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African Socialism and Attaining the Pan-African Ideal: Tanzania and Kenya, 1950-1970

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African Socialism and Attaining the Pan-African Ideal: Tanzania and Kenya, 1950-1970 African Socialism and Attaining the Pan-African Ideal: Tanzania and Kenya, 1950-1970 By Martina Joy Forgwe Dr. Joyce Kannan Department ofHistory and African Studies (Chair), Kalamazoo College Kalamazoo, Michigan Dr. John Dugas Department ofPolitical Science (Chair), Kalamazoo College Kalamazoo, Michigan Dr. Peter Wanyande Department ofPolitical Science and Public Administration (Chair), University ofNairobi Nairobi, Kenya Dr. Robinson Ocharo Department of Sociology, University ofNairobi Nairobi, Kenya Paper submitted in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree Bachelor ofArts at Kalamazoo College Winter 2002 > Table of Contents Table of Contents i Principal Acronyms ii Acknowledgements iii Introduction 1 Chapter 1 The Birth of a Movement 4 Pan African Origins 4 Early Pan African Thinkers 8 Chapter 2 From the Diaspora to the Mainland 25 The Second Phase ofPan-Africanism 26 Conflicts ofInterest 33 The Divided States ofAfrica 37 Pan-African Origins Reconsidered 43 Chapter 3 Ujamaa and the Pan-African Ideal: The Tanzania 49 Case African Socialism Defined 50 Colonial Tanganyika 53 Post-Colonial Tanganyika and Ujamaa 57 in Theory Conclusion 68 Chapter 4 African Socialism Unrealized: The Kenya Case 71 Kenya's Settler Economy 74 KANU's Approach 76 Kenya's Key Policy Documents 81 Africanization of the Economy 85 Issues ofLand 87 Conclusion 90 Conclusion Final Thoughts and Future Prospects 93 Works Cited 98 1 List of Principal Acronyms AAPC All-African Peoples' Conference ACL African Communities League AFC Agriculture Finance Corporation ANC African National Congress APC African People's Party AU African Union EASCO East African Common Services Organization EU European Union ICDC Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation IMF International Monetary Fund KADU Kenya Africa Democratic Union KANU Kenya African National Union KKM Kiama kia Muingi KNTC Kenya National Trading Corporation KPU Kenya People Union MAP Millennium African Recovery Plan NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People NBC National Housing Corporation OAU Organization ofAfrican Unity PADA Organization for Peace and Appropriate Development for the Hom ofAfrica PAFMECA Pan-African Movement of East and Central Africa PAFMECSA Pan-African Movement ofEastern, Central, and Southern Africa PRA Parti du Regroupment Africaine RDA Rassemblement Democratique Africaine SAPs Structural Adjustment Programs TANU Tanganyikan African National Union UAS Union ofAfrican States UGTAN Union General des Travailleurs d'Afrique Noire UNIA United Negro Improvement Association USA United States ofAfrica 11 Acknowledgements Researching for this Senior Individualized Project would not have happened had I not traveled to Kenya on study abroad, and returned thereafter. I thank the Kalamazoo College Center for International Programs and the University ofNairobi for making such opportunities possible. I also received a Ham Grant through the Department of Political Science at Kalamazoo College, and the Beeler Fellowship through the Center For International Programs. Without such funding, I could not have returned to Kenya. Kenya has, thus far, been the most moving experience in my life. I was introduced to an entirely new way ofthinking, learning, and life. I thank Dr. Peter Wanyande in the Political Science and Public Administration Department at the University ofNairobi not only for helping me with the research for this project, but also for his tireless efforts to help me academically, and to appreciate how incredible life in Nairobi is. Dr. Dr Robinson Ocharo in the Department ofSociology at the University of Nairobi has also helped me immensely. He advised me with this research, provided me with a collection ofmaterials from Kenyan authors, and a great deal ofpersonal input. Professor Vincent Simiyu in the Department ofHistory at the University ofNairobi has provided me with wealth ofinformation that is invaluable. I would also like to thank Mr. Francis Owakah and Mr. Oriare Nyarwath, both in the Department ofPhilosophy at the University ofNairobi , with whom I had endless conversations on every topic from Pan-Africanism to inner-city life in the United States. I am indebted to Mr. Fred Jonyo in the Depa~ent ofPolitical Science and Public Administration for letting me bounce my ideas offhim, giving me priceless infonnation, 111 and for hearing what I had to say and helping me put it into context. I am also grateful to O.J. Summit, an MA Political Science Student at the University ofNairobi, Wakanyote, Walter Odame, and Wahome Mutahi, all ofwhom are my close friends and wonderful resources. Dr. John Dugas has, since the onset of my academic journey at