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Environmental Risks and Challenges of Anthropogenic Metals Flows and Cycles, a Through Global Markets

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Environmental Risks and Challenges of Anthropogenic Metals Flows and Cycles, a Through Global Markets A key question that relates to the very broad and intensive use of metals is whether society needs to be concerned about long-term supplies of any or many of them. This is a many-faceted question that cannot be answered quickly or unequivocally. To address it, the Global Metal Flows Working Group For more information, contact: envisions a series of six reports, Resource Panel Secretariat ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS of which this is the third one ad- UNEP DTIE AND HALLENGES dressing environmental risks and Sustainable Consumption C and Production Branch challenges of anthropogenic met- 15 rue de Milan OF ANTHROPOGENIC als fl ows and cycles. 75441 Paris CEDEX 09 France METALS FLOWS AND This report, compiled by a group Tel: +33 1 44 37 14 50 Fax: +33 1 44 37 14 74 CYCLES of international experts, focuses E-mail: [email protected] on the impact of metals on the en- www.unep.org/resourcepanel vironment as well as on their life cycle energy use. Currently, pri- mary metals production is respon- sible for 7 – 8 % of the total global energy use as well as for severe local environmental impacts. The report suggests to apply best available techniques and to in- crease recycling of metals, which not only requires signifi cantly less energy per kg metal produced than primary production but also helps decreasing the overall local impacts of mining. However, even if recycling rates are increased, rising global demand for many metals will remain a huge envi- ronmental challenge in the next ROGRAMME decades worldwide. P Published in April 2013 NVIRONMENT E ATIONS N ISBN: 978-92-807-3266-5 NITED DTI/1534/PA U Acknowledgments Editor: International Resource Panel, Working Group on the Global Metal Flows Lead author: Ester van der Voet, University of Leiden, Netherlands; Chapter editors: Ester van der Voet, Leiden University, Netherlands; Reijo Salminen,Geological Survey Finland, Finland; Matthew Eckelman, North Eastern University, Boston, USA; Gavin Mudd, Monash University, Australia; Terry Norgate, CSIRO Minerals Down Under Flagship, Australia; Roland Hischier, EMPA, Switzerland; Contributing authors: Job Spij- ker, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Netherlands; Martina Vijver, Leiden University, Netherlands; Olle Selinus, Linneaus University, Sweden; Leo Posthuma, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Netherlands; Dick de Zwart, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Netherlands; Dik van de Meent, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands; Markus Reuter, Outotec Oyj, About the UNEP Division of Technology, Espoo, Finland; Ladji Tikana, German Copper Development Association, Germany; Sonia Valdivia, UNEP, France; Patrick Wäger, EMPA, Swit- Industry and Economics zerland; Michael Hauschild, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark; Arjan de Koning, Leiden University, Netherlands. The following people have contributed by reviewing draft versions of the report and providing valuable information and comments (Alphabeti- cal): John Atherton, International Council on Mining and Metals; Caroline Braibant, European Precious Metals Federation; Clare Broadbent, The UNEP Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (DTIE) helps World Steel Association; Peter Campbell, Université du Québec, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifi que, Canada; Sandra Carey, Interna- tional Molybdenum Association; Grant Darrie, International Chromium Development Association; Katrien Delbeke, European Copper Institute; governments, local authorities and decision-makers in business and Johannes Drielsma, Euromines; Alain Dubreuil, Natural Resources Canada, Canada; Maria Amelia Enriquez, Federal University of Pará State, industry to develop and implement policies and practices focusing on Brazil; Kevin Farley, Manhattan College, USA; Thomas Graedel, Yale University, USA; Edgar Hertwich, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway, Paola Kistler, Rio Tinto, Switzerland; Christian Leroy, European Aluminium Association; Eirik Nordheim, European Alu- sustainable development. minium Association; Jerome Nriagu, University of Michigan, USA, Jozef M. Pacyna, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Norway; Claudia Peña, The Division works to promote: Chilean Research Centre for Mining and Metallurgy, Chile; Patrick van Sprang, Arche Consulting Brussels, Belgium; Sangwon Suh, University of California, USA; Frans Vollenbroek, European Commission, Belgium; Pia Voutilainen, Scandinavian Copper Development Association, Finland > sustainable consumption