DOCSLIB.ORG

Irish & Scots on the Frontier

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Irish & Scots on the Frontier Journal of Irish and Scottish Studies Volume 3: Issue 1 Exceptional Peoples? Irish & Scots on the Frontier AHRC Centre for Irish and Scottish Studies, University of Aberdeen JOURNAL OF IRISH AND SCOTTISH STUDIES Volume 3, Issue 1 Autumn 2009 Exceptional Peoples? Irish & Scots on the Frontier Published by the AHRC Centre for Irish and Scottish Studies at the University of Aberdeen in association with The universities of the The Irish-Scottish Academic Initiative ISSN 1753-2396 Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne Journal of Irish and Scottish Studies General Editor: Cairns Craig Issue Editors: Rosalyn Trigger, Michael Brown Associate Editor: Paul Shanks Editorial Advisory Board: Fran Brearton, Queen’s University, Belfast Eleanor Bell, University of Strathclyde Ewen Cameron, University of Edinburgh Sean Connolly, Queen’s University, Belfast Patrick Crotty, University of Aberdeen David Dickson, Trinity College, Dublin T. M. Devine, University of Edinburgh David Dumville, University of Aberdeen Aaron Kelly, University of Edinburgh Edna Longley, Queen’s University, Belfast Peter Mackay, Queen’s University, Belfast Shane Alcobia-Murphy, University of