his experiences coming of age in the 1960s ters and situations the author encountered in the in a faraway land provide many insights into the wonder Philippines, Pakistan, Latin America and Bangladesh dur- of a child’s world, into both Christianity and Islam, and ing a long career in USAID and, before that, as a Peace into the broader cultural ethos of Pakistan as well. Corps Volunteer. “Splendid reminiscences. … His memories project a Regular readers of the FSJ will recognize several of deeply moving warmth and kindness,” says Library the pieces, as five were first published here. One Journal. appeared in AFSA’s recent Inside a U.S. Embassy, and A Foreign Service officer for nearly two decades, the remaining three were published in literary journals. Addleton has served in Pakistan, Yemen, Jordan, South Kilgour retired from USAID after serving 19 years Africa and Kazakhstan. His “Reflections on the Church in six developing countries and 10 years in Washington. Attack in Islamabad” appeared in the Foreign Service She taught part-time at Georgetown University and the Journal last November. University of Florida, consulted and then took up cre-

24 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 F OCUS

ative writing. She lives in Gainesville, Fla. Living Abroad with Uncle Sam Order the book directly from the author at 4442 SW Helen Weinland, 1st Books, 2003, $13.95, paperback, 85th Way, Gainesville FL 32608. 288 pages. This is a memoir of Helen Weinland’s 20 years’ ser- Serving America Abroad: Real-Life Adventures of vice as a “grunt” in the foreign policy trenches. As a American Diplomatic Families Overseas mid-level officer alternating between European and Edited by Irwin Rubenstein, Xlibris Books, 2003, African posts, Weinland was fortunate to be on the $20.00, paperback, 335 pages. scene at interesting times. She was in Prague, for This is a collection of more than 100 stories written instance, at the time Czech authorities relaxed slightly by members of the Foreign Service Retirees Association on contacts between dissidents and foreign diplomats, of Florida. They worked as secretaries, attachés, tech- allowing her to host Charter 77 leaders like Vaclav nicians, consuls, ministers, ambassadors and more, with Havel at her video evenings. their spouses and families in embassies and consulates But this is not merely a book about public in more than 150 countries. These are true stories of figures and events. It is about the texture of life for a par- their varied and always interesting lives. ticular American Foreign Service officer who was female From disparate groups of retirees and their spouses and single. She talks about constant household moves, who gathered informally for food and camaraderie in medical care and security, and has definite opinions about various parts of Florida in the 1960s, the FSRA was visitors to post and the way the State Department treats its established as an organization in 1982. Now it is a employees. cohesive, 800-member institution that works to edu- A graduate of Mount Holyoke College, Weinland cate Americans on foreign policy matters. was a history professor before joining the Foreign

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Service in 1974. She served in Zurich, Lagos, Prague, Kigali, Berlin, Kaduna and Washington. The book can Inside a U.S. Embassy: be ordered from http://www.1stbooks.com. How the Foreign Service Works for America NOVELS Edited by Shawn Dorman, American Foreign Service The Sword and the Association, 2003, $12.95, Chrysanthemum: Journey of the paperback, 135 pages. Heart This is a unique and timely Susan Scharfman, 1st Books Library, book. It is the most informative 2003, $12.50/paperback, $4.95/ account of the practice of American diplomacy, the only e-book, 298 pages. one to combine detailed job descriptions of the work In 17th-century Japan, a Eur- done at embassies around the world by diplomats and asian poet-fisherman of mixed- specialists of the Foreign Service with a personal look blood parentage, Arashi, and a wily into their lives. shogun’s unconventional daughter, Michiko, are two The book contains profiles of 23 positions in a typi- unlikely lovers in a world defined by class, blood and steel. cal embassy and the individuals who hold them in Their tightly interwoven destinies span two continents embassies around the world, “day-in-the-life” journals and a life-altering inner journey in an epic story told with from embassy staff around the world, and “Tales from passion and rich detail. In the end, Michiko must choose the Field.” Photos and maps accompany the text. between the two men she adores — her father Editor Shawn Dorman drew on her own Foreign Masakado, at whose side she learned court politics and Service experience to make this a real-life, no-non- foreign affairs, and her lover. And Arashi must con- sense, true “insider” book. A Foreign Service political front a martial tradition the shogun cannot dishonor. This is retired Foreign Service officer Susan officer from 1993 until 2000, when she resigned and Scharfman’s first work of fiction. She worked for CBS joined the staff of the Foreign Service Journal, Dorman Television News before joining the State Department, served in Bishkek, Jakarta and the State Department where she was assigned to The Hague, Brussels and Operations Center in Washington, D.C. Before joining Tokyo, and to USAID missions in Nairobi, Addis Ababa, the Foreign Service, she worked for the State Saigon and Rabat. Currently living in New Jersey, Department in Moscow and St. Petersburg, and also Scharfman is a free-lance writer. taught English in Northeastern China. She has a B.A. from Cornell and an M.A. from Georgetown. Diplomatic Affairs Robert G. Morris, Denlinger’s Publishers, Ltd., 2002, $6.95/ spicy and sometimes down and dirty twists and turns of e-book, $9.50/PC disk, $19.50/ their efforts. In the end, they are successful with Mexico, paperback, 275 pages. Cuba and the Soviet Union, but fail to get their own In retired FSO Robert Morris’ country to sign on to a treaty of cooperation. Though it third novel, diplomats posted in has all the intrigue of a spy thriller, the story is about ordi- the fictional South American nary Foreign Service folk — appointees, officers and spe- nation of Colonia — the U.S. cialists — and gives a straightforward look into their ambassador, the DCM and the science attaché, a world. “Johnny-come-lately” to the Service — are called to Morris has a Ph.D. degree in physics and joined the Washington to promote peaceful uses of nuclear energy Foreign Service after working as a scientist. He has through the new Institute for Hemispheric served in Washington, France, Germany, Argentina Cooperation. and Spain, and is the author of a recent monograph The story proceeds through all the nitty-gritty, often Science and Technology in United States Foreign

26 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 F OCUS

Affairs. For more information and to order the book to Beijing unravels the mystery of her parents’ murder. go to http://www.thebookden.com. The story of its writing is as compelling as the book itself. FSO Jean Szymanski was serving as first secre- Hard Sleeper: A Novel of Old and New China tary in the political section at Embassy Beijing in 1994 Jennifer Scheel Bushman and Jean Artley Szymanski, when she was diagnosed with an aggressive form of Lost Coast Press, 2003, $24.95, hardcover, 253 pages. breast cancer. Szymanski and her daughter Jennifer “A spellbinding tale weaving the power of an Scheel Bushman, who both nurtured a passion for trav- indomitable woman through some of the most tumul- el, reading and writing, decided to share their last tuous times in 20th century China … it is one of those months together writing. Hard Sleeper is the first of rare books that you simply hate to finish.” That is what the two manuscripts they completed. former U.S. Ambassador to China J. Stapleton Roy says Jean Szymanski died in 1998, and Jennifer, with the about this novel that tells the story of Jane McPherson, help of her stepfather former FSO Christopher the daughter of an American missionary couple whose Szymanski, pushed the book through to publication as parents are brutally murdered in 1936. Jane and her a tribute to her mother’s courageous fight for life. brother are sent to live with lifelong family friends in Shanghai, where Jane confronts long-buried family The Trap: An International Thriller secrets, unfulfilled romance and, finally, expulsion from Fritz Galt, Sigma Books, 2003, $10.95, paperback, 212 her beloved country. Now elderly, Jane has returned to pages. China to reunite with the daughter she hasn’t seen in A fast-paced thriller that hops from Central Asia to the more than 60 years, and during a cross-country train ride Middle East to Europe and the U.S., this new novel by

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FS family member Fritz Galt has a direct tie-in to our HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY national war on terrorism. American agents must track down nuclear terrorists and defuse their bomb. But is Securing American Independence: our national security apparatus up to the task? One man, John Jay and the French Alliance Army commando George Ferrar, is hot on the conspira- Frank W. Brecher, Praeger Publishers, 2003, $69.95, tors’ trail, but the Pentagon, CIA, FBI and the woman he hardcover, 327 pages. loves all believe that he is a terrorist! The author takes Retired FSO Frank Brecher explores the controver- advantage of his unique perspective — seeing life from sial diplomacy by which the United States separately within the government, observing the impact of brought to a de facto close its War of Independence American policies abroad and knowing the international against the British, leaving its main ally, France, in locations in detail and first-hand — to craft an adventure the lurch. He focuses on the two principal, ostensibly story that is both timely and terrifying. allied peace negotiators, the young New York attorney Galt, who began writing novels at age 15, has lived John Jay and the middle-aged French diplomat Count much of his life abroad. As the spouse of a career FSO, de Vergennes. The lessons they learned as a result of he has accompanied his wife and their two children to the crucible through which they had to pass before postings in Yugoslavia, Taiwan, India and China. their very personal — and historic — encounter in He writes humorous pieces for The Sun, a world- France affected the negotiating strategies they adopted wide newsletter for and about Foreign Service spouses, and the way the war ended. and co-publishes Tales from a Small Planet, a webzine This is the second volume in the author’s trilogy on for people living abroad. This is his fifth spy novel. early Franco-American relations; the first, Losing A

THE REMINGTON

28 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 F OCUS

Continent: France’s North American Policy, 1753- American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan 1763, was published in 1998. Mr. Brecher is complet- (Brookings, 1985, revised 1994), and Reflections on the ing the final volume, Negotiating the Louisiana Cuban Missile Crisis (Brookings, 1987, revised 1989). Purchase: Robert Livingston’s Mission to Paris, 1801- Garthoff penned this memoir to, as he writes in the 1804. preface, “provide the basis for a fuller explication … interesting new sidelights on history, and perhaps also A Journey through the Cold War: insights into broader issues.” Scrupulous reporting and A Memoir of Containment and rigorous analysis make this a fascinating and valuable Coexistence resource on the history of the Cold War. Raymond L. Garthoff, Brookings Garthoff’s intellectually formative years coincided Institution Press, 2001, $25.00, with the earliest days of the Cold War, and during his paperback, 416 pages. 40-year career, he participated in some of the most In this weighty memoir, important policy-making of the 20th century. Following Raymond Garthoff chronicles the pioneering research on Soviet military affairs at the events of the Cold War as he saw Rand Corporation in the late 1950s, and a four-year them from the inside of policy-making circles. He has stint at the CIA, he joined the State Department. There already published several notable books on aspects of he worked on the Cuban missile crisis and the SALT the Cold War, including The Great Transition: talks. He also served as ambassador to Bulgaria from American-Soviet Relations and the end of the Cold War 1977 to 1979. After retiring from the Foreign Service, (Brookings, 1994), Détente and Confrontation: he joined the Brookings Institution.

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Voice of America: A History book is divided into four parts — soldier, statesman, Alan L. Heil Jr., Columbia scholar, and citizen — to focus on the complex parts University Press, 2003, $37.50, that came together to make up this extraordinary man. hardcover, 540 pages. Ridgeway commanded the 82nd Airborne Division in The first comprehensive histo- the invasion in Europe, succeeded MacArthur in ry of the Voice of America since Korea, was the U.S. delegate to the U.N., served as the mid-1980s, this book tells the supreme commmander of the Far East, and succeeded inside story of an organization that Eisenhower as supreme commander in Europe, and is known to millions around the was counselor to four presidents. world but is familiar to only a handful of Americans. Presently an international consultant and mediator An institution that stands, as former VOA director John and adjunct professor at Point Park College in Chancellor once said, “at the crossroads of journalism Pittsburgh, Pa., career FSO George Mitchell had the and diplomacy,” VOA is the nation’s largest publicly opportunity to work with General Ridgway while funded broadcasting network. It reaches more than 90 directing the World Affairs Council of Pittsburgh and million people in over 50 languages through radio, the serving as president of the National Council of World Internet and some 1.500 affiliated radio and television Affairs Organizations. Their friendship grew, and with stations around the globe. it Ridgway’s trust in Mitchell to write his biography, a This account of VOA’s history opens with a glimpse privilege he had denied several others. of how VOA covered the dramatic developments in China during the spring of 1989, and then steps back Pen of Fire: John Moncure Daniel for a chronological look from the agency’s beginning. Peter Bridges, Kent State With transcripts of radio broadcasts and personal anec- University Press, 2002, $28.00, dotes, the author shows readers many of the greatest hardcover, 284 pages. events of the past 60 years. The book is fascinating and During his short and stormy highly readable. life, John Moncure Daniel served Alan L. Heil Jr. worked for VOA from 1962 until he as a U.S. diplomat, journalist and retired in 1998, holding various positions including Confederate officer. Strongly pro- foreign correspondent, chief of news and current slavery, fiercely loyal to the affairs and deputy director of programs. Confederacy, and an outspoken opponent of Jefferson Davis, Daniel made many enemies and fought at least Matthew B. Ridgway: Soldier, nine duels. This is the first full-length biography of the Statesman, Scholar, Citizen outspoken editor of the Richmond Examiner, who died George C. Mitchell, Stackpole in Richmond in March 1865, at age 39, days before Books, 2002, $15.95, paperback, Union troops took the city. 231 pages. Author Peter Bridges entered the Foreign Service “Never one to trumpet his own in 1957 and served in Panama, Moscow, Prague, accomplishments, and often work- Rome, Mogadishu and Washington. He was ambas- ing in the shadow of great gener- sador to Somalia from 1984 to 1986. Since retirement als such as Patton, MacArthur, he has served as executive director of the Una Eisen-hower, and Marshall, Ridgway was content to Chapman Cox Foundation, manager for international make a difference and let his deeds do the talking. As affairs of Shell Oil Company and the resident repre- a result little has been written about this man and his sentative of the European Bank for Reconstruction & achievements,” states George Mitchell in the foreword Development in Prague. He has published numerous to his biography of one of America’s great leaders. articles, including several in the FSJ, and one previous Mitchell’s carefully written account sets forth book, Safirka: An American Envoy (2000). Ridgway’s accomplishments, setbacks and contribu- Pen of Fire has been nominated for the American tions to his family, the U.S., and the world at large. The Academy of Diplomacy’s 2003 Book Award.