and production, and (further) representatives of the following organisations: Codelco, Euromines, European Aluminium Association, European Precious Metals > the effi cient use of renewable energy, Federation, International Chromium Development Association, International Copper Association, International Council on Mining and Metals, International Molybdenum Association, International Zinc Association, Rio Tinto, and World Steel Association. > adequate management of chemicals, The report went through several rounds of peer-review coordinated in an effi cient and constructive way by Jacqueline Aloisi de Larderel together > the integration of environmental costs in development policies. with the International Resource Panel Secretariat. Valuable comments were received from several anonymous reviewers in this process. The prepa- ration of this report also benefi ted from discussions with many colleagues at various meetings. The Offi ce of the Director, located in Paris, coordinates activities Special thanks go to Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker and Ashok Khosla as Co-Chairs of the International Resource Panel for their continuing support and encouragement, as well as to the members of the International Resource Panel and its Steering Committee for their dedication and commit- through: ment and additional helpful comments. > The International Environmental Technology Centre - IETC (Osaka, Shiga), Special thanks also go to Melanie Studer (Leiden University, Netherlands) for her support during the fi nal stages of the document preparation. Shaoyi Li, Tomas Marques and Philip Strothmann, UNEP, provided valuable input and comments; the International Resource Panel’s Secretariat which implements integrated waste, water and disaster management programmes, coordinated the preparation of this report. Sibylle Schmidtchen and the team from 3f design were instrumental in creating and editing the fi gures focusing in particular on Asia. and graphics. > Sustainable Consumption and Production (Paris), which promotes sustainable The main responsibility for errors remains with the authors. consumption and production patterns as a contribution to human development The report should be referenced as follows: UNEP (2013) Environmental Risks and Challenges of Anthropogenic Metals Flows and Cycles, A through global markets. Report of the Working Group on the Global Metal Flows to the International Resource Panel. van der Voet, E.; Salminen, R.; Eckelman, M.; > Chemicals Mudd, G.; Norgate, T.; Hischier, R. (Geneva), which catalyzes global actions to bring about the sound management of chemicals and the improvement of chemical safety worldwide. Copyright © United Nations Environment Programme, 2013 > Energy (Paris and Nairobi), which fosters energy and transport policies for This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or nonprofi t purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses sustainable development and encourages investment in renewable energy and this publication as a source. energy effi ciency. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the > OzonAction United Nations Environment Programme. (Paris), which supports the phase-out of ozone depleting substances Design/layout: 3f design, cover concept, UNEP. in developing countries and countries with economies in transition to ensure implementation of the Montreal Protocol. Photos: iStockphoto.com: background title/page 14 © gitches, title 1 © oneclearvision, title 2 © Marco Hegner, title 3 © Milos Peric, title 4 © DNY 59, page 4 © Ermin Rothenberger, page 24 © Phil Augustavo, page 30 © Rob Belknap, page 46 © Bart Coenders, page 46 > Economics and Trade (Geneva), which helps countries to integrate environmental © Wooden Dinosaur, page 56 © manfredxy, page 72 © iofoto, page 74 © ugur bariskan, page 94 © Don Wilkie, page 116 © Bart van den considerations into economic and trade policies, and works with the fi nance sector Dikkenberg, page 127 © Daniel Schoenen, page 128 © Ugurhan Betin, page 144 © Cliff Parnell, page 155 © Zsolt Biczó, page 162 © Ben to incorporate sustainable development policies. Klaus, page 190 © Justin Bryant, page 207 © Rob Broek, page 220 © Judy Kennamer. Others: see captions. Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the UNEP DTIE activities focus on raising awareness, material in this publication do not imply the expression improving the transfer of knowledge and information, of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United UNEP fostering technological cooperation and partnerships, and Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal promotes environ- status of any country, territory, city or area or of its implementing international conventions and agreements. authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers mentally sound practices or
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