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Animal Abuse in India: a Cause of Concern in the Last Decade

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Animal Abuse in India: a Cause of Concern in the Last Decade Eco. Env. & Cons. 26 (2) : 2020; pp. (588-593) Copyright@ EM International ISSN 0971–765X Animal Abuse in India: A cause of concern in the last decade Maneesha Mishra1 and Arpita Mitra2 1, 2School of Law, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India (Received 16 May, 2019; accepted 18 December, 2019) ABSTRACT Animals have, since time immemorial been exploited by mankind. It is imperative to mention as to how animal resources have been misused due to their vulnerability and helplessness. The diverse wildlife of India has created multiple biodiversity hotspots, yet human encroachment on forest areas has been consistent, thereby increasing the Man-Animal conflict. The magnitude of animal abuse is vast and can be generally categorized as the abuse of both terrestrial and marine animals, ill-treatment of performing animals and cruelty towards smaller animals usually found in and around the human habitat. The present paper analyzes cruelty towards wildlife, performing animals and other smaller animals in the last decade in India and the need to look forward to man-animal consonance for a better future for all. Key words : Animal abuse, Environment, Victim, Wildlife crime. Introduction vention of cruelty towards them, having enacted legislations for the same. However, the statistics re- The environment is a heterogeneous composition of flect a different picture, notifying a clear rise in the diverse living and non-living organisms interacting brutal acts against animals for the purpose of trade, with each other. Animals have always been of vital testing or reasons best known to the perpetrator. assistance to mankind and especially in the Indian Animal Abuse and Victimization: A brief overview Culture are worshipped ritually all over the coun- of the concepts try. Patil (2011) explains that ancient Scriptures have essentially proved that animals, birds and sea crea- A Victim is any person who has suffered any harm, tures were considered to be an integral part of the loss, injury or killed as a result of being a subject to environment, being equal partners with human crime, accident, or any specific event or action. In beings(https://www.esams kriti.com/e/Culture/ the present context, animals are predicated as vic- Indian-Culture/Animals-in-Indian-Culture-create- tims against whom acts of cruelty is perpetrated. an—colon-inclusive-universe-colon—1.aspx.). Yet, Animal victimization by human beings irrespective incidences on cruelty towards animals in India irre- of them being domestic or wild, is consistent. Ani- spective of domestic, wildlife or stray speak to the mals from the wild are put in captivity for human contrary. The recent crime trend portrays the swift recreation such in zoos, circuses etc and are known rise in animal cruelty cases where animals are vic- as “performing animals”. Inhuman treatment is of- timized in innumerable ways. India has always ten witnessed against performing animals but is not been proactive in the protecting animals and pre- limited to that sphere only. Animal abuse is exten- MANEESHA AND ARPITA 589 sive as animals irrespective of their characteristic there must be an absence of guardian capable of features are subjected to cruelty in various forms. preventing the violation. They chose guardian in- Animal Cruelty entails any use or treatment of ani- stead of police as they wanted to bring into light all mals which are needlessly cruel, irrespective of the possible means by which a target can be whether such act is against law (https:// guarded(https:// link. springer. com/content/pdf/ www.thoughtco.com/what-is-animal-abuse- 10.1007%2Fs12117-012-9173-1.pdf). 127601). Seksel (2004) reiterates how the term abuse Methodology Adopted is defined as maltreatment which includes physical and psychological maltreatment of a person or ani- The present study examines animal abuse and the mal or harmful practices synonymous with mis- manner in which animals are victimized by human treatment, injury or damage(https:// actions. It has incorporated the method of Content www.canadianveterinarians.net/pdf/ Analysis with reference to Animal Abuse in India in sekselbehavabuse.pdf ). the last decade. Content Analysis is a research tech- nique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative Legislations for the Protection of Animals against description of manifest content of communication Abuse and Cruelty research procured through linguistic expression, The Constitution of India in the 42nd Amendment in written or oral (Swain, 2007). 