Writing Across the Curriculum
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Writing Across the Curriculum VOLUME VI — 2012 GRADUATE LIBERAL STUDIES AT GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY ANNE RIDDER EDITOR volume vi - 2012 — Chou Graduate Liberal Studies Writing Across the Curriculum Editor’s Note As we look ahead to Graduate Liberal Studies’ next major milestone, its Fortieth Anniversary in 2014, we celebrate a recurring milestone, the bien- nial publication of Writing Across the Curriculum. Vol. VI includes a selection of outstanding course papers recommended by our faculty, the work of fifteen MALS and DLS students and recent alumni. Writing is an integral part of Graduate Liberal Studies from short essays, to longer research papers, annotated bibliographies, in-class essay exams, to the successful completion of a final master’s or doctoral thesis. Attentive to the human values at stake during research and writing, the students create papers which do not remain static upon completion. They often lead to further discus- sion, spark new ideas, or provoke action among the writers and their audience. The authors are invited to reshape their course papers into articles worthy for this journal and perhaps other possible publications. You will note the inter- disciplinary content of this collection: rich studies of literary and philosophical pieces; focused writing on domestic concerns; global issues concerning peace and war; topics of religious understanding; and current discussions on the developments, services, and challenges in information technology. I am grateful to recognize the outstanding teaching and guidance of the faculty, librarians, and writing services staff and tutors dedicated to supporting our students with their rigorous writing assignments. Congratulations to the featured authors as well. Enjoy your copy of Writing Across the Curriculum, Vol. VI, and please share it and its ideas with others. Anne Ridder, Assistant Dean Associate Director, Graduate Liberal Studies page 2 Writing Across the Curriculum CONTENTS Notes from the Underground Pardoner by John M. Adle ....................................................................................5 Modern Day Courtship: The Online Romance Trend by Luz D. Cabrera-Frias .....................................................................17 How Do We Prevent Apple v. Google by Elaine T. Chou ...............................................................................27 Religion in the General Economy: Metaphor, Narrative, and (In-) Commensurability in Derrida’s, The Gift of Death by Kevin W. Clark ..............................................................................41 Felix Frankfurter: A Study in Contrasts by Mary C. Dixon ...............................................................................71 The Revolution Within by Jill M. Dougherty ............................................................................89 “The Torrent of the Human Race:” The Concept of Movement in the Works of Saint Augustine and Its Impact on the Medieval Imagination by Christopher A. Dunn ...................................................................105 Reconciling the Self Amidst the Russian Revolution and Soviet Regime: Doctor Zhivágo and Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears by Renée D. Fox ................................................................................119 Health Care Reform and the Founding Fathers: An Analysis of the Current Application of the Federalist and Anti-Federalist Debates by Sean M. Gallagher .......................................................................135 Nature and the Infinite Cosmos: American Transcendentalism in Annie Dillard’s The Maytrees by Rebecca H. Hogue ........................................................................157 page 3 volume vi - 2012 — Chou Graduate Liberal Studies Jus ad Bellum and the Israel-Hezbollah War by Kelly Kidwell Hughes ...................................................................171 Legacies of Islam: Foundational Principles of Four Schools of Islam by Jennifer L. Phillips .......................................................................193 The Promise of Educational Exchange: The Impact of U.S. Graduate Training on Vietnamese Students, 1990-2012 by Elizabeth M. R. Robbins .............................................................219 The Sustainability of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Case Study: Addressing the Security-Development Nexus in Libya by Anita Rebecca Sundarajan ..........................................................243 American Literature and the American Idea: Out of Eden and into the Wild West by Kari Thyne ...................................................................................265 page 4 Writing Across the Curriculum Notes from the Underground