30 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 F OCUS

Ellsworth Bunker: Global a tension between a traditional “old” style and a more Troubleshooter, Vietnam Hawk predatory “new” style. The book’s conclusion lays out Howard B. Schaffer, University of basic strategies and tactical pointers, and explains how North Carolina Press, 2003, to avoid mistakes. $34.95, hardcover, 365 pages. A retired FSO, Smyser writes and lectures on This is the first biography of German and European politics, diplomacy and Ellsworth Bunker (1894-1984), one economics. He teaches at Georgetown University and of America’s foremost post-World is a consultant to American and European business War II diplomats, and an important firms and foundations. Smyser was involved in laying addition to recent American history. A successful the groundwork for the opening to China in 1971, and business executive and lobbyist before his career in became assistant secretary of State for refugee pro- international affairs, Ellsworth Bunker served seven U.S. grams in 1980. He then joined the U.N. as assistant presidents as ambassador to Argentina, Italy, India, secretary-general and as deputy U.N. high commis- Nepal and Vietnam, and on special negotiating missions. sioner for refugees. He is the author of From Yalta to A well-known “hawk” on Vietnam, he helped shape U.S. Berlin: The Cold War Struggle over Germany (2000) policy there, and subsequently helped reshape U.S. and The German Economy: Colossus at the Crossroads policy on the Panama Canal. (1993). Howard B. Schaffer is director of studies at the Institute for the Study of Diplomacy at Georgetown Cultural Exchange and the Cold University. The book is part of the ADST-DACOR War: Raising the Iron Curtain Diplomats and Diplomacy Series. (See article on p. 37 Yale Richmond, Penn State for excerpts from the book.) University Press, 2003, $35.00, hardcover, 249 pages. POLICY STUDIES AND ISSUES Here is proof positive that engagement, not isolation, is the How Germans Negotiate: Logical best policy to pursue when we dis- Goals, Practical Solutions agree with countries. This new W. R. Smyser, United States book on U.S.-Soviet relations during the Cold War Institute of Peace Press, 2003, examines the impact of the exchange programs that $17.50, paperback, 246 pages. brought some 50,000 Soviets to America and an even Drawing on interviews with larger number of Americans to the Soviet Union European and American negotia- between 1958 and 1988. Based on interviews with tors and his own considerable Russian and American participants and the personal experience, W.R. Smyser offers experiences of the author and other program adminis- diplomats and businesspeople an incisive portrait of trators, the book shows how these programs raised the their German counterparts that is especially relevant in Iron Curtain and fostered changes that prepared the this period of rocky transatlantic relations. How way for Gorbachev’s glasnost, perestroika and the end Germans Negotiate begins with an exploration of the of the Cold War. roots of contemporary German negotiating behavior Yale Richmond, now retired, spent more than 40 years and goes on to identify the stages through which nego- in government service and foundation work, including 30 tiations typically pass, using examples from the past 50 years as a Foreign Service officer in Germany, Laos, years. Poland, Austria, the Soviet Union and Washington, D.C. A separate chapter focuses on business and His previous books include From Nyet to Da: economic negotiations, which can be quite different Understanding the Russians (Penn State Press, 3rd edi- from diplomatic encounters. In reviewing a number of tion, 2002) and From Da to Yes: Understanding the East recent cases, including discussions on global monetary Europeans (Penn State Press, 1995). policy and the Daimler-Chrysler talks, Smyser discerns

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“How Tos” for the FS Lifestyle

A Portable Identity: A Woman’s A Moveable Marriage: Relocate Your Guide to Maintaining a Sense of Relationship without Breaking It Self While Moving Overseas Robin Pascoe, Expatriate Press Debra R. Bryson, MSW, and Limited, 2003, $16.95, paperback, Charise M. Hoge, MSW, A Park 206 pages. Publication, 2003, $24.95, “This is the first book I’ve read that paperback, 250 pages. really gets to the nitty-gritty of the This book by two professional marital challenges associated with social workers, who met as expatriate wives working as supporting a husband’s moveable career,” writes one relo- counselors at the Community Services of Bangkok in cated wife about A Moveable Marriage. “Not only does 1991, is a useful contribution to the growing literature on Robin tackle issues most couples and girlfriends wouldn’t cross-cultural adaptation. Written to help women manage dare discuss — like sex, money, resentment, career, chil- the changes in identity that occur during a move overseas, dren, indifference, resignation and even depression — she the book includes exercises and personal stories in a work- talks about them with alarming clarity and common sense.” book-type format. The authors developed “the Wheel,” a An insightful foreword by a wise couples therapist and a list model a woman can use to take charge of change. of helpful books and Web sites are added bonuses. The authors both moved overseas in support of their Pascoe, who accompanied her Foreign Service husband husbands’ careers — Bryson’s husband Brad is a former to posts in Asia is now based in Canada. Her popular Web State Department employee, and Hoge’s husband Charles site, ExpatExpert.com, provides information, opinion, and is a research physician for the U.S. Army. humor for families on the move.

Also of Interest:

Parenting Abroad Daughters of Britannia: The Life Pocket Partner Ngaire Jehle-Caitcheon, Aletheia and Times of Diplomatic Wives Compiled by Dennis H. Evers, Publications, Inc., 2003, $19.95, Katie Hickman, Perennial, 2002, Mary E. Miller, and Thomas J. paperback, 258 pages. $14.95, paperback, 368 pages. Glover, Sequoia Publishing, Inc., Raising children is a daunting yet This is a “delightful book,” 3rd edition 2003, $9.95, exhilarating challenge anywhere. according to Publishers Weekly. Its paperback, 672 pages. This book by a veteran expatriate Anglocentric subject should not pre- This handbook has been brought mother is a practical guide to the vent it from reaching its full audi- out in a new edition to meet the unique issues that may arise when ence, for it is an entertaining social needs of diplomats and others who families embark on a mobile lifestyle, history of the female side of diplo- may be targets of terrorist activity. A and, in the words of Foreign Service matic life in the British Foreign chapter titled “Terrorism and Youth Foundation reviewer Kay Service from the 17th through the Countermeasures” is one of the Branaman Eakin, is “a welcome con- 20th centuries. The author, herself many new features. Despite its U.S. tribution to the existing literature, the daughter of a diplomat, closely orientation — time zones, for exam- focusing on the concept of a ‘mobile observed her mother’s 28 years on ple, are given only for North America family experience’ and the universali- the road and also draws on pub- — this little book contains a wealth ty of such a concept.” lished memoirs, letters, diaries, of vital information. Originally from New Zealand, interviews and personal reminis- The book can be ordered online Jehle-Caitcheon has lived abroad for cences. at www.thepocketpartner.com. 26 years.

32 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 F OCUS

The Nation-States: Concert or ment agencies play in conflict-prone situations. The Chaos first part of the book, an investigation of the problem of Richard Lee Hough, University conflict, its different forms and the different approach- Press of America, 2003, $25.00, es to it, centers on nine case studies — four where con- paperback, 154 pages. flicts were fought and five where conflicts were avoid- This book is a thoughtful and ed — and the role of development aid in each. The well-argued response to the second part considers the practicalities of an agenda for increasingly insistent predictions conflict prevention. of the demise of the nation-state Muscat worked for USAID in Thailand, Brazil and as the fundamental way political power is organized in Kenya. As the agency’s chief economist, he was eco- our world. The author examines what he terms “the nomic adviser to the Thai development planning messy, conflictive realities impinging on the nation- agency and the Malaysian Ministry of Finance, and was state system,” and concludes that the nation-state is planning director for the U.N. Development Program. not in as bad shape as commentators have portrayed He has consulted for U.N. agencies and the World and should be seen as a firm but adaptive nexus in the Bank, and was a visiting scholar at Columbia’s East face of changes that challenge world order. Asian Institute and at the Institute for Conflict Analysis Richard Hough is a retired USAID officer. He was and Resolution at George Mason University. also on the staff of the American Institute for Free Labor Development, where he concentrated on laud Breaking the Real Axis of Evil: reform programs in Central America, and has taught at How to Oust the World’s Last Redlands University, the Fletcher School of Law and Dictators by 2025 Diplomacy, the National War College and Georgetown Ambassador Mark Palmer, University. He has written widely on international Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, affairs and public policy. This book grew out of a Inc., 2003, $27.95, hardcover, course the author taught at Georgetown University. 348 pages. Ambassador Mark Palmer ap- Investing In Peace: plauded President George W. How Development Aid Can Prevent Bush’s identification of the “axis of evil” in 2002, but or Promote Conflict believed it “fell woefully short of describing fully what Robert J. Muscat, M. E. Sharpe, is in fact a vast arc of tyranny, where a few dozen men Inc., 2002, $23.95, paperback, 256 hold a third of the planet’s population under their pages. thumbs.” Now Saddam Hussein is gone, but there are The problem of failed states 44 dictators left. This book, which the author describes and internal conflict in developing as “the first attempt by an experienced diplomat to put nations was pushed to the fore- democracy at the center of foreign policy,” is a rallying front by the horror of Rwanda and the breakup of cry and something of a road map to oust them all and Yugoslavia in the past decade, and is now before us as establish a world of democracies, “mostly without the a challenge to nationbuilding efforts in Iraq and use of violence,” by 2025. Afghanistan. Is there anything international actors can During a 26-year career in the Foreign Service, do to prevent or ameliorate internal conflict and failed Palmer was posted to the Soviet Union and states? Are conflict-prevention measures already being Yugoslavia, served as ambassador to Hungary, and attempted, and in some cases succeeding so well that held policy positions during the Nixon, Ford, Carter, we are unaware of them? If so, what can we learn from Reagan and first Bush administrations. Upon retire- them? ment from the Service in 1990, he was one of the first This book by retired USAID officer Robert J. American investors in eastern Europe following the Muscat attempts to answer these questions by offering fall of communism. He is vice chairman of Freedom a timely and eye-opening study of the role develop- House.

NOVEMBER 2003/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 33 F OCUS

Of Related Interest

The Great North Korea Famine: Famine, Politics and past efforts to build coalitions to deal with crises and con- Foreign Policy flict. The clear secret is that strategic thinking, good plan- Andrew S. Natsios, U.S. Institute of Peace, 2002, ning, and careful preparation spell the difference between $19.95, paperback, 320 pages. success and failure in this increasingly important field of A government-created famine killed approximately international affairs.” three million North Koreans between 1994 and 1999. Andrew Natsios, USAID’s administrator since 2001, was Defiant Diplomacy: Henrik Kauffmann, Denmark, and vice president of World Vision U.S. at the time, and worked the United States in World War II and the Cold War, to organize an international response to the crisis in the 1939-1958 face of Pyongyang’s largely successful efforts to cover up Bo Lidegaard (translated by W. Glyn Jones), Peter the full extent of the crisis. Natsios has drawn on a wide Lang USA (New York) and Peter Lang AG (Bern), range of sources, including interviews with North Korean Modern European History Series and ADST- refugees, to write this gripping account of the politics of DACOR Diplomats and Diplomacy Series, 2003, humanitarian aid. $78.95 (library edition), $68.00 (ADST and DACOR members’ price), hardcover, 392 pages. Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the This book, the 18th volume in the ADST-DACOR New World Order Diplomats and Diplomacy Series, depicts the extraordi- Robert Kagan, Alfred A. Knopf, 2003, $18.00, hard- nary life of diplomat Henrik de Kauffmann (1888-1963), a cover, 103 pages. major figure in Danish-American relations during World This is a book-length elaboration of an essay Robert War II and the first decades of the Cold War as Denmark’s Kagan — who served in the State Department from 1984 to envoy to Washington. Kauffmann experienced 1988, and is now senior associate at the Carnegie Mussolini’s 1922 march on Rome, Chiang Kai-shek’s Endowment for International Peace — originally wrote in seizure of power in China in the late 1920s, Norway’s 2002 for Policy Review. Reviewing it in the July-August preparation for war in the 1930s, and, from Washington, 2003 FSJ, Paulo Almeida noted that Kagan views the U.S. as Denmark’s occupation by Germany in 1940, its liberation being from Mars, responding to threats with military force, in 1945, and its reluctant engagement in the Cold War. while Europe is from Venus, responding “through engage- The Danish original appeared in 1996, garnering rave ment and seduction, through commercial and political ties, reviews and a sold-out first printing on the day of publi- through forbearance and patience.” Despite Kagan’s tenden- cation, with four new printings issued within one month. cy to be simplistic in his analysis, Almeida calls Of Paradise It headed the Danish best-seller list for 18 weeks and later and Power a thoughtful, sometimes witty, description of why appeared in paperback. Europeans react the way they do to their American allies. La guerre d’Algerie vue par Francis De Tarr, diplomate Coalitions – Building and Maintenance: The Gulf War, americain [The War in Algeria as seen by Francis de Kosovo, Afghanistan, War on Terrorism Tarr, an American diplomat] (1960, 1961-1962) Andrew J. Pierre, Institute for the Study of David Raphael Zivie, L’Harmattan, 2003, 24 euros, Diplomacy, 2002, $10.00, paperback, 112 pages. paperback, 294 pages. Praising this book on the Institute for the Study of While the fact that this book is entirely in French undoubt- Diplomacy’s Web site (http://www.guisd.org, where you edly limits its audience, it may appeal to readers interested in can also order it), Ambassador Thomas R. Pickering says: issues such as Franco-American relations, decolonization, “This excellent overview of an apt, complex and controver- guerrilla warfare and, most of all, France’s painful disengage- sial subject will tell you what worked and what didn’t in ment from Algeria.

34 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 F OCUS

Europe Unites: The E.U.’s Eastern George Mason University’s Learning in Retirement Enlargement Institute. He is the author of Profiles in American Peter A. Poole, Praeger Foreign Policy (1981) and Eight Presidents and Publishers, 2003, $24.95, Indochina (1988). paperback, 232 pages. The European Union’s eastern Emile Durkheim: L’Évaluation en enlargement has coincided with a comité. Textes et rapports de decade of rapid progress toward souscription au Comité des travaux closer European integration. This historiques et scientifiques, book examines previous E.U. expansions as well as the 1903-1917 current process of incorporating the Eastern European Edited and presented by Jennifer countries against the backdrop of efforts to reform Mergy and Stéphane Baciocchi, agricultural and regional policy and establish the euro. Durkheim Press, 2003, $26.95, It also assesses the impact of enlargement on immigra- paperback, 207 pages. tion, justice and home affairs and Europe’s security and This French-language work is a collection of previ- defense policy. ously unpublished manuscripts by one of France’s fore- Peter A. Poole is a former FSO who served in most sociologists, Emile Durkheim. The texts were Brussels in the 1990s. He was founding director of the discovered in France’s national archives buried in 55 master’s degree program in international studies at Old boxes of mixed, uninventoried, book reports spanning Dominion University, and is currently an instructor at decades and covering a vast array of subjects in the

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social sciences, from the notion of miracles to vagabondism. Durkheim wrote the reviews between Ordering through afsa.org 1903 and 1917 while he was assisting the Ministry of Here’s how it works: Education’s Committee for Historical and Scientific 1. Go to the AFSA Web site, www.afsa.org. Works (Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques) 2. Click on the marketplace tab (second brown tab in reviewing publications for their possible integration from the right). into the national educational system. 3. Click on the “AFSA and Amazon Books” icon A lengthy introduction by Jennifer Mergy and 4. Click on “FS Authors” and then go directly to book Stéphane Baciocchi, who also translated the texts and listings by subject. all handwritten changes and notations and provided 5. Shop away! explanatory notes, explains the intellectual and historical context of the texts and their academic value for Not only is this a thrifty, efficient way to do your holiday scholars of French sociology. The book’s significance is shopping, but AFSA receives a 5-percent commission in expanding the collection of works by Emile from Amazon on every item (books, CDs, toys, etc.) Durkheim and revealing many arguments and positions ordered in this manner. Books selected from the AFSA unheard of in his previous works. bookstore (located at the Web site) generate an even high- The book stems from Jennifer Mergy’s doctoral dis- er commission payment. And ordering through AFSA sertation research; after receiving her Ph.D. degree in doesn’t cost you a cent. So bookmark the AFSA site, use Paris, she joined the Foreign Service in 2002, and is now the link and help your association — and yourself! on her first tour as GSO in Djibouti. ■

Executive

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36 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 ELLSWORTH BUNKER: GLOBAL TROUBLESHOOTER, VIETNAM HAWK

MOST OFTEN REMEMBERED AS HAVING BEEN A “HAWK” IN WARTIME SAIGON, AMBASSADOR ELLSWORTH BUNKER MADE MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO AMERICAN DIPLOMACY FOR NEARLY 30 YEARS.

BY HOWARD B. SCHAFFER

hen Ellsworth Bunker accept- Following his retirement, he became board chairman of ed the invitation of his old Georgetown University’s Institute for the Study of Yale rowing coach and friend Diplomacy, where he passed on his experiences and insights Secretary of State Dean to younger generations. Acheson to leave a successful Acheson rightly called Bunker a “rara avis,” a natural pro- career in the sugar business fessional in diplomacy, while Dean Rusk said that he con- and take on the difficult assign- sidered himself blessed to have Bunker’s services. Both of Wment of ambassador to Juan Perón’s Argentina in 1951, nei- these Secretaries of State joined many others in the foreign ther man anticipated that the appointment would lead to policy world — not least seven presidents, from Harry Bunker’s becoming one of the out- Truman to Jimmy Carter — in standing American diplomats of prizing him as an accomplished the Cold War decades. Secretaries of State Acheson diplomatic craftsman, perhaps the Already in his late fifties, most skillful of his time. He won Bunker initially viewed the and Rusk are among many similar respect from foreign lead- Buenos Aires embassy as a brief ers as different from one another stop on the way to a quiet, retired in the foreign policy world as Prime Minister Jawaharlal life, not as the start of a full- Nehru of India and President fledged, highly distinguished sec- who have praised Bunker Sukarno of Indonesia. Foreign ond career in public service. But policy practitioners and observers before he finally left the diplomat- as an accomplished alike hailed him as an icon of ic front lines in 1979 at the age of American diplomacy. 85, he went on to become ambas- diplomatic craftsman. The prominence of Bunker’s sador to Argentina, Italy, India, role as a “hawk” in wartime Saigon Nepal and, most famously, South and the controversies that still sur- Vietnam. As special diplomatic negotiator and trou- round it should not obscure the major contributions he bleshooter, he helped resolve major challenges to U.S inter- made to the successful practice of American diplomacy. ests in such far-flung places as Indonesia, Yemen, Panama Many of his accomplishments in promoting U.S. interests in and the Dominican Republic. When no diplomatic areas of continuing significance to our national security appointments were available, he served as the first full-time, remain relevant now, almost a quarter-century after he salaried president of the American Red Cross. His years in retired from public life. diplomacy and public life climaxed with the complex nego- In his assignments as ambassador and special negotiator, tiations and arduous domestic political effort that resulted in Bunker dealt with problems on four continents. the signing and ratification of controversial treaties govern- Some of them seemed far removed from America’s ing the operation and security of the Panama Canal. confrontation with the major communist powers, the focus

NOVEMBER 2003/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 37 of much of postwar U.S. foreign pol- he led a huge mission whose activi- MARKETPLACE icy. But virtually all of these problems ties went well beyond those of other Web access to major advertisers. could have seriously jeopardized U.S. overseas posts and were arguably Go to www.afsa.org American interests in regions impor- unprecedented in scope and magni- Click on Marketplace tab tant to the United States had they not tude in American diplomatic history. on the marquee been resolved or effectively Bunker brought to his assign- AFSPA managed. His assignments as ambas- ments the classic skills and qualities www.afspa.org sador to Vietnam and chief negotiator that are vital to diplomatic success – Bukkehave on the Panama Canal treaties integrity, creativity, realism, preci- www.bukkehave.com involved controversial issues at the sion, and an ability to step into the Charles Smith Corp. Living heart of both America’s relations with shoes of his negotiating partners and www.smithliving.com the world and its domestic understand their priorities. He had politics. seemingly infinite patience, an innate Clements International www.clements.com Bunker played three broadly courtesy, and a talent for convincing defined roles during his 25 years as a foreign leaders and officials that he Diplomatic Auto Sales www.diplosales.com diplomat. First, in his troubleshoot- was genuinely interested in helping ing role he acted as a third-party them reach settlements that would Executive Club Suites mediator between hostile govern- satisfy their needs as well as his www.execlubdc.com ments or civil war factions and as a own. His impressive physical appear- Feed The Children negotiator representing the United ance and his gentlemanly, seemingly www.feedthechildren.org States in bilateral disputes. Second, aristocratic manner contributed to Intelsat he headed three U.S. embassies that his effectiveness. www.intelsat.com carried out essentially conventional diplomatic operations. His responsi- Harry Jannette International The Troubleshooter www.jannetteintl.com bilities in Vietnam fell into a third Bunker’s most important contri- category. For six critical years there, butions to U.S. diplomacy came in Hirshorn Company, The www.hirshorn.com Ambassador Howard Schaffer is a retired Foreign Service officer who spent Lauder Institute www.lauder.wharton.upenn.edu much of his 36-year career dealing with U.S. relations with South Asia. In addition to postings to Seoul and Kuala Lumpur, he served as political coun- Laughlin Management selor in Pakistan (1974-1977) and India (1977-1979), as well as ambassador to www.century21laughlin.com Bangladesh (1984-1987). In Washington, his assignments included a tour as Long & Foster director of the Office of Indian, Nepalese, and Sri Lankan Affairs, and two www.simunek.com stints as deputy assistant secretary of State for South Asian affairs. Oakwood After retiring from the Foreign Service in 1991, Amb. Schaffer resided in www.oakwood.com Colombo with his wife, the U.S. ambassador to Sri Lanka, until 1995, when they returned to Washington. Shortly thereafter, he became Director of Studies Prudential Carruthers www.foreignservicehomes.com at Georgetown University’s Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, a position he still holds. He has also taught classes in South Asian studies at Georgetown, as Remington www.remington-dc.com well as courses dealing with diplomatic practice and key global issues. This article is excerpted from his new book, Ellsworth Bunker: Global SDFCU Troubleshooter, Vietnam Hawk ($34.95, hardcover, 416 pages), copyright © www.sdfcu.org 2003 by the University of North Carolina Press. Used by permission of the State Plaza publisher, www.uncpress.unc.edu. This book is part of the ADST-DACOR www.stateplaza.com Diplomats and Diplomacy Series, co-sponsored by the Association for WJD Management Diplomatic Studies and Training in Arlington, Va., and Diplomatic & Consular www.wjdpm.com Officers, Retired, Inc., of Washington, D.C. Contact [email protected] for more information. For more information Amb. Schaffer is also the author of Chester Bowles: New Dealer in the Cold about advertisers in the War, published in 1993 by the Harvard University Press as an Institute for the Journal go to: Study of Diplomacy book. (It was issued in an Indian edition by Prentice-Hall www.afsa.org/marketplace the following year.)

38 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 principles a good negotiator should follow. These largely conformed to Bunker initially viewed the maxims set out by classic commentators on Western diplomatic the Buenos Aires practice as updated to take account of 20th-century political changes. embassy as a brief stop Although Bunker held that every negotiation is different, several com- on the way to a quiet, mon techniques stand out in his third-party and bilateral efforts. The retired life, not as the most distinctive hallmark of a Bunker-led negotiation was his tactic start of a full-fledged, of creating an informal atmosphere in which the contending parties highly distinguished could develop easier personal relations, preferably in a pleasant and second career in secluded setting. Another was his practice of putting forward early in public service. the negotiating process a set of draft proposals that became the terms of reference for the bargaining that followed. The teams he set up to assist him were somewhat unusual in American diplomacy. They were his troubleshooter/special negotiator almost always small so that they roles. He achieved his greatest could move swiftly and decisively to success in resolving the 1965-66 develop fresh approaches before crisis in the Dominican Republic others could second-guess them. after other envoys of the United Despite the importance top States and the Organization of officials in Washington attached to American States had failed. The the issues Bunker dealt with, he settlement he worked out rescued enjoyed a remarkable degree of the Johnson administration from a independence in developing tactics major foreign policy embarrassment and strategy in his negotiations. The that was damaging U.S. interests confidence of the White House was throughout the hemisphere. It also a great boon to him, helping to produced changes in the Caribbean restrain the bureaucracy from its republic that proved of lasting bene- normal penchant to micro-manage fit to the Dominican people. Few negotiations. Only in the Panama American statesmen other than Canal negotiations did he become Bunker had the originality and sensi- more involved in bureaucratic tivity required to fashion the terms of infighting. But given the stakes, the a settlement that the contentious large number of powerful actors Dominican rivals would accept. And involved, and the sharp differences almost none enjoyed a standing at the of view on this highly emotional White House sufficient to tackle the national issue, that was inevitable. problem largely free of the outside He proved himself adept both in interference that could otherwise dealing with the bureaucracy and have impaired the negotiating process. then, in a new role in his diplomatic Bunker lucidly spelled out and, in experience, in selling the treaties he the Dominican Republic and else- had negotiated to Congress and the where, personally practiced the American people.

NOVEMBER 2003/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 39 A Modern Ambassador afflicted many ambassadors in those In Argentina, Italy and India, Cold War days, and still does. But Bunker played the role of a modern Bunker brought to his Bunker kept such special pleading American ambassador far more in within limits, and it did not under- the manner of a seasoned career assignments integrity, mine his credibility in Washington. professional than a talented amateur. He displayed no special concern He saw his job, correctly, as an exer- creativity, realism, about domestic political issues in the cise in state-to-state relations, not as countries in which he served except an opportunity to promote his own precision, and an ability as they demonstrably affected U.S. ideas or a popularity contest. This interests, especially in the economic meant interpreting for Washington to step into the shoes of development sphere. In Italy and the motives and concerns of his host India, he shared Washington’s government, especially as these his negotiating partners satisfaction with the existing political policies affected U.S. interests. dispensation and made only margin- Equally important, it meant promot- and understand their al efforts to tinker with it. But this ing and explaining U.S. global, diffidence did not rule out clandes- regional, and bilateral policies in priorities. tine efforts to thwart local commu- ways that made them acceptable or nist parties. He unapologetically at least plausible to his hosts. He supported such moves as other carried out both these functions American diplomats did in the Cold effectively, drawing on his skill erable success to reach out to differ- War. in developing strong professional ent sections of society. He had no relations with the local leadership. interest in “going native.” His char- A Hawk in Vietnam In his sober, elegant way, Bunker acter and his deep roots in American Bunker’s role in Saigon differed made friends for America. He trav- life helped make him an excellent sharply from the ones he played in eled a good deal outside national spokesman for the United States. Buenos Aires, Rome and New Delhi. capitals and got to know something Bunker’s relationship with the It had to. U.S. involvement in Vietnam of his host countries. But his was a Washington bureaucracy was strong was so momentous and comprehen- rather detached and impersonal and mutually supportive. He had sive that the conventional diplomatic style. He did not see himself as a little interest in the gamesmanship business American embassies else- “cultural bridge,” as some other suc- familiar in the corridors of the State where perform was inadequate for cessful ambassadors have, and Department and elsewhere in U.S. purposes. Bunker would have developed only a limited interest in Washington. His effectiveness on shunned the title of American procon- his host countries’ culture, tradi- Capitol Hill dated back to his years as sul or viceroy. But, in effect, that was tions, and history. a spokesman for the sugar industry and what he was in Saigon. Bunker brought his business expe- he was always well regarded there. His policy preferences and rec- rience to the management of his Bunker largely accepted the ommendations on Vietnam policy embassies and also used it to de- objectives and strategy of U.S. policy made Bunker one of the most out- demonize modern capitalism among toward the countries in which he spoken hawks on the war in the top those who considered multinational served. His recommendations to ranks of the U.S. government. His business organizations immoral and Washington were mainly designed advice to Washington often reflected dangerous. He followed a relaxed to advance those policies, not to chal- his view that the war should be management style, giving his lenge them, and he had few original waged more vigorously, especially deputies responsibility for the day-to- proposals to offer on broader issues. through actions designed to choke day operation of his missions and In Italy and India, countries with off the movement of troops and sup- interfering relatively little in the work which the United States enjoyed plies through privileged sanctuaries of individual embassy offices. He friendly relations, his policy recom- in Laos and Cambodia. recognized that public affairs and mendations often included calls for Bunker’s major influence on economic assistance had come to stay greater economic assistance and, in Vietnam policy was most evident in as important mission functions. India as its rift with China deepened, his first year in Saigon. President Although his public style was for provision of military hardware. Johnson carefully read his special rather formal, he tried with consid- This reflected the “clientitis” that weekly messages. As good ambas-

40 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 sadors recognize, carefully crafted he came to Saigon. This helped not to impose those policies on messages supported by convincing make him a strong supporter of them. He repeatedly tried, with lim- evidence play a powerful role in Vietnamization, which he believed ited success, to convince Washington establishing the policy environment could successfully transfer the to be more forthcoming with Saigon in which decisions are made. By defense of South Vietnam from in disclosing what it was trying to significantly shaping the way top American to local forces. He enthu- accomplish in the negotiations with Washington policy-makers assessed siastically welcomed President the North. Thieu and others in his Vietnam, Bunker’s cables and other Nixon’s making the concept central government seemed to recognize sanguine reports sent from Embassy to his administration’s withdrawal and welcome Bunker’s approach, Saigon during his tenure probably strategy. and gave him much respect. But had a greater impact in shaping As the massive U.S. stake in even Bunker’s careful ministrations policy than any specific recommen- Vietnam required, Bunker and his were insufficient to bring Thieu dations on strategy or tactics that he mission involved themselves in all around at crucial points. Some made. The excessive optimism of facets of South Vietnamese political Americans and Vietnamese argue this reporting eventually damaged and economic life in ways that went that had Bunker taken a tougher, less Bunker’s credibility, especially far beyond the more limited accommodating line with the evasive among those who had misgivings approach he had adopted in his and indecisive Vietnamese presi- about U.S. policy. previous ambassadorial assignments. dent, things might have been differ- Bunker always remained a hawk In his dealings with President ent. But this must remain tantaliz- on Vietnam and never regretted Nguyen Van Thieu and other ingly speculative. having taken that position. But he Vietnamese leaders, his guiding quickly recognized that the principle was to persuade the A Diplomatic Craftsman American people would not indefi- Vietnamese to recognize the To the end of his foreign affairs nitely support a conflict of the scale advantages to themselves of policies career, Bunker remained a diplomat- the war had reached in the year the United States recommended, ic craftsman, not a “big thinker” or

NOVEMBER 2003/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 41 foreign policy intellectual. His focus was proud to be an American and was always on resolving or managing never reluctant to say so. immediate issues to meet current As ambassador, Ellsworth Bunker died in 1984 at U.S. foreign policy objectives. He the age of 90. At the end of his days, never sought senior positions in Bunker saw his job Bunker was serenely pleased in his Washington that would have placed quiet way that he had been able to him in a position to frame broad pol- as an exercise in state- serve the United States when it could icy, and turned down President use his talents to carry out its new glob- Kennedy’s offer of one. He accept- to-state relations, not al responsibilities. Although he was ed the conventional Cold War wis- troubled by the erosion in a changing dom of his times. If he had any as an opportunity America of old-time values he cher- philosophical approach to American ished, and upset by the foreign policy, it was a generally to promote his own debacle that had undone his accom- Wilsonian view that included a plishments in Vietnam, he remained strong emphasis on the right of self- ideas or a popularity the contented and self-confident man determination and the improvement he had been for so long. He had ded- of the lot of ordinary people. contest. icated his skills to the diplomat’s trade, In his later years, Bunker came to often in trying circumstances, in keep- typify the old-fashioned American ing with the country’s best patriotic tra- who was ready to shoulder arduous, dition. difficult, sometimes dangerous tasks ers and compatriots alike as an From its beginning, America’s sur- in the country’s service. He never authentic American in the best sense vival has depended on the few who, questioned America’s greatness or of that term. Beneath the cool exte- like Ellsworth Bunker, were prepared the values that he thought had made rior of an adopted New Englander, to set aside their private concerns to it great, and came across to foreign- Bunker was a passionate patriot who serve the nation. ■

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42 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 THE LOST CHILDREN OF GULU

THE U.S. AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL DONORS ARE ASSISTING THE YOUNG UGANDAN VICTIMS OF THE LORD’S RESISTANCE ARMY. BUT MUCH MORE NEEDS TO BE DONE.