1976 has integrated provisions relating to protection For the purposes of the study, twenty news re- of the environment by adding the new provision of ports have been analyzed chronologically from 2009 Article 48A under the Directive Principles of State onwards. The study makes a humble attempt to ex- Policy and Article 51 A(g) under Fundamental du- plore human actions purporting to the cruelty to- ties. Some other primary enactments for the protec- wards animals in the last decade in India and the tion of animals against abuse are as follows: need to look forward to man-animal consonance for • The Indian Penal Code of 1860 a better future for all. • Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 A Summary of Twenty incidents in the Last Decade • Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 on Animal Abuse • Transport of Animals Rules, 1978 • Animal Birth Control (Dogs) Rules, 2001 and The news reports selected for the study include di- The Performing Animals (Registration) Rules verse articles relating to wildlife crime and animal 2001 abuse. Excerpts from the reports have been com- piled in the following: Theoretical Perspectives on Animal Abuse “Wildlife racket busted : tiger, otter skins Animal Abuse can accurately be linked to the typol- seized.” Retreived from The Economic Times, ogy of Violent Crime, White Collar Crime and Or- November 7, 2009. ganized Crime. Incidences of cruelty on animals re- iterates the sick and barbaric mentality of human “Seven persons arrested from Maharashtra and beings and their profit gaining motive. The theory Delhi with a seizure of Tiger and Otter skins along which can be latched on to animal abuse concerning with tiger bones.Such arrests is being considered as the present study is Rational Choice Theory and a major achievement as the agencies hope that it Routine Activity Theory. Rational Choice Theory shall help in nabbing the head honchos in the wild- has been developed by Derek Cornish and Ronald life racket.” (https://m.economictimes.com/news/ Clarke in the late 1970s who assumed that crime is environment/flora-fauna/wild life -racket-busted- a purposive behaviour by the offender designed to tiger-otter-skins-seized/articleshow/5207515.cms) meet the needs. “Man arrested for possessing elephant tusks Routine Activity was developed by Lawrence E. in Mumbai.” The Times of India, October 13, Cohen and Marcus Felson in 1979 who explained 2010. how a criminal event requires a motivated offender who has the opportunity to act on those motiva- “A 40 year old sweeper was arrested from Dadar tions. This opportunity or ability to carry out a in Central Mumbai for allegedly possessing two el- crime, in turn, involves two elements. First there ephant tusks collectively worth Rs. 4 lakhs.”(https:/ must be a suitable target for the offender and second /m.economic times.com/news/environment/flora- 590 Eco. Env. & Cons. 26 (2) : 2020 fauna/man-arrested-for-possessing-elephant-tusks- Carcasses of 17 peacocks, 5 male and 12 female were in-mumbai/articleshow/6741051.cms) found in Nagarfort area in Tonk District. Forensic “Rare snakes rescued in central & North experts of the forest department suspect that the Delhi. “ The Times of India, October 28, 2011. peacocks died on consumption of poisoned food “Ten rare snakes were rescued in separate raids grains, the samples of which had been conducted by police and an NGO- People for Ani- collected.”(https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ mals-in central and north Delhi. The raids took home/environment/flora-fauna/23-peacocks- place in Jama Masjid area and Shahadra leading to found-dead-in-Rajasthan/articleshow/ the discovery of nine two headed sand boas and one 20650028.cms). cobra along with a 600ml bottle of snake venom of Poachers go online to sell wildlife species. Rs. 1.5 crore.” (https://timesofindia. The Times of India, May 16, 2014. indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Rare-snakes-rescued- in-central-North-Delhi/articleshow/10513954.cms). Another uncanny report was that of the sale of jackal cubs online. Officials of the Animal Welfare Bengal foresters suspect jumbos being poi- Board of India have confirmed receiving several re- soned. The Indian Express, February 25, 2011. ports on wild animals trade online through recog- “Three elephants were found dead in the area in nized websites(https://economic times. indiatimes. December and January and they were poisoned to com/news/environment/flora-fauna/poachers-go- death as reported by the forest officials. Forest offi- online-to-sell-wildlife-species/articleshow/ cials allege the animals were killed mostly by hostile 35175857.cms). locals,whose crops and houses get damaged owing Three chimpanzees rescued from animal to the migration.” (http://archive.indianexpress. trader’s house.” The Times of India, January com/news/bengal-foresters-suspect-jum bos-being- 23, 2014. poisoned/754593/). Three chimpanzees listed endangered by the Inter- “14 Bird species on the verge of extinction.” national Union for Conservation of Nature and five The Economic Times, March 26 2012. marmosets, another exotic species, were rescued by It was reported that at least 14 species of birds are Customs officials from the house of an animal facing the threat of extinction due to extensive use dealer in Baguiati. Reportedly, the dealer had pro- of pesticides, poaching and loss of habitat (https:// cured the chimps almost six months ago from economic times.indiatimes.com/news/environ- Bangladesh and had plans to sell them to a private ment/flora-fauna/14-bird-species-on-verge-of-ex- zoo in South India.” (https://timesofindia.
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