Pardoner by John M. Adle Written for Course: Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales and the Late Medieval Renaissance Professor: Ann R. Meyer, Ph.D. Spring 2010 page 5 volume vi - 2012 — Adle Graduate Liberal Studies JOHN M. ADLE John Adle is a Master of Arts in Liberal Studies candidate in the field of literature and society at Georgetown University. Born and raised in Asia, he graduated from Duke University with a B.A. in Comparative Area Studies and a minor in Art and spent a youthful period traveling and living in Europe. Earning subsequently a M.Ed. from The George Washington University he has taught high school Social Studies and ESL for many years in Northern Virginia. He presently teaches part-time at Montgomery College, tutors, and seeks to engage in more creative activities. page 6 Writing Across the Curriculum The Pardoner in The Canterbury Tales has been variously called a hypo- crite, a liar, a thieving scoundrel, a fraud and imposter, a parasite, and a sterile neuter, among other disgraceful epithets. These names are deserved, but perhaps they are a bit too cursory and patent. The Pardoner deliberately fulfills, through his words and deeds, his unwavering thematic preaching: Radix malorum est cupiditas (“Avarice is the root of evil”—from 1 Timothy 6:10 ). This is but to say, the Pardoner is avarice itself. It is claimed that “the Pardoner is literal, and he is literal because he is avaricious.”1 Apparently, the inability to see or read things symbolically or allegorically is a loathsome flaw of his, and it suggests his unregenerate state. Unabashed avarice is indicative of crass, corporeal materialism that is antithetical, supposedly, to any spiritual inkling. An example of this is cited in the following lines where the Pardoner compares himself to a dove in its purely physical movement, overlooking entirely the symbolism of the bird for the Holy Ghost to a Christian congregation: I preche, so as ye han herd bifore, And telle an hundred false japes more. Than peyne I me to strecche forth the nekke, And est and west upon the peple I bekke, As doth a dowve sitting on a berne. Myn hondes and my tonge goon so yerne That it is joye to see my bisinesse. (65-71) The literalism on the part of the Pardoner allegedly demonstrates, more- over, his one dimensional quality. In short, he is unanimously a villain, pure and simple. But is this really so clear-cut, and must we take the Pardoner’s words in his confessional Prologue at face value, without any sense of irony? After all, it has been said that the Pardoner is “the most self-conscious of the Canterbury pilgrims.”2 Must we accept the Pardoner’s shocking self-disclo- sures in the Prologue wholly on the grounds of some naivety in his nature or of his accustomed avariciousness? Behind his apparent self-centeredness is there not some strange, contradictory drive towards self-condemnation—or reparation, even? In the exploration of these questions, evidence will be sought for a more page 7 volume vi - 2012 — Adle Graduate Liberal Studies complex, multifaceted Pardoner who is not unanimously and one-sidedly evil. This quick study is drawn mostly from the Pardoner’s Prologue, and for reasons of luminosity and clarifying of perspective, compare and contrast and look to another fictional figure for helpful insights. ADostoevskyan figure is brought to mind. The literary critic, Harold Bloom, has remarked that “the strangely au- thentic power of the Pardoner’s Sermon, which transcends his overt trickster- ism, testifies to the weird prolepsis of Dostoevsky in The Canterbury Tales.”3 Dostoevsky, of course, has rendered some of the most complicated, cerebral antiheroes ever to intrude on the world stage of literature. Following the critic’s hint in summoning any Dostoevskyan character vis-à-vis the Pardoner, the prime candidate that appears is the first person narrator of Notes from the Underground. The beginning few lines of this confessional tirade are, “I am a sick man. I am a spiteful man. An unattractive man. I think that my liver hurts.” There stirs something bitter, repelling, exhibitionist, and even comical about this narrator. The narrator acknowledges himself at one point that he “will produce an extremely unpleasant impression.” Thomas Mann spoke about the Underground Man’s destructive “radical frankness.” We take note of this aspect in the Pardoner, too, in such lines as “For, though myself be a ful vicious man / A moral tale yet I yow telle can” (131-132). It is commonplace that humans try to keep their sordid vices concealed from prying society, but why does the Pardoner air them in so boastful a manner? The confessions of both characters are unvarnished and self-damaging. They both reveal, openly and zestfully, it would seem, selves that are debauched and unashamed. There is a pungent whiff of masochism. The Underground Man