K, been a wonderful advisor and a dear friend. In any situation, his door is always open. I can't overemphasize how much this means to me. Thank: you for being so approachable, genuine, and passionate about all that you do. Dr. Joyce Kannan deserves special thanks. I do not know where to begin. It is her passion and knowledge that has made me realize just how much I want to devote my life to Africa, and understanding its complexities and dynamics. Thank you for being painfully honest and pushing me so hard to develop my ideas, and for being a close friend. I know that it does not stop at Kalamazoo College-it is only beginning for us! It were not for my amazing neighbor and friend for life, Kiragu Wambuii, I would have never been able to return to Kenya to complete this research. Thank you for being there for me when I was discouraged and on the verge of giving up because my first research idea did not work out. You told me to hang in there and things would work out, and that is exactly what happened. Also, Dr. Lisbeth Gant-Britton was there for me when I thought that the world was coming to an end. Thank you for having faith in me. I thank my mom, Joy Forgwe, for never letting me forget my Cameroonian roots as I have spent the last 22 years asking her about Njindom, Yaounde, Douala, and her brief experience living in Chad. She, more than anyone, knows how deep-seated my IV African passion is. To Fitemi, Bentasi, and Sarikki-my lovely siblings. I love all of you. And to everyone with a true Pan-African ethic. In the words ofNelson Mandela I dream of the realization of the unity ofAfrica, whereby its leaders combine in their efforts solve the problems ofthis continent. I dream ofour vast deserts, of our forests, of all our great wildernesses. v To George Odhiambo 0100 and Cornelia "Kee" Klaaren. May the two ofyou rest in peace. vi Introduction My Pan-African interest stems from my experience studying in Nairobi, Kenya between September 2000 and September 2001. In Nairobi, my intellectual curiosity was stimulated while taking a comparative African politics course at the University ofNairobi with Dr. Peter Wanyande, where I was introduced to Pan-Africanism in an African political context. Combining my classroom knowledge with my immersion in Kenya, I questioned what would have happened ifPan-Africanism, as envisioned by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, was realized beyond the formation ofthe Organization ofAfrican Unity which emerged in 1963 and is now, as of2001, the African Union (AU). Would the unfettered corruption that is commonplace in states like Kenya and Nigeria prevail today ifthere was total African integration-economic and political? Would the West still exploit African resources while African families live in utter poverty and famine? I had infinite questions, but not a single answer, because Pan-Africanism-total African political, economic, and social unity-has not been realized. After leaving Kenya in March 2001 to complete my Spring Trimester at Kalamazoo College, I returned to Nairobi to conduct research for this analysis. The central question that I am addressing is this: Why was Pan-Africanism unable to be realized beyond the formation ofthe Organization ofAfrican Unity (OAU), which was a compromise organization formed in 1963? More specifically, I am focusing on one of the three main streams ofPan-Africanism-African Socialism-and examining it as an ideology in an East African context. The three main streams, or tenets, apparent in Pan­ African thought are Black Nationalism, African unity, and socialism. African Socialism, 1 an African brand of socialism and extremely vague ideology, was inherently considered to be part and parcel ofcontinental Pan-Africanism because it was developed by African leaders, and was thus uniquely African. It aimed to save Africans from the Western capitalist system they encountered during slavery and subsequently imperialism, which manifested itself in colonialism. As a theory, African Socialism sought to restore the human dignity in Africans so that they realized the importance ofthe needs ofthe community and others before individual needs, which proponents claimed characterized African society prior to the advent ofEuropeans. Through reversion to African Socialism, a Pan-African ethic could be restored, and a unified Africa attained. Yet ideology was challenged with pragmatic concerns. The chapters ofthis analysis will address these concerns by first providing an overall review of Pan­ Africanism in the African Diaspora and the African continent so that the phenomenon is understood, and show how diametrically opposing ideologies and practices among leaders, and the factionalization ofthe movement, accounted for its failure. Primarily, the focus ofthis examination is on Kenya and Tanzania, where the Post-Colonial regimes under Jomo Kenyatta ofKenya and Julius Nyerere ofTanzania
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