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EPPO Study on the Risk of Imports of Plants for Planting EPPO Study on the Risk of Imports of Plants for Planting EPPO Study on the Risk of Imports of Plants for Planting Steps 1-3 2012-03-06 EPPO Technical Document No. 1061 Document Technique de l’OEPP n°1061 How to cite this document: EPPO (2012). EPPO Technical Document No. 1061, EPPO Study on the Risk of Imports of Plants for Planting EPPO Paris. www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/EPPO_Study_on_Plants_for_planting.pdf 1 EPPO Study on the Risk of Imports of Plants for Planting CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .........................................................................................................................................................................3 1. BACKGROUND ..........................................................................................................................................................................7 2. PLANTS FOR PLANTING IN THIS STUDY ...............................................................................................................................8 2.1 Definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................8 2.2 Specificities of plants for planting as commodities ......................................................................................................................8 3. A BRIEF LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................................................................................................8 4. THE CURRENT ‘OPEN’ SYSTEM............................................................................................................................................10 5. OUTBREAKS AND SAFE TRADE UNDER THE CURRENT ‘OPEN’ SYSTEM (STEP 1 OF THIS STUDY) .........................11 5.1 Four pests of palm: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, Paysandisia archon, Diocalandra frumenti, Opogona sacchari ..................12 5.2 A pest of fuchsia: Aculops fuchsiae ..........................................................................................................................................14 5.3 Pests of Buxus spp.: Diaphania perspectalis and Cylindrocladium buxicola ............................................................................15 5.4 Pests of unknown origin: Calonectria pauciramosa and Fusarium foetens...............................................................................16 5.5 A new pest on kiwi: Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae .......................................................................................................18 5.6 Dryocosmus kuriphilus on chesnut ...........................................................................................................................................18 5.7 Pests of wild and horticultural plants: Phytophthora species such as Phytophthora ramorum .................................................18 5.8 Plants as pests: intentional or accidental introductions .............................................................................................................19 5.9 Plants with growing medium attached .......................................................................................................................................21 5.10 Data from interceptions: Anoplophora chinensis and others .....................................................................................................22 5.11 A new pest of tropical origin that is not expected to survive: Horidiplosis ficifolii ......................................................................23 5.12 Trade that has not posed phytosanitary problems under the current regime ............................................................................24 5.13 Trade and trade patterns ...........................................................................................................................................................25 6. CRITERIA LINKED TO OUTBREAKS OF PESTS RELATED TO IMPORTS OF PLANTS FOR PLANTING (STEP 2 OF THIS STUDY)...................................................................................................................................................................26 6.1 Criteria linked to the plants for planting .....................................................................................................................................26 6.2 Criteria linked to the country of destination ...............................................................................................................................29 6.3 Criteria linked to the origin ........................................................................................................................................................30 6.4 Additional considerations ..........................................................................................................................................................30 7. PRE-SCREENING PROCESS (STEP 3 OF THIS STUDY)......................................................................................................31 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................................................32 ATTACHMENT 1. FOUR PESTS OF PALM AND TRADE OF PALM INTO THE EPPO REGION ....................................................35 Attachment 1a. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae) .........................................................................35 Attachment 1b. Paysandisia archon (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Castniidae) .........................................................................................37 Attachment 1c. Opogona sacchari (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Tineidae) ...............................................................................................38 Attachment 1d. Diocalandra frumenti (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ....................................................................................40 Attachment 1e. Palms (Arecaceae) and their trade into the EPPO region ......................................................................................41 ATTACHMENT 2. A PEST OF FUCHSIA: ACULOPS FUSCHIAE ....................................................................................................47 Attachment 2a. Aculops fuschiae (Arachnida: Acarina: Prostigmata: Eriophyidae) ........................................................................47 Attachment 2b. Fuchsia (Onagraceae) ............................................................................................................................................49 ATTACHMENT 3. THE CASE OF BUXUS SPP. ..................................................................................................................................51 Attachment 3a. Diaphania perspectalis (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) ......................................................................................51 Attachment 3b. Cylindrocladium buxicola ........................................................................................................................................52 Attachment 3c. Buxus spp. (Buxaceae) ..........................................................................................................................................53 ATTACHMENT 4. FUSARIUM FOETENS ON BEGONIA ....................................................................................................................53 Attachment 4a. Fusarium foetens ....................................................................................................................................................54 Attachment 4b. Begonia spp. ...........................................................................................................................................................56 ATTACHMENT 5. PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE PV. ACTINIDIAE ON KIWI ...................................................................................57 Attachment 5a. Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae ....................................................................................................................57 Attachment 5b. Kiwi, Actinidia spp. (Actinidiaceae) .........................................................................................................................59 ATTACHMENT 6. INTERCEPTIONS OF SOIL AND ROOT NEMATODES .......................................................................................61 ATTACHMENT 7. OTHER INTERCEPTION DATA ............................................................................................................................61 ATTACHMENT 8. HORIDIPLOSIS FICIFOLII (INSECTA: DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) ................................................................69 ATTACHMENT 9. EXTRACTS FROM TRADE DATA ........................................................................................................................70 ATTACHMENT 10. CRITERIA CONSIDERED BUT DISCARDED .......................................................................................................74 2 EPPO Study on the Risk of Imports of Plants for Planting NOTES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STUDY In September 2009, the EPPO Council Colloquium considered whether the plant health systems that are in place in the EPPO region are able to deal with the challenges of increasing trade and climate change. The outcome of the Colloquium, in particular regarding the risks posed by the
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