BY JEFFREY ASHLEY

n April of this year I and three colleagues voluntarily. Even conservative estimates indicate that over completed a two-day visit to the Gulu region of the past 17 years, Kony’s troops have abducted over 20,000 northern Uganda as part of a short-term children between the ages of 8 and 18. assignment to assess HIV/AIDS programs and While over 75 percent of Kony’s child-soldiers are the impact of the country’s long-running civil boys, girls are also abducted for use either as domestic ser- war. Some of the children I saw in Gulu town, a vants for commanders or as sexual slaves. Many become city of approximately 120,000 inhabitants, wore pregnant and give birth in the bush where antiseptic, tattered clothing speckled with what appeared to be hygienic deliveries are not practiced, while some acquire Iblood. Others wore clothes stained and fouled by memo- sexually transmitted diseases during their enslavement, ries of unspeakable violence, torture, war and trauma. including HIV/AIDS (as do some boys). According to the Many of them displayed countenances of profound loss, March 2003 Human Rights Report for Uganda, over half the grisly end of what was once innocence. Yet some man- the children rescued from the LRA and sent to one of two aged to smile, their faces illuminated by hope, relief and rehabilitation centers for former child soldiers located in sheer joy at finding sanctuary from one of Africa’s most the Gulu district of northern Uganda suffer from one or fanatical movements: the Lord’s Resistance Army, headed more STDs. More disquieting, reports of HIV infection by Ugandan “spiritual leader” Joseph Kony. rates in the two centers, although not systematically Kony and his followers have been waging a war to researched or documented, suggest that approximately 16 overthrow the Ugandan government since 1986. But to 18 percent of those screened, including some as young although the LRA says it only wants the country to be as 13, tested positive for the virus. At least one of those governed according to the tenets of the Ten Command- children has since died of AIDS. ments, its tactics are anything but spiritual. Over 60 As part of their “training,” the recruits are brutalized by percent of the “soldiers” of Kony’s forces are under the age soldiers little older than they, who force them to witness of 16 and, as one would expect, few if any of them enlisted or carry out acts of barbarism. These include the rape, torture and murder of other children, villagers, parents Dr. Jeffrey Ashley is director of regional HIV/AIDS and family members and the pillaging and burning of programs in East and Central Africa for USAID’s whole villages. Even the youngest children are required Regional Economic Development Services Office in to march long distances carrying heavy loads on their Nairobi. A public health scientist specializing in interna- small backs and heads. If they attempt to escape or do not tional health and epidemiology, he has been a USAID perform their duties satisfactorily, they are subject to Foreign Service officer since 1995, serving in Tanzania, bloody beatings, torture and execution. Cambodia and Angola. He has spent the majority of his Not surprisingly, almost all children in the northern professional career in wartorn areas of the world and seen region of Uganda, where the LRA mainly operates, fear too many children around the world like the ones he for their safety. Many of them seek refuge from abduction describes here. The views expressed herein are not neces- in the bus terminal or the Catholic mission hospital in the sarily those of USAID. town of Gulu. As a matter of fact, the night before our

NOVEMBER 2003/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 43 visit to that town, the hospital of these services is to help the the same again or speak clearly or provided safe haven to over 4,500 children to successfully move beyond chew easily. He will undoubtedly people seeking protection in its their incomprehensible experiences suffer pain for the rest of his life. Yet compound. Numbers in the past and reintegrate into their families and in spite of his injuries, his face radiat- have peaked at an estimated 15,000 community structures after one ed beauty as he laughed and smiled in the same compound when security month. Predictably, those who have with me. And eerily, his behavior in the region has been unstable. been most severely emotionally and seemed somehow unscathed by war — physically traumatized and injured almost normal, whatever “normal” is How the U.S. Is Helping will stay longer in the centers for for any of these children anymore. USAID has provided assistance to additional, concentrated support. I also spent some time with these children in the amount of The personal work that these another bunch of young guys who $253,000 over a five-year period young people must undertake to were hanging around the outdoor through the Gulu Support the facilitate the healing process is far kitchen at one of the centers, crack- Children Organization. This assis- from easy. But children by nature ing jokes with them in my passable tance is part of a larger grant of $15.4 are resilient and, with great support Swahili (many of the children do not million to the Community Resilience and nurturing, they can at least learn speak English and only some are and Dialogue program sponsored to cope with the nightmares they capable of speaking Swahili in by USAID/Uganda to assist victims have lived through, sometimes for addition to their local language). of conflict and torture. It does this years on end. One tall, strongly built 16-year-old through psychosocial support, en- boy laughed with me, before telling hanced participatory dialogue, and The Lost Children me about how he had been shot and HIV/AIDS services, as well as through of the World beaten several times during his time capacity-building of local NGOs and Right after a rainstorm, I spent a with the LRA. He showed me the community service organizations. lot of time strolling around the scars from three gunshot wounds he In addition to GUSCO, there are muddied compounds of both centers, sustained in his abdomen and stood many other institutions providing during which I was able to watch proudly and grinned as I looked at support to former child soldiers. For the children as they clustered toget- his stomach and back where the example, the Kitgum Concerned her, talked and played. Some were bullets had entered and exited. He Women’s Association established a laughing, while some were sitting showed me the scars from the panga reception and reintegration center in by themselves. But all clearly mani- and gunshot wounds he suffered to the town of Kitgum in Gulu province fested wounds of war. his legs, a mosaic of ravaged and to build the capacity of its members I hung out mostly with the hardened scar tissue engraved into to best respond to the needs of teenaged boys as the girls seemed skit- his lower extremities. In some ways formerly abducted children and tish around me. (Who could blame the scars these boys carry are their families. Caritas, a Roman Catholic them for being reticent to be around tattoos, their indelible, lifelong charity, manages a reception center men?) The boys joked and laughed reminders of the horrendous experi- which receives adults formerly with me as we talked mostly about ences they all experienced during abducted as children. Caritas provides “guy” things, and I hoped that our their ordeal with the LRA. direct assistance to adult returnees interaction was a helpful respite for If any one victim of the LRA can be and maintains a network of trained their traumatized bodies and souls. said to stand for them all, it might be community-based counselors through- Yet even as we kidded around, it was “Benjamin” (name changed to out the region to guide returnees, impossible not to focus on their physi- protect his privacy), who is 17 years families and communities through cal scars, inflicted by numerous beat- old. When I met him, he was dressed the reintegration process. ings, gunshot wounds and panga in shabby shorts and a stained T-shirt. The work of the two rehabilitation (machete) injuries. I saw their wiz- His legs were noticeably scarred and centers in Gulu — one run by World ened, saddened eyes. One teenager I he had a slight limp as he walked, yet Vision, the other by GUSCO — is talked with had been shot through the he is still a fit, handsome young man. truly heroic. Both facilities provide lower jaw. The entire portion of his He agreed to sit with me in a corner of physical rehabilitation, vocational face below his mouth had been man- one of the buildings in the compound training and psychological support gled and then nailed and stitched back to talk privately with me about his services to help ease these children’s together. His scars are ghastly, his face personal experiences with the LRA. physical and emotional pain. The goal forever marred. He will never look When Benjamin spoke, his voice

44 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 was sad, quiet and halting. His emo- someday and to lead a normal, The LRA must be disbanded and tional affect was flat and he hardly happy life. all children held captive by it smiled, until I asked him to try. The After Benjamin finished telling returned to the security and well- LRA had abducted him from his me his story, I thanked him for his being of their homes to grow and home in the middle of the night courage and told him how proud I thrive in an atmosphere of safety, about six months before, and forced was of him. I told him that I believed comfort and adult protection. These him to perform back-breaking labor. he would be a wonderful role model children should never be subjected After suffering many days of brutali- for children once he became a to additional violence and robbery of ty, he resolved to escape, which teacher and that he is an inspiration childhood, nor should they live in required careful, surreptitious plan- and example of brave survival. I put fear of forever being stigmatized ning. His chance finally came one my arm around his shoulders and we because of their history. Anything night while the other soldiers were sat quietly in that corner for several else would be even more tragic. sleeping. He sneaked out of the minutes. Afterwards I looked at him, It is incumbent on international camp and ran for his life. He ran smiled and winked and called him donors, human rights groups and all night long with shrapnel in his my hero. Then Benjamin mustered activists, and all concerned civilians to feet and lower legs, stumbling, a weak smile and my heart was flood- protest violations of this kind, so that tripping, but continuing toward what ed with joy. Benjamin and the tens of thousands he hoped might be safety. The next I left the rehabilitation center deep of boys and girls like him in northern morning he met someone along the in thought. How many more children Uganda and around the world have a path who directed him to a military will be abducted and forced to suffer at chance to experience a real and nor- outpost and holding center. There the hands of the LRA? How many mal childhood, to grow, to learn, he rested until he was well enough more children, like Benjamin and the thrive and be. This is the very least to be transported to one of the reha- thousands of others, will forever suffer that all children worldwide deserve. bilitation centers in Gulu. the physical and emotional scars inflict- And that is precisely what I wish for Incredibly, despite his ordeal, ed by Joseph Kony? How many will be Benjamin and the thousands like him Benjamin still hopes to be a teacher reabducted into his twisted movement? around the world. Let it be so. ■

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46 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 THE VIEW FROM THE ROND-POINT HARRY TRUMAN

ITWAS JUST ONE OF MANY MURDERS ON AN ORDINARY DAY, BUT THE KILLING OF JEAN-JACQUES DURAND ENCAPSULATES WHAT HAITIANS HAVE LOST.

BY DANIEL F. W HITMAN

n March 18, 2003, a dispute broke out to protect the desperately tiny five-mangos-a-day small somewhere between a car wash and a merchants; they even compound the problem themselves businessman’s residence in the Haitian by lifting a mango or two with impunity from time to time, capital of Port-au-Prince — just 90 with no higher authority to rein them in. Vigilante justice minutes away from Miami by air. has become the only justice available. This sort of thing happens a dozen Marie-Jeanne has served as Virgil to a succession of times a day in Haiti, where nerves Dantes (her bosses), explaining the actions of paid activist Oare frayed from hunger, joblessness, an imploded local crowds marching against foreign interests in the streets currency, and arbitrary killings to make clear where the below, from over the Rond-Point Harry Truman: “Celui-là, lines of authority lie. On this particular occasion, Jean- on va le tuer,” she would say with stoic detachment, “You Jacques Durand took a single bullet in the aorta. see, they are going to kill the one in the white T-shirt.” The attending physician said the shooting was “the Transfixed by such scenes financed by the ruling party, work of a specialist.” In a city small enough for everyone her Haitian colleagues would say, “This is too upsetting, I to know everyone else, the killer, familiar with his quarry, can’t bear to watch.” Their eyes meanwhile stayed fixed dumped the body at the front gate of the deceased’s house on the scene as they gathered by the windows which gave up the hill toward formerly upscale Petionville. Not a the best vantage point for observation. major event in the grand scheme of things in unfortunate In the spring of 2000, they viewed together a homicidal Haiti, but a shattering moment in the life of the 40-some- attack by 800 activists who stoned the headquarters of a tiny thing widow, Marie-Jeanne Durand, and her five children. opposition party, catty-corner from her office over the Marie-Jeanne works at an office overlooking the Rond- Rond-Point, the day after the flawed parliamentary elections Pont Harry Truman, where since 1983 she has viewed the of May 21. A video, anonymously deposited at the office broiling inner city in its feverish mercantile activities and door, showed victim Jean-Michel Holofen of the RCP moments of anguish. From their privileged windows on (Rassemblement des Citoyens Patriotes) Party, seated and the third floor of the building, she and her colleagues have dazed, covered with his own blood, feeling for the back of seen naked thieves pursued by maddened crowds, his head to see if it was still there. The video did not fit into cornered like hunted beasts and kicked to death for the plans or editorial schemes of U.S. television networks; stealing a single mango or sliver of bread. The rage of the perhaps the scene was too grisly even for reality TV. crowds is understandable: the Haitian police not only fail A Lucky Guess Dan Whitman is an FSO at the Board of Examiners in the Each of the employees of Marie-Jeanne’s office has a Human Resources Bureau. He joined USIA in 1985, serv- nickname. Marie-Jeanne’s is “La Clairvoyante,” because she ing in Copenhagen, Madrid and Pretoria. He was public usually sees through the hazy events of the day and under- affairs officer in Port-au-Prince from 1999 to 2001. stands the ramifications and implications of events large and small. She seems able to address with sang-froid every Author’s Note: This is a true story. Only the Durands’ zany situation that arises, as politicians in flight, journalists names are fictional. threatened with extinction, self-styled prophets, street

NOVEMBER 2003/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 47 people make their way to the area. She was shaken only once, the day two of her daughters (8 and 10 years old) were held hostage by a street gang at their private school on Lalue, towards the road up the hill to Delmas. She had to guess that afternoon if it seemed a better risk to try to fetch the girls immediately, or maybe wait the couple of hours it usually took for the street gangs to dis- perse. She was lucky that day; waiting the couple of hours turned out to be the right answer. So Antoinette and Zazie survived that day, but on March 18, 2003, their father Jean-Jacques did not. The assassin, perhaps driven to his ultimately self-mutilating act by hunger, or cocaine, or anxiety, will certainly go to hell if there is a hell. Haiti will proceed — or not — to its ultimate ruin. For Marie-Jeanne Durand, however, the die is cast. It was not easy to reach her after she went into hiding after the calami- ty that devastated her life on March 18: most phone lines in Port-au-Prince do not work anyway, and electricity is inadequate to charge up computers to dip into cyberspace. Well-wishers finally reached the proud Marie-Jeanne three weeks after her husband’s murder, to urge her to accept some form of help in dealing with the challenge of raising and educating five children in a lawless country. Her response came in an April 8 e-mail: “Thanks anyway, but that which we need is lost, and cannot be restored.” ■

48 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 BOOKS

The Neocon Arabia, are financing extremist Islam and terrorism, and their conversion to Prescription The book’s democracy is a vital U.S. interest. Indeed, they argue that Washington The War Over Iraq: Saddam’s consistent should actively promote democratiza- Tyranny and America’s Mission emphasis is on the tion worldwide, in accordance with Lawrence F. Kaplan and William both our ideals and our self-interest. Kristol, Encounter Books, 2003, use of military The emphasis throughout the book $25.95, hardcover, 153 pages. is on the use of military power to power to encourage a world order beneficial to REVIEWED BY RICHARD THOMPSON encourage a world U.S. interests and the spread of democracy in the world; toward that Although the central purpose of order beneficial to end, the authors advocate spending this book, written shortly before the an additional $100 billion a year to war with Iraq, was to encourage and U.S. interests. maintain U.S. military supremacy. justify that intervention, its authors, Conversely, they place little emphasis both prominent neoconservatives, on the importance of diplomacy to contend that their policy prescriptions attract followers. Although they seem apply widely to U.S. foreign affairs. to consider existing American (Lawrence F. Kaplan is a senior editor alliances a valuable asset, they dispar- at The New Republic, while William model for the world and that age the United Nations as an organi- Kristol is the editor of The Weekly American power and ideals should be zation which coddles tyrannies. In Standard and a political analyst for vigorously applied in foreign affairs. fairness, however, the predominant the Fox News Channel.) And for that Specifically, they advocate pre-emp- focus on Iraq probably distorts some- reason, The War Over Iraq: Saddam’s tion when necessary to forestall hos- what the authors’ views on multilater- Tyranny and America’s Mission is tile attacks, promotion of regime alism; they would generally like to must reading for everyone seeking to change for undemocratic nations, and have international and U.N. support understand the ideological underpin- maintenance of U.S. military strength for U.S. policies, but argue strongly nings of Bush administration foreign to remain the sole superpower. that we should act in the case of Iraq policy. The necessity for the U.S. to over- without such support if it cannot be After describing Saddam Hussein’s throw Saddam Hussein and establish obtained. tyranny at home, aggression abroad a democratic government in Baghdad The authors hold that U.S. policy and development of weapons of mass is argued at length, with one estimate toward Iraq will be key to defining the destruction, Kaplan and Kristol out- cited that 75,000 troops would be U.S. role in the world in the 21st cen- line why efforts to deal with him by required to police the war’s aftermath, tury. If this is true, the long-term the first President Bush (“narrow real- at a cost of $16 billion per year. One results of our efforts to establish a ism”) and Clinton (“wishful liberal- can only hope that Kaplan and Kristol democratic Iraq, including regional ism”) failed. They then describe their are on firmer ground in assuring their repercussions, will be an important preferred policy toward Iraq as “a dis- readers that the establishment of the test for the validity of the neoconserv- tinctly American internationalism,” first Arab democracy in Iraq will have ative prescriptions. explicitly based on “American excep- a powerful effect in the Arab world, in A footnote: I had not realized until tionalism.” This is the belief that the Iran and on the Israel–Palestinian reading this book just how strongly “uniqueness and virtue of the conflict. They urge further that the neoconservatives disagree with American political system” offer a repressive regimes, especially Saudi positions taken by Secretary of State

NOVEMBER 2003/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 49 B OOKS

Colin Powell, especially at the time of denounces the alleged dangers of the first Gulf War. This realization depleted uranium ammunition used threw into penetrating relief Newt Despite the book’s many by U.S. forces in 1991 — but is silent Gingrich’s recent blasts at the State on Saddam’s draining of the southern Department: How better to position flaws and prevalent bias, swamps later that year to flush out yourself as a potential candidate to rebellious “Marsh Arabs,” virtually lead an agency than by proposing several essays provide destroying their unique ecological thorough-going reform — along with habitat and their ancient culture. a larger budget? valuable insights into Several essays do provide insights and avoid excessive polemics. Richard Thompson is a retired FSO. Iraqi culture and Professor McGuire Gibson, the dean of archeologists who have dug in Iraq, politics. covers “Ancient Mesopotamia” ably. A Provocative Essays on art, literature and music highlight elements of urban culture Primer that might not survive if a strict Islamic regime comes to power. Iraq: Its History, People, and whose secret police were intimidat- Retired Iraqi diplomat Meer Basri’s Politics ing, is scarcely mentioned. The eulogy for the departed Jews, Shams C. Inati, editor, Humanity United States, however, is indicted American University Professor Books, 2003, $26.00, hardcover, repeatedly for causing hundreds of Edmund Ghareeb’s untangling of the 322 pages. thousands of deaths and immense Kurds’ knotted ties with each other, damage to Iraq’s infrastructure, cul- Baghdad and neighboring states, and REVIEWED BY RICHARD MCKEE tural heritage, and society by pressing Professor Joyce Wiley’s essay on the for the sanctions and for what is por- Shia’ Arab majority and its suppres- An American government official trayed as indiscriminate bombing. sion by Saddam repay close reading. or military officer catching a flight for Washington’s concern about Saddam’s (Inexplicably, there is no essay on the Baghdad to report for duty with the violations of Iraqis’ human rights is once-dominant Sunni Arab minority, U.S. occupation authorities might do dismissed as hypocritical. The true nor on how Saddam and the Ba’ath well to pass up the latest John goal of “the U.S.’s undeclared war on Party gained and consolidated power.) Grisham or Danielle Steele tome in Iraq” — the title of Professor Naseer The contribution by economist Atif favor of this book of essays. Compiled Aruri’s contribution — is simply to Kubursi, whimsically titled “Water in late 2002 by Professor Shams C. gain control of Iraq’s oil. and Oil Never Mix Except in the Inati of Villanova University “to give a The two most egregious essays Middle East,” usefully elucidates the complete picture of Iraq,” and pub- address “the question of the ‘artificial- interplay between the scarcity of the lished in January 2003, their failure to ity’ of Iraq” and “the assault on Iraq’s first resource and the abundance of do so is striking. Nevertheless, read- environment.” Hala Fattah cites the second. ing them would be worthwhile, for selected Iraqis’ memoirs and Iraqi Despite its many flaws and preva- the strident, even defensive Iraqi exiles’ views ventilated in an Amman lent bias, Iraq: Its History, People, nationalism that animates most of the forum to support her and Politics is worth perusing. If authors is shared by many members conclusion that, “However true the nothing else, it will give readers a of the Iraqi elite with whom American idea of Iraq’s fragility may have been sense of just how big a challenge administrators are now dealing. once, it no longer held for the vast American administrators face. ■ In most of these essays, the people majority of Iraqis.” How does she of Iraq seemingly bear no responsibil- know? There are no public opinion A former FSO, Richard McKee is ity whatsoever for the repressive polls. Saddam’s monopolization of executive director of Diplomatic and regimes that have ruled their country power makes it difficult to say Consular Officers, Retired (DACOR) since its creation by the British after whether the Kurds and Shia’ rebelled Inc., and of the DACOR Bacon House World War I. Saddam Hussein, in 1991 to overthrow his regime or to Foundation. He last visited Iraq in whose image was ubiquitous and secede from Iraq. Rania Masri 1995 and 1996.

50 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 APPRECIATION A SOLDIER IN THE CAUSE OF PEACE Sergio Vieira de Mello 1948 – 2003

BY TATIANA C. GFOELLER

Flags flew at half-staff at all 250 Bosnia, Rwanda, the Congo, Kosovo, simist, or even a dour “do-gooder.” U.S. embassies and consulates in 180 and others. Everywhere he strove to Sergio loved life and grabbed it with countries around the world to honor bring humanitarian relief, as well as both hands. He loved good food, good United Nations diplomat Sergio lay the building blocks for the end to wine, good tailoring, and good compa- Vieira de Mello, who was assassinated civilian strife. ny. A friend and U.N. colleague even by a truck bomb along with 22 other His most extraordinary achieve- went so far as to tell me that he was U.N. staffers on Aug. 19 in Baghdad. ment among so many was his most “not boring enough” for the HCRC It is rare for the U.S. to lower its flag recent: East Timor, the wartorn land job; that lifelong human rights activists for foreign officials, but Secretary of that he took control of for the U.N. wouldn’t take him seriously because of State Colin Powell ordered this as a and successfully guided in less than his dashing manner and dazzling smile. tribute to the man he called “a soldier three years to full independence as But any lengthy interaction with Sergio in the cause of peace.” the 21st century’s first new nation. soon convinced them otherwise. One While the U.S. government’s was After so much turmoil, he was need only have seen with what equal the most spectacular, there were delighted to be appointed High respect he treated everyone, from the countless other moving tributes to the Commissioner for Human Rights in lowest-positioned to the highest, 55-year-old Brazilian. At his funeral, a Geneva, where he was looking for- because it came naturally to him. He family friend described him as “one of ward to settling down and where the possessed that inner grace of being those rare people who shine, not to State Department office I directed able to absolutely disagree with people dazzle but to bring light to the dark- worked closely with him. But when without cutting them down personally. ness.” Of his murderers, one of his the U.N. and U.S. went looking for He was that rarest of people who suc- two sons said: “No God can encour- someone acceptable to both to lead ceeded in bringing chivalry and gentle- age and accept such acts, but by the postwar U.N. mission in Iraq, only ness into modern international diplo- killing our father for what he stood one name came to everyone’s lips. macy, in being gallant without being for, they simply made him live on.” And so, reluctantly, but always true to ridiculous. Concluded the officiating priest: his sense of duty and unable to turn “Sergio is in front of us, not behind us. down a dangerous challenge, Sergio Gallant to the End He urges us to continue fighting took a four-month leave of absence And gallant he was to the very end. through on the road to peace.” and moved to Baghdad. Buried alive under the U.N. head- Sergio, as practically everyone There was a “too good to be true” quarters in Baghdad for nearly four called him, was no ordinary U.N. quality about Sergio. At first blush, hours and in excruciating pain, he bureaucrat. As he himself described some thought him superficial, even calmly helped direct the rescue his 34-year career: “My entire life has frivolous. It is true that he was some- efforts over his cell phone, pointing been a field of land mines.” It includ- thing of a paradox. His entire adult out where his colleagues would be, ed the hottest of the world’s hot spots: life was devoted to caring for the most never focusing on himself. His charis- Bangladesh right after its war of inde- vulnerable human beings on this plan- ma never left him. One of the res- pendence from Pakistan, Sudan, et, to facing the most hopeless, violent, cuers later said that he had no idea Mozambique, Cyprus divided after its and hate-filled situations imaginable. who Sergio was, but he spoke with civil war, Peru, Lebanon, Cambodia, But he ended up far from being a pes- such authority that people naturally

NOVEMBER 2003/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 51 A PPRECIATION

took him to be the man in charge and Michael told me later that Sergio had did what he told them to do — anoth- been uncommonly moved by that site. er of Sergio’s hallmarks. The soldier He was that rarest of “It’s so peaceful here,” Sergio had who kept watch over him where he said. “Could you imagine the rest of lay crushed confided later that he people who succeeded in Iraq like this one day? As for now, I could not figure out why Sergio kept don’t want to leave.” asking him about everyone else bringing chivalry and But an hour later he was back on instead of worrying about himself like the road to Baghdad. ■ a “normal person.” One of the last to gentleness into modern be extracted, he died shortly before a Tatiana C. Gfoeller is studying Arabic crane finally lifted the wall of concrete international diplomacy. at FSI to prepare for her next assign- that had pinned his body down. ment, as principal officer in Jeddah. An A few days before the tragedy, FSO since 1984, she has served with Sergio had been visiting my husband her FSO husband Michael in Warsaw, Michael Gfoeller in Babylon, where The working portion of his trip over, Riyadh, Manama, Moscow (twice), he is headquartered as governor of Michael took Sergio on a visit of the Brussels, Ashgabat, St. Petersburg and the south-central sector of Iraq. archeological sights in the vicinity, Washington. Most recently she served Michael briefed Sergio and his 15- including an ancient synagogue as director of multilateral affairs in the member delegation extensively Michael had rediscovered. Believed Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights regarding the situation in his sector. to be built on the tomb of the Prophet and Labor. Ms. Gfoeller is a member of (Every one of the men and women in Ezekiel, it is still revered by Moslem, the Foreign Service Journal Editorial that delegation was killed Aug. 19.) Christian, and Jewish Iraqis alike. Board.

52 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 IN MEMORY

Willis Bryant Collins Jr., 86, ate from Yale University, writing his administrative assistant, and was retired FSO, died June 29 at the thesis on Burma. posted in Vietnam, Bangladesh and Washington Hospice in Washington, Mr. Moscotti entered the Foreign Laos, as well as Washington, D.C. D.C. Born in Troy, Ala., Mr. Collins Service in 1950 and served as a Mrs. Oyster retired from the received an LL.B. degree from political officer in Bangkok, Madras, Foreign Service in 1978. In 1993 Columbus University. He joined the Karachi, Kuala Lumpur and Wash- she moved from Washington, D.C., military in May 1942, serving during ington. He retired in 1970 and joined to Middletown. World War II as a naval officer in the staff of the East-West Center in Mrs. Oyster is survived by one son, Africa, Italy and France. Following Honolulu and, later, the University of Paul Spiegler of Middletown, N.Y. the war, he served in the Veterans Hawaii. Hawaii was an ideal location She was predeceased by her husband Administration for one year before to continue his active involvement William Ross Oyster, who died in joining the State Department as a with the peoples of Asia through trips 1957, and by her sister Elsie Allen. staff officer in 1947. In 1955 he to the area and visits with Foreign became a career Foreign Service Service and Asian friends passing officer, and served in Europe, Africa through. and Asia until his retirement in During that period Mr. Moscotti Ann T. Ruegsegger, 95, mother- 1974. He was a member of the Bar wrote two books, British Policy and in-law of Ambassador Donald J. of the District of Colombia. the Nationalist Movement in Burma, McConnell, died July 17 in Asmara, Mr. Collins is survived by his wife 1917-1937 (University of Hawaii Eritrea, where Mr. McConnell is serv- Genevieve D. Collins; two daugh- Press, 1974) and Burma’s Consti- ing. Mrs. Ruegsegger was well known ters, Judith A. Hoy and Pamela R. tution and Elections of 1974: A Source to Foreign Service and local commu- Collins; two granddaughters; and Book (Institute of South East Asian nities at various posts in Africa, four great-grandchildren. Contributions Studies, Singapore, 1977). Europe and the Middle East, where may be made in his memory to the An active member of The she lived with her daughter Frances Washington Hospice, 3720 Upton Episcopal Church of the Holy and son-in-law for more than 25 years. Street NW, Washington, DC 20016. Nativity, he was well known for his Famous for her Irish wit, quick generosity and charitable works. He repartee and love of meeting new peo- is survived by a brother, Dr. Richard ple, she established rapport with peo- W. Moscotti, and family of Phila- ple of all ranks — whether chatting Albert D. “Scotty” Moscotti, 82, delphia. Donations in his memory with senators at embassy dinners or retired FSO and professor emeritus may be sent to his church or any passing out Cokes to children at the of Asian studies at the University of charity. side of the road in an African village Hawaii, died of Parkinson’s disease when her car broke down. Also known in Honolulu on Aug. 7. for her love of cards, she became Born in Atlantic City, N.J., and a famous for her poker party dinners. graduate of Montclair University, Mr. Genevieve Oyster, 86, died Aug. Having held family reunions at Moscotti’s fascination with Southeast 5 at the Orange Regional Medical Atlantic City to celebrate her 80th Asia began during World War II Center in Middletown, N.Y. The birthday and at Monte Carlo for her when he served as an Air Force daughter of Bronislaus and Elizabeth 90th, Mrs. Ruegsegger was looking captain in the China/Burma/India Geleziauskiuty Noraisya, Mrs. Oyster forward to continuing the tradition theatre. Following the war he earned was born Dec. 18, 1916, in Brooklyn, in Las Vegas at 100. She died one his master’s degree from the N.Y. She began her career with the month shy of her 96th birthday. University of Michigan and doctor- U.S. Department of State as an

NOVEMBER 2003/FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL 53 I N M EMORY

Cross, two 0/S Service Bars and a forth at least three times. His final Purple Heart. move, in December 2002, was to Ft. Robert “Bob” Knight Strachan, A distinguished career with the Myers, Fla., to be close to his family. 80, retired USAID officer, died U.S. Foreign Service began in 1951 Mr. Strachan is survived by his of cancer on Aug. 13. Born in at the Department of State in sister-in-law, Virginia Strachan of Ft. Worcester, Mass., the son of the late Washington, D.C., and included Myers; two nephews, William “Bill” Dora Harps Strachan and Samuel postings in Tabriz, Vienna, Saigon, Strachan and Robert H. Strachan, Strachan, he grew up in Cambridge, Belgrade and Helsinki. He then trans- both of Ft. Myers; a niece, Joan V. Mass. He served in the U.S. Army ferred to USAID and served in Roberts of Cape Coral, Fla.; two Air Force from 1943 to 1945, and Bamako, Kampala, Monrovia (twice), grandnieces, Jennifer (Strachan) was a veteran of 36 B-17 missions. Saigon (again), Kathmandu, Amman Sink of Statesville, N.C., and Karen On his last mission the plane was and Washington. (Strachan) Lynn of Clarksville, shot down over Germany and he was Mr. Strachan retired to Sarasota, Tenn.; two great grandnieces and a held as a POW in a concentration Fla., in 1978. However, as he had the great grandnephew. He was prede- camp from 1944 to 1945. Mr. Foreign Service bug of moving every ceased by his brother Richard Strachan’s decorations and citations few years, he moved to Arlington, Va., Strachan. The family requests dona- included the EMAE Ribbon with for a couple of years, then returned to tions be made to Hope Hospice, three stars, Air Medal with four Florida — only to return again to 9470 Health Park Circle, Ft. Myers OLC, the Distinguished Flying Arlington. In all, he moved back and FL 33908. ■

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NOVEM E 2003/FO EIGN SE VICE OU NA 59 REFLECTIONS Hit-And-Miss Giving

BY PAM ANDERSON

he other day, I went to Tamana In Egypt, the official governmental Pharmacy here in Dhaka. I believe that for response was to have beggars perform TBefore leaving the pharmacy, I those to whom some sort of service, however small, extracted four 10-taka notes from my which allowed them to retain their wallet. Outside, I quickly handed the much has been dignity. One, an old man who sat bills to the four beggars who had been cross-legged along Road 9 and sold waiting for me. Wails of entreaty given, much is tissues, never said anything, but he came from two beggars I had failed to expected in return, usually gave me a small smile. The notice. Now my dilemma was day before we left Cairo, I had a whether to tell my driver to leave or to but how does that desire to see him smile in a big way. I give in to the pleas for additional bak- translate into gave him 20 pounds, and I was sheesh. I chose to drive off knowing rewarded with a beautiful smile. that I could not possibly give to all. practical action? My discomfort with my personal Bangladesh assaults the senses, strategy here in Bangladesh stems and it is impossible to remain from a chance encounter with a for- neutral in this country of high need, eigner whom I’ll call Bob. Although so we all develop strategies to cope given, much is expected in return, but he works for a contractor, his major with the beggars who tap at our how does that translate into practical impact on the country comes from windows as we wait in the congested action? meeting people’s needs. It’s as simple traffic. Forewarned of the pimps I am no closer to the answer to that as that. He spends his weekends buy- and rings of professional beggars, question than when we went to our ing plastic buckets for people to wash some choose to only give to estab- first post in Islamabad in 1989, and I with, shoes for the shoeless, and food lished charities organized by NGOs, was still a novice at the art of being a for the hungry. He has paid for eye churches, and mosques. Others pre- memsahib. My husband and I were and leg operations. Everyone in need fer to give to certain categories of beg- at the Juma Bazaar when I noticed a knows who Bob is and where he lives. gars: the old, the children, the dis- woman in a burka with her hands out- He has managed to counter all my abled, or the mothers with children. stretched. Tim warned me not to personal roadblocks to giving: I don’t Still others do not give to beggars at react, but my impulse was to reach speak Bangla, but neither does Bob. I all and are content with the belief that into my purse. As soon as I had given don’t want people coming to my they are doing what’s best. I believe to the one woman, I was surrounded home, but Bob doesn’t mind. I can’t that for those to whom much has been by six more shrouded women all meet everyone’s needs, but Bob man- imploring me to give them money. ages to meet most of the needs of the Pam Anderson is the spouse of USAID They were stroking my face and arms, people who come to him. FSO Tim Anderson, with whom she communicating to a foreigner in the So, what are we to do? Do we real- has been posted to Islamabad, Cairo, only way they knew how. I was taken ly accomplish anything by giving 10 Washington, D.C. and Dhaka, where aback by this sudden physical contact taka? Can I be like Mother Teresa or she currently teaches business-English and was immobilized, not by any fear like Bob? There are no easy answers, writing skills. The stamp is courtesy that they would do me harm, but by and perhaps I shouldn’t expect any in of the AAFSW Bookfair “Stamp the strangeness of the encounter. Tim this land of complexities. But I keep Corner.” rescued me by shooing them away. looking for them. ■

60 FOREIGN SERVICE JOURNAL/NOVEMBER 2003 AFSAAmerican Foreign ServiceNE Association • November 2003WS

AFSA SUPPORTS NEW BILL Debate on the 2003 In Brief: NEW EER FORM ...... 4 Terrorism Victims’ Benefits Bill USAID AND BENEFITS...... 5 BY SHAWN DORMAN FS HEALTH WATCH...... 6 Q&A: RETIREES...... 7 enator Richard Lugar, R-Ind., has vides $262,000 in the case of death. This is RETIREES IN ACTION...... 8 introduced legislation — which the the same amount paid under the Public NEWS BRIEFS ...... 9 Sadministration supports — that Safety Officers’ Benefits Program already in would provide a benefit to any U.S. citizen place. This amount would not be reduced who is “physically injured, killed or held by any “offsets,” e.g. life insurance policies CALL FOR 2004 AFSA AWARDS hostage” as a result of international terror- or workmen’s compensation benefits, paid ism directed at the United States or at an to victims or their survivors. Is Dissent individual because of his/her status as a The law would apply retroactively to inci- national of the U.S. AFSA also supports this dents which occurred after Nov. 1, 1979. Disloyal? bill, with some revisions. As written, the bill Once a victim accepts a payment, he or she BY BARBARA BERGER, — S1275, Benefits for Victims of would have to agree not to pursue civil PROFESSIONAL ISSUES COORDINATOR International Terrorism Act of 2003 — pro- Continued on page 5 et’s put dissent and the AFSA dissent awards in context. Recently, much AFSA Welcomes New Governing Board L attention has been given to former House Speaker Newt Gingrich’s article in the July/August 2003 issue of Foreign Policy magazine, which questioned the loyalty of the Foreign Service in carrying out the foreign policy of the current administration. In the September/October 2003 issue of Foreign Policy, a number of policy-makers and current and former Foreign Service officers responded to Gingrich. AFSA State Vice President Louise K. Crane asserted that Gingrich would prefer that State Department employees “…. not speak up, but simply nod vigorously.” Robert L. Gallucci, Dean of the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown Front row, from left: Louise Crane (State VP), Bill Carter (USAID VP), John W. Limbert (President), University, commented that, “At a time Cynthia Efird (State Representative), Stan Zuckerman (Retiree Representative), David E. Reuther (Retiree when the United States is truly vulnerable, Representative), Alex Belida (IBB Representative), Ray Maxwell (State Representative). the nation cannot afford to distort the for- Back row, from left: Gil Sheinbaum (Retiree Representative), Danny Hall (Treasurer), Tex Harris (Secretary), eign policy-making process by suppress- Charles Ford (FCS VP), Bill Crawford (FCS Representative), Ted Wilkinson (Retiree Representative), Thomas Olson (USAID Representative), Scot Folensbee (State Representative), Jim Wagner (State Represenative) ing information from the field or critical Not Shown: George Jones (Retiree VP), Pamela Bates (State Representative), John Sullivan (State analysis at home.” Representative). Continued on page 3 Life in the Foreign Service ■ BY BRIAN AGGELER, FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICER & CARTOONIST

AFSA HEADQUARTERS: Staff: Governing Board: (202) 338-4045; Fax: (202) 338-6820 Executive Director Susan Reardon: [email protected] STATE DEPARTMENT AFSA OFFICE: Business Department PRESIDENT: John W. Limbert Controller Kalpna Srimal: [email protected] STATE VICE PRESIDENT: Louise K. Crane (202) 647-8160; Fax: (202) 647-0265 Accounting Assistant Steven Tipton: [email protected] USAID AFSA OFFICE: USAID VICE PRESIDENT: Bill Carter Labor Management FCS VICE PRESIDENT: Charles A. Ford (202) 712-1941; Fax: (202) 216-3710 General Counsel Sharon Papp: [email protected] Labor Management Attorney Zlatana Badrich: [email protected] FAS VICE PRESIDENT: Vacant AFSA Internet and E-mail addresses: Labor Management Specialist James Yorke: [email protected] RETIREE VICE PRESIDENT: George F. Jones AFSA WEB SITE: www.afsa.org USAID Senior Labor Management Advisor Douglas Broome: [email protected] SECRETARY: F.A. “Tex” Harris USAID Office Manager Asgeir Sigfusson: [email protected] AFSA E-MAIL: [email protected] Grievance Attorneys Harry Sizer: [email protected], and Charles Henderson: TREASURER: Danny Hall AFSA NEWS: [email protected] [email protected] STATE REPRESENTATIVES: Pamela Bates, FSJ: [email protected] Office Manager Christine Warren: [email protected] Cynthia G. Efird, Scot L. Folensbee, PRESIDENT: [email protected] Member Services Raymond D. Maxwell, John C. Sullivan, STATE VP: [email protected] Director Janet Hedrick: [email protected] Jim Wagner RETIREE VP: [email protected] Representative Lindsay Peyton: [email protected] USAID VP:[email protected] Administrative Assistant Ana Lopez: [email protected] USAID REPRESENTATIVE: Thomas Olson FCS VP: [email protected] FCS REPRESENTATIVE: William Crawford Outreach Programs Retiree Liaison Bonnie Brown: [email protected] RETIREE REPRESENTATIVES: Gilbert Sheinbaum, AFSA News Director of Communications Thomas Switzer: [email protected] David E. Reuther, Theodore S. Wilkinson, III, Editor Shawn Dorman: [email protected] Congressional Affairs Director Ken Nakamura: [email protected] Stanley A. Zuckerman Corporate Relations/Executive Assistant Austin Tracy: [email protected] How to Contact Us: Contact to How (202) 338-4045 x 503; Fax: (202) 338-8244 Scholarship Director Lori Dec: [email protected] IBB REPRESENTATIVE: Alex Belida On the Web: www.afsa.org/news Professional Issues Coordinator Barbara Berger: [email protected] FAS REPRESENTATIVE: Vacant

2 AFSA NEWS • NOVEMBER 2003 FOREIGN SERVICE BOOKS Overview of Foreign Service Life, Moving Kabul, from Bogota to Beijing, and places and Adjusting, Views from Abroad, Family in between. The book includes profiles of The Perfect Couple Life, Work and Technology, Moments of 23 of your Foreign Service colleagues nside a U.S. Embassy is a look at the real- Crisis, and Returning Home. Issues tack- around the world, day-in-the-life entries ity of Foreign Service work and Realities led include evacuations and crisis response, from officers and specialists in 17 different Iof Foreign Service Life is a look inside family member work options, educating countries and stories of the extraordinary Foreign Service life. AFSA — represent- children abroad, divorce in the FS, medical from 26 countries. ing FS employees — published Inside, while clearances, as well as food, pet travel and To order Inside a U.S. Embassy, go to the Associates of the American Foreign much more. www.afsa.org/inside or call (847) 364-1222. Service Worldwide — representing FS fam- Inside is the only book that describes The price is $12.95 plus shipping and han- ily members — published Realities. Both what Foreign Service officers and special- dling. You may be eligible for a compli- books are unique in their presentation of ists actually do on the job, from Paris to mentary copy of the book if you plan to use personal “through the eyes of” it for a speaking engagement or class. views of life and work at U.S. Contact [email protected] for embassies and consulates. more information. These two books make a great To order Realities of Foreign pair, giving the most complete pic- Service Life, go to amazon.com ture of life and work in the Foreign (preferably by using a link from Service available today. They are great either the AFSA or AAFSW Web resources for anyone considering a site) or call (202) 362-6514. The Foreign Service career, anyone new cost is $20.95 plus shipping and to the Foreign Service, and anyone handling. Proceeds from the sale simply interested in learning more of both books go towards AFSA and about the Foreign Service. At 275 AAFSW efforts to support the FS pages, Realitieshas seven sections: An community. ▫

Dissent• Contiued from page 1 conventional wisdom. dination, but is vital to the strength of the Other distinguished officials also pub- Several years ago, in an attempt to define Foreign Service. Most of us know peo- licly came to the defense of the Foreign the type of individual who meets the cri- ple who should be recognized for taking a Service. Ambassador Thomas Boyatt, for- teria for one of AFSA’s dissent awards, the courageous stance on some issue pertain- mer president of AFSA and two-time win- Journalpublished an article entitled “What ing to their work. Please take the time to ner of AFSA dissent awards, speaking on Characterizes AFSA Award Winners?” think about which of your colleagues meet National Public Radio’s Morning Edition, These comments are event more relevant the criteria. In addition to a $2,500 cash commented: “Unfortunately, Mr. Gingrich today: award, winners will be publicly recognized appears to view foreign policy assessment “AFSA should seek through its awards at a ceremony in the State Department’s by U.S. diplomats as disloyalty to the pres- to encourage officers to use their intellec- Benjamin Franklin Diplomatic Reception ident when those assessments differ from tual talents, area and linguistic expertise, and Room in late June (Secretary Powell Mr. Gingrich’s own views.” Former pride in the concept of service to promote attended in 2002 and 2003). The December Ambassador to the U.N. Richard Hol- critical and constructive solutions to issues issue of AFSA News will have more brooke wrote in the Washington Post that, of foreign policy and national security. The detailed information about each award and “Where Gingrich sees State Department awards should recognize those men and how to submit a nomination. You can also insubordination; I see a dedicated group women of the Service who are willing to go to the AFSA Web site (www.afsa.org) of men and women serving their nation.” tackle tough and complex problems head and click on “Awards” to get additional For over 30 years, AFSA has sponsored on, to call the shots as they are, and to pro- information. The September 2003 issue of a program to recognize and encourage pose practical and creative solutions.” the Journal features this year’s AFSA constructive dissent and risk-taking in the Anthony C. E. Quainton, Rivkin Award win- awards winners. The 2003 recipient of the Foreign Service. The AFSA dissent awards ner, 1972, and Herter Award winner, 1984. Tex Harris Award for Dissent by a Foreign publicly recognize individuals who have Service Specialist, Chuck O’Malley, said it demonstrated the intellectual courage to Send AFSA Your Nomination best: “If the boat’s not rocking, it’s not going challenge the system from within, to This is your opportunity to help anywhere.” Let’s show Newt Gingrich question the status quo, to disagree with AFSA show that dissent is not insubor- we’re not afraid to rock the boat! ▫

NOVEMBER 2003 • AFSA NEWS 3 V.P. VOICE: STATE ■ BY LOUISE CRANE New EER Form: Putting Your Best Foot Forward ... First!

FSA and State management have approved a new EER AFSA expects there to be a lively give- form. It’s a pilot program, and for now, it applies only and-take between the ratee and the A to 01s and members of the Senior Service. The new form rater. And, finally, if counseling never will be evaluated at the end of the first year with a view toward took place, you don’t have to sign that box. scrapping it, improving it or keeping it as it is and extending In June, AFSA asked employees to comment on the pro- it to mid-level tenured employees. posed new forms, and we heard from many of you. You want- There are several significant departures from the previous ed more space for the work requirements: we got it. You want- form. The first — and most important — change is that the ed the “special circumstances” section restored: it was. You ratee’s statement comes first. The ratee prepares a document wanted more space for the reviewer’s comments: that’s there. describing what he/she did. This page is tied to the work require- You also insisted on an obligatory independent and substan- ments and the ratee must include at tive comment from the reviewer, not least three of them. It is not an assess- just one in the event the reviewer and ment of how well or poorly the the rater disagreed: that’s now SOP. employee performed. Some employ- The new EER form is shorter than ees have complained to AFSA that this This new form gives you the old. The rater is now limited to change simply puts the “suicide box” only one page, not two, and the space first. Nothing could be further from an opportunity to talk for the reviewer’s input is also small- the truth. The so-called suicide box er. Before we agreed to this, we con- is usually one of three things: about what you did and tacted every State member of last Ⅲ a perfunctory statement to the year’s selection boards and a lot of this effect the employee enjoyed year’s too. (We did not think it working with the rater and why it was important. appropriate to ask those who were still reviewer and is grateful for sitting on selection boards.) We asked their glowing assessment; or them if an independent substantive Ⅲ some description of additional comment from the reviewer was accomplishments that didn’t make it into the rating important to their deliberations. Most of those who replied because of space constraints; or said yes. Those who did not say yes said it was essential when Ⅲ a rebuttal of what the ratee perceives as an incomplete, there was a difference between the views of the rater and the unfair or prejudicial rating. This often becomes very emo- reviewer. We asked if the job of making decisions on pro- tional. motions would be harder with shorter ratings; i.e., one fewer This new form gives you an opportunity to talk about what page of prose from the rater. The answer was a unanimous you did and why it was important. You get to put your best “No!” Many said the second page is often repetitive and does foot forward … first! not add anything substantive. Here at AFSA, lots of members come by, call or e-mail us AFSA will meet with those who sit on next year’s selection about their EERs. One common complaint we hear is that “I panels and ask them what they think of the new form. Does gave him examples of my work for my EER, but he it need tweaking? Or junking? Did it help you do your job? didn’t use any of them.” Another is that, “I am being asked We will also ask those whose evaluations were written using to sign that counseling took place, but it never did. Do I have the new form. And we will ask if it is appropriate for mid-level any recourse? Do I have to sign?” With the new EER form, employees. there will be examples because you have put them there. The This is a pilot program and AFSA encourages comment. rater will have to work from your list of accomplishments. The Sock it to me — to use a nostalgic phrase — at cranelk@ rater will have to comment on what you think was important. afsa.org. ▫

4 AFSA NEWS • NOVEMBER 2003 Terror • Continued from page 1 V.P. VOICE: USAID ■ BY BILL CARTER actions against foreign countries in U.S. courts. Anyone who filed a suit and already Potholes Along the Benefits Road received compensation would not be eligible for additional compensation under this et’s pretend! Pretending can be fun — it takes us back legislation and anyone who accepts com- to less complicated times. Ready? Let’s pretend we pensation under the act could not then sue L are embarking on that imaginary road called the for compensation for the same terrorist act. “career path” and we have come to Robert Frost’s decisive Members of the Foreign Service and their fork in the road. Which road to choose? The one that offers family members who are U.S. citizens us a plan for student loan repayment, or the one that does would, of course, be covered by this legis- not? The one that pays per diem and allowances when we lation. initially come on board, or the one that does not? The one AFSA supports fair and timely com- that has policies allowing business-class travel when appro- pensation for victims of terrorism. The priate, or the one that has the policy but does not fully implement it? The one that AFSA Governing Board voted on Sept. 10 permits spouses to study foreign languages for the same number of weeks as a full- to support the passage of this bill, with time employee, or the one that limits language-class participation? The one that important changes. AFSA has written to facilitates participation in an insurance plan that provides an immediate benefit upon SFRC Chairman Lugar urging an increase death, or the one that does not? The one that affords eligibility to join USAA, or in the proposed compensation figure to the one that does not? bring it closer to the amounts offered vic- Actually, pretending is not necessary at all in this case. Sadly, this is the reali- tims of 9/11. AFSA has also urged that the ty. Let us be blunt: USAID is not law include a provision for compensating keeping pace with the other foreign locally-engaged staff at our overseas mis- affairs agencies on benefits. The sions. problem sounds clear, yet the During a July 17 Senate Foreign Let us be blunt: USAID is not broader context is fraught with Relations Committee hearing, State Legal ambiguity and contradiction. Advisor William H. Taft IV presented the keeping pace with the other Alas, we have the headline administration’s proposal, on which the bill foreign affairs agencies hoopla on page 2 of the July/August was based. He reiterated the outline sent issue of Front Lines, which reads: to Congress by Deputy Secretary of State on benefits. “State and AID Forge Joint Richard Armitage in June 2002. The four Strategy.” While the two organiza- principles in the proposal were: tions may be melodiously harmo- Ⅲ the program should provide the same nizing in important programmat- benefits to all, regardless of income or esti- ic areas, there is an ever-increasing gulf in others, especially in the area of what AFSA mates of future economic worth; would call “investing in the employee.” AFSA exhorts USAID management to exam- Ⅲ victims should receive benefits as ine the ever-widening personnel and benefit disparities and begin to close the gaps. quickly as possible without the need for lit- AFSA has raised these matters with management and will continue to do so at every igation; opportunity. USAID and State officers serve side by side in posts throughout the Ⅲ the amount to be paid should be on world, enduring the same dangers, hardships and career uncertainties: shouldn’t a par with that provided to families of pub- they be receiving the same benefits? lic safety officers killed or injured in the line Management usually gives “funding constraints” as the catchall reason why some of duty; and of the benefits mentioned above will not be accommodated at USAID. Yet many Ⅲ compensation would not come from of us are distressed to see far less important expenditures being made regularly while blocked assets from other nations. these areas of benefit equity are neglected. The budget trade-offs in the Operating There is debate around the adminis- Expense process seem to be black-boxed, never getting openly vetted as they were tration’s proposal to take blocked assets in the past. It is critical for USAID to attract, and just as important, to retain the from other nations off the table for use in quality and numbers of new personnel to deal with the complicated development compensation to victims of terrorism. The assistance challenges that face our nation in Afghanistan, Iraq, Liberia and elsewhere. administration has several reasons for want- In order to do this, the agency will need to grapple with this serious benefits dis- ing to do this. It can take years to reach parity problem — and quickly. judgment in these cases. In many cases, the If the benefit potholes are not filled in soon, it is not difficult to imagine which funds are simply not there. Perhaps most road will become the less traveled. ▫ Continued on page 7

NOVEMBER 2003 • AFSA NEWS 5 FOREIGN SERVICE AFSA is proud to announce the debut of a new feature, Foreign Service Health Watch, which will appear periodically in AFSA News. Health Watch articles will examine health HEALTH issues of particular concern to members of the Foreign Service community. Special correspondent and FS family member Eurona Tilley — who has an advanced degree in micro- WATCH biology/immunology — starts off the series with an article about dengue fever.

a drug, thus preventing the formation of Dengue Fever the fist-like structure. Until a drug is avail- BY SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT able to the general public, doctors will con- EURONA TILLEY tinue to use acetaminophen for the pain and, if necessary, fluid replacement thera- here are certain unique medical py in the case of dengue hemorrhagic fever. concerns associated with being post- Antibiotics are never prescribed for dengue, Ted overseas. In fact, Foreign Service as they are not effective against viruses. employees and family members often come The Centers for Disease Control and face to face with global ailments. The key Prevention has identified dengue fever as to protection is education; consequently, JOSH “the most important mosquito-borne we must try to understand the particular lasting two to seven days, severe headache, viral disease affecting humans.” In fact, medical concerns in our host country and backache, joint pain, nausea, vomiting, eye individuals can become sick with each of beyond. pain, and a rash on the feet or legs begin- the four forms of the dengue virus, as no Every year approximately 100 million ning three to four days after the inception cross-immunity is acquired with each people worldwide become ill with dengue of fever. More serious complications are infection. fever and its more serious counterparts — a tendency to bruise easily, skin hemor- The best way to protect yourself and dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue rhages and bleeding nose and gums, as well your family is to take certain basic pre- shock syndrome. This disease is associat- as internal bleeding. Eventually, if enough cautions. Empty containers of standing ed with tropical climates and is most preva- fluid is lost from the blood vessels, the cir- water including pet bowls, potted plants and lent in Africa, Southeast Asia, the Middle culatory system may fail, followed by the receptacles of rainwater. Always use win- East, South and Central America, and the onset of shock. The case fatality rate is dow screens and keep doors closed because Caribbean. approximately 5 percent in most countries. mosquitoes look for shady areas to hide Dengue fever is caused by any of four Young children, the elderly, and immuno- inside homes. Be sure to wear protective closely-related viruses. The Aedes aegyp- compromised persons are the most sus- clothing such as long sleeves, pants, shoes, ti mosquito acquires the virus after biting ceptible to the serious complications of this and socks especially during the early an infected person. Subsequently, after a virus. morning and late afternoon hours. Lastly, one- to two-week incubation period, this Although there is no vaccine for spray all exposed areas and clothing with mosquito is able to pass the disease on to dengue fever, in May 2003, researchers at a repellent containing DEET (N,N-diethyl- other healthy individuals by inserting the Children’s Hospital Boston and metatoluamide). DEET can be virus under the protective layer of their skin. Harvard Medical School unsafe for small children, so read Aedes aegypti is most active during daylight announced a possible approach all labels carefully. It is most hours and prefers to reside in urban set- to developing one. The effective in concentrations tings. Areas with inadequate water, sewer dengue virus uses a protein, between 20 and 40 percent. and waste-management systems provide named “E,” to enter the Stronger concentrations can locations for infected mosquitoes to lay their human cell’s outer mem- be toxic. While residing in

eggs. Once hatched, these mosquitoes will brane. The protein works like JOSH areas with high incidence of only travel within a few hundred feet, result- a fist punching its way inside dengue fever may be a fact of life ing in a localized area for the spread of the where the virus can then use cell for a large number of Foreign disease. mechanisms to replicate and spread to Service families, infection can be avoid- Also known as “breakbone disease,” nearby cells. Researchers have found a ed with proper household maintenance and dengue’s symptoms include a high fever pocket in the protein that can be filled with careful planning before leaving home. ▫

6 AFSA NEWS • NOVEMBER 2003 suing an appeal or waiver. recovery of an overpayment may not be Q: How is an overpayment collected? made when the individual is without fault The department offers two and recovery would be against equity and A:options. The first option is full good conscience or administratively infea- payment within 30 days of receipt of the sible. The department may base a finding Q&A notice to the annuitant. The second is an of fault on a number of factors, including installment plan that extends over a peri- annuitant knowledge that the payment was Retiree Issues od of time, not to exceed three years. erroneous, failure to disclose material Installment payments include a processing facts, submission of incorrect statements, BY BONNIE BROWN, fee and interest. or ability to have determined that the pay- RETIREE ACTIVITIES COORDINATOR Q: How can I contest the overpayment ment was erroneous. Q: What will happen if State determines determination? Q: How does repayment affect my tax that my annuity benefits were not cal- You have 30 days in which to file obligations? culated accurately when I retired and that A:a response to the notice. Your Upon receiving repayment, the I have been paid too much? response should provide an explanation of A:Retirement Accounts Division The department is obligated to why you believe you have not been over- provides an annuitant with a letter of cred- A:pay out benefits in accordance paid or why the overpayment has been cal- it for prior years of overpayment. This let- with applicable law and regulations and culated incorrectly. ter can be submitted in an amended tax assure that annuity payments are correct. Q: How can I request a waiver of collec- return. Upon discovering an overpayment, the tion of the overpayment? Q: How can an employee or annuitant department will send you a letter explain- You can request a waiver in writ- assure that his/her annuity calculations ing that an error has been discovered and A:ing. In support of this request are accurate? that a corrective reduction will be made in you must submit a completed “Statement Overpayments can occur for a your gross monthly annuity payment. You of Financial Status for Consideration A:variety of reasons, including will be told what your adjusted monthly Concerning Your Debt to the United States failures on the part of the department payment will be and when the adjustment Government.” Taking into consideration and/or the annuitant. It is essential for will go into effect. your ordinary and necessary expenses, the annuitants to learn about the regulations After further review of your file, the department will determine whether you governing annuities and other benefits, to department will send a notice, document- have sufficient assets and income to ensure maintain and periodically review their ing the total amount of your overpayment that repayment will not result in financial employment records and deposits, and to and the reason overpayment occurred. The hardship. assure that annuity calculations are correct. department will inform you of its intention Q: What are the standards for granting In the event there is some uncertainty, one to seek repayment, your right to contest the a waiver? can request a recalculation by the overpayment or request a waiver of recov- Section 807(d) of the Foreign Retirement Office by submitting Form DS ery, and the procedures to follow in pur- A:Service Act of 1980 provides that 5000. ▫

Terror • Continued from page 5 that these victims deserve some level of com- that the $262,000 amount is too low, “when significantly, the ability to sue for blocked pensation. we compare that, for example, to the $1.85 assets can hinder the administration’s flex- Stuart Eizenstat, a legal expert on com- million average award under the 9/11 com- ibility to use the funds as leverage in diplo- pensation issues and a Clinton adminis- pensation fund …” Dr. Allan Gerson, matic negotiations. Yet there is recognition tration Treasury deputy secretary, testified another expert, argued that the whole bill should be scrapped, because, in his opin- How You Can Help ion, the price should be paid by the perpe- AFSA encourages members to donate to the fund for the children of American victims of ter- trators and not U.S. taxpayers. In addition, rorism. Checks payable to the Federal Employee Education and Assistance Fund or FEEA should be sent to Federal Employee Education and Assistance Fund, 8441 West Bowles Ave., Suite 200, he disagreed with limiting victims’ rights: Littleton, CO 80123. On the memo line, write Federal Diplomatic Family Assistance Fund. “In exchange for that paltry sum, they (the To tag the donation for family members of the victims of the 1998 East Africa bombings, put victims) would be forfeiting their precious, “FDFAF-AF” on the memo line. Direct questions to Kendall Montgomery in the Office of Casualty hard-fought right to sue.” Assistance: (202) 736-4302. AFSA also strongly encourages support for the FSN Emergency Relief Fund, which responds The debate on the bill is ongoing, and to general crises or humanitarian requests on behalf of FSN employees. Contributions should be AFSA is engaged in the process and working made payable to the U.S. Department of State and sent to: Donna Bordley, Gift Funds Coordinator, with Congress to ensure that the law will ade- FMP, Room 7427, U.S. Department of State, Washington, DC 20520. Donna Bordley can be reached quately cover all U.S. citizens, including mem- at (202) 647-5031. bers of the Foreign Service community. ▫

NOVEMBER 2003 • AFSA NEWS 7 as academic programs director, Schmiel helps place students from RETIREES IN around the world in internships with government agencies, non- profits, law firms, businesses and media organizations. These include highly varied placements from the White House to the Discovery Channel to the Washington Capitals Hockey team. ACTION Schmiel also runs a unique IEL program that he created in 1998, the Embassy and Diplomatic Scholars Program, for students major- ing in international relations. The program offers students experi- Experiential Learning ence in the practical side of international studies in an effort to mold them into future “leaders in foreign affairs,” through work in for- with Eugene Schmiel eign embassies, foreign policy agencies, think tanks, or internation- BY ERIN BARRAR, PUBLIC AFFAIRS INTERN al businesses. Some of the most interesting internship opportunities, according to Schmiel, are those in foreign embassies in hile the field of foreign affairs does not offer many oppor- Washington. tunities for gaining know-how early on, retired State While interning in Washington D.C., students also take upper- WDepartment Foreign Service officer Eugene Schmiel is level courses in international relations and the foreign policy process. playing an important role in preparing young Americans to become Schmiel teaches a “mini A-100” class for his students — a crash course leaders in world affairs. Through work at the Institute for Experiential in the duties of a Foreign Service officer. The course introduces stu- Learning in Washington, Dr. Schmiel arranges for students of inter- dents to the trials and tribulations, and also the excitement, of life national relations to gain “hands-on” work at an embassy. Schmiel notes that while count- experience, spurring new appreciation for the less students enter the IEL program unaware challenging and rewarding, yet often over- of the function and role of the Foreign Service, looked, work of America’s Foreign Service. many are prompted to take the Foreign Service During Schmiel’s 23-year career as a exam after finishing the program. Schmiel Foreign Service officer, from 1973 to 1996, he encourages his students to take the exam and served as chargé in three nations: Djibouti, finds that the knowledge gained at IEL is indis- Guinea-Bissau, and Iceland. He also served pensable to aspiring junior officers. Schmiel as consul general in Mombasa, Kenya, and as From Left: Gene Schmiel, Barbara Cordand (former is proud that one of his students, Barbara deputy office director for Central African affairs student, now an FSO), and A-100 coordinators Kathy Cordano, reported to her first post in Bolivia and later for Korean affairs. While working Davis and Charlie Peacock. this past January, and another recently passed on Korean affairs, he helped facilitate the first the oral examination. political meetings between North and South Among his other responsibilities, Schmiel Korea in the early 1990s. hires IEL faculty members, often providing From 1980 to 1982, Schmiel was coordi- rewarding work opportunities for fellow retired nator for the A-100 training course for new Foreign Service officers. Scholars at IEL could Foreign Service officers. In that capacity, not ask for more qualified instructors than the Schmiel helped create the “Anthuria” off-site, retirees who speak from years of experience in which diplomats-in-training would head in the work of foreign policy and international to Harper’s Ferry for a three-day exercise in relations. real embassy simulation. Students would han- Schmiel taught history at St. Francis dle mock crises in the fictional nation of Gene Schmiel with one of his classes of “Embassy College for four years before joining the Anthuria. His contribution remained an Scholars.” Foreign Service, experience that has helped enduring element of the course (though now make his transition to the IEL academic direc- the exercise is held at FSI), and many FSOs have mused that it was tor position a smooth one. When not at IEL, he can be found teach- a valuable part of their preparation for overseas service. Schmiel would ing as an adjunct professor of history and international relations at later take the Anthuria experience and put it to effective use in his Marymount and Shenandoah Universities. He has always enjoyed post-Foreign Service endeavors. working with students, and actively encourages them to gain expe- Since retirement, Schmiel continues to serve the Foreign Service rience through internships like those offered through IEL. Schmiel as the Director for Academic Programs at the Institute for Experiential believes that careers in foreign affairs are becoming increasingly chal- Learning in Washington. IEL is an educational nonprofit organi- lenging, and notes that aspiring leaders must be equipped not only zation that provides students with rigorous internship experiences with a strong academic background, but also must gain exposure that foster their education outside of the conventional classroom envi- to culture, foreign languages and an international perspective. To ronment and prepare them for success in future careers. In his role learn more about the IEL program, go to www.ielnet.org. ▫

8 AFSA NEWS • NOVEMBER 2003 AFSANEWSBRIEFS

USAID AFSA Success: Do You Know Your Editorial Board? An Hour for a Promotion The Foreign Service Journal Editorial Board has gained two new members An AFSA member contacted USAID in over the past several months. Here is a complete list of the members of August, disconcerted over the fact that she was the 2003 to 2004 Editorial Board: not promoted while two others in her class Judith Baroody: Active/State, Chair William W. Jordan: Active/State who were ranked below her did receive promo- Mark W. Bocchetti: Active/State Laurie Kassman: Active/VOA tions. With a little research, AFSA learned that Stephen W. Buck: Retired/State Hollis Summers: Active/State she lost out on the promotion because she had Tatiana C. Gfoeller: Active/State Bill Wanlund: Active/USIA-State Carol A. Giacomo: Journalist Ted Wilkinson: Retired/State, missed her four-year overseas requirement by Governing Board Liaison one hour and 55 minutes, having arrived at AFSA appreciates the dedicated and outstanding volunteer service given post at 1:55 a.m. local time the day after the to the Journal by the Editorial Board, and looks forward to continued suc- deadline. cess improving the content and quality of the magazine. AFSA/AID wrote a letter to the Human Resources department, pointing out that common sense had to play a role in considerations Make a CFC Pledge to Support AFSA such as these, and that the overly strict applica- AFSA Scholarship The Fund for American Diplomacy: CFC # 2460 tion of the regulation was in no way beneficial Fund: Combined Federal AFSA strives to build a constituency for the Foreign to the agency and urging a reversal of the nega- Campaign # 2422 Service through the activities of the Fund for tive decision. HR responded extremely well AFSA gives over American Diplomacy. Through nationwide educa- and surprisingly quickly, and AFSA appreciates $150,000 per year to tion programs, AFSA shows the American public the response. Following the exchange with Foreign Service children how U.S. diplomacy promotes America's interests AFSA, USAID published an official revision to to help meet their college abroad. expenses. Support its promotion list that included the AFSA For more information, visit the AFSA Web site or Foreign Service families contact Lori Dec by phone: (202) 944-5504 or member who had requested assistance. by donating to this fund. (800) 704-2372, ext. 504; or e-mail: [email protected].

Legislative Update personnel. The department has weighed in supporting this The House of Representatives passed the three bills AFSA has with the House. been following most closely: the State Department authoriza- The Senate was well on its way to passing this bill and clear- tion bill; the Commerce, Justice, State FY04 appropriations bill, ing the way for a conference to resolve differences with the which funds the Department of State and its programs, pays House-passed bill until the bill was pulled from the Senate floor the assessments for the international organizations to which because of a non-germane amendment, an increase to the min- we belong, and covers international non-military broadcasting; imum wage. The problem now, separate from the issues in the and the FY04 Foreign Operations bill, which funds USAID and House and Senate versions of this bill, is whether there will be other assistance programs. Further legislative progress requires sufficient time to pass the bill in the Senate, go to conference, action by the Senate. and take the conference agreements back to both houses of The State Department authorization bill has several provisions Congress to pass before the first session comes to an end in covering personnel issues and departmental organizations October or November. If this bill cannot meet this deadline, issues, the Millennium Challenge Account, and several other Congress will probably not act on the authorization bill until programs. In terms of AFSA's personnel and organizational late February or March of 2004. issues, all agency personnel will benefit from provisions to The success of AFSA’s efforts to amend the capital gains tax increase the caps on allowances and differentials for hardship exclusion on the sale of a principal residence depends on the and danger posts to 35 percent each — a provision with the outcome of the House/Senate conference on the bill to provide strong backing of State management. State Department child tax credits to the poor. AFSA is working for this provision employees will also be happy to know that, thanks to enthusi- to remain in this bill while the House moves down from its $82 astic AFSA lobbying, the Senate version reduces the mandatory billion version and the Senate moves up from its $10 billion 5-percent low ranking requirement to 2 percent for tenured FS version. ▫

NOVEMBER 2003 • AFSA NEWS 9 CLASSIFIEDS

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Available for consultation, tax planning, and on-line with Equifax Credit Information preparation of returns: 5 wks. later. Services, which provides our firm with instant M. Bruce Hirshorn, Boring & Pilger hard-copy credit reports. You can rest assured Ad Mgr: Tel: (202) 944-5507, 307 West Maple Ave., Suite D, while you are abroad that your property will be Fax: (202) 338-6820. Vienna, VA 22180 Tel: (703) 281-2161, in the most capable hands. Please call John E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (703) 281-9464. Gill Jr. at (202) 338-5000 or e-mail him at E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] for more info or a brochure.

10 AFSA NEWS • NOVEMBER 2003 CLASSIFIEDS

pROpERTY MANAg EMENT TEMpORARY HOUSINg REAL ESTATE Pr UDEnt ia l Ca r r Ut HEr s r Ea l - WasHingt on, D.C. or nFat C t oUr ? HEaDED t o D.C.? Start planning now for t o r s: Complete professional dedication to EXECUt iVE Ho Using Co nsUl t a nt s house hunting in Northern Virginia. Let my 16- the management of residential property in offers Metropolitan Washington, D.C.’s finest plus years of experience providing FS person- Northern Virginia. Our professionals will pro- portfolio of short-term, fully-furnished and nel with exclusive Buyer r epresentation work vide personal attention to your home, care- equipped apartments, townhomes and sin- for you. My effective strategy for home buying ful tenant screening, and video inspections gle-family residences in Maryland, D.C. and will make the transition easier for you and your of your property. We are equipped to han- Virginia. family! dle all of your property management needs. 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All price specialist, through e-mail: 6448. See photos and description at: ranges/sizes. Parking available. [email protected] or t oll-Free: www.1229-30thStreet.com Tel: (202) 296-4989, E-mail: [email protected] (877) 924-9001.

NOVEMBER 2003 • AFSA NEWS 11 CLASSIFIEDS

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E-mail: [email protected] MISCELLANEOUS www.dianelea.com Prudential Carolinas Realty W.W. g EnEr a l Co nst r UCt io n Serving VA, MD & DC Licensed and Bonded Wa sHing t o n st a t E isl a nDs: Complete Home Remodeling & Repair Spectacular views, wonderful community, cli- Total Renovations mate, boating, hiking. Access Seattle & WHol Esal E Pr iCEs For aMEr iCan Kitchens, Bathrooms and Basements Vancouver, B.C. Former FSO Jan Zehner, Pr o DUCt s o VEr sEa s! Shopping for all Ceramic Tile and Hardwood Floors Windermere Real Estate/ Orcas Island, your Holiday needs (Christmas, Thanksgiving, Painting and Drywall (800) 842-5770; www.orcas-island.com etc.) comfort food, kosher food, & personal For more information visit our Web site E-mail: [email protected] needs i.e favorite cosmetics, brand name www.1stcarpenter.com clothing: Levi’s, Lee, Chaps, etc. for adults or e-mail us at: [email protected] VACATION and children. We even have diapers! or call us at (301) 330-9806 Personalized service for FS personnel by FS Quality Work and Reasonable Prices retiree. Must have APO or FPO address. For References upon Request FREE CATALOG: E-mail: [email protected] SHIp p INg First order includes a free gift! Pl anning to MoVE oVEr sEas? 110 - 220 Vo l t st o r E Need a rate to ship your car, household goods, MUl t i-sYst EM El ECt r o niCs or other cargo going abroad? Contact SEFCO-Export Management Company for gr anD oPEning! EPor t Wor l D rates and advice. Tel: (718) 268-6233, int Er nEt Co MMUniCa t io n El EC- Fax: (718) 268-0505. Contact Joseph T. Quinn. BEt HanY BEaCH: Watch golfers on the t r o niCs EXPo r t . HEl P Us CEl E- Visit our Web site at www.sefco-export.com 15th tee from your bedroom window and then Br at E oUr nEW st or E! E-mail: [email protected] grab your clubs and join them! Three-year-old Serving DC’s international and local townhouse in Bethany's prized Salt Pond com- Community for over 30 Years: 220 Volt nEED Car Par t s? EFM with vast expe- munity is available for rent for a winter Electronics Cellular Phones with National and rience in car parts and accessories can locate escape...or plan now for the summer of 2004. World coverage (T-Mobile, Sprint, AT&T) the right item for your needs at the best price Sleeps six; 10 minute drive to the Multisystem – multi-region DVDs, VCRs, TVs, and ship to you via APO or pouch. Contact beach. Salt Pond has an 18-hole golf course; Stereos Dish Network - Satellite Systems me at: www.rodacointernational.com or send natural mini-golf course; basketball, tennis, and International Audio and Video Equipment me an e-mail at: shuffleboard courts. Plus swimming pool (sum- and much, much more! [email protected]. mer only). Bethany Beach is between Ocean inQUir E a Bo Ut o Ur Pr o Mo t io ns! City and Rehoboth on the Delaware Coast. 1030 19th Street, NW (Btwn K and L Sts.) inDEPEnDEnt sCHo o l o Pt io ns: Off-season rentals, $300/weekend; in season Washington, DC 20036 Tel: (202) 464-7600 Finding the best school placement for each rentals, $800 to $1500/week. For more info. (800) 513-3907 Fax (202) 464-7605. child in the Washington Metro area. contact Carol: (202) 310-5491, Email: [email protected] www.independentschooloptions.org e-mail: [email protected] www.eportworld.com Tel: (703) 671-8316.

12 AFSA NEWS • NOVEMBER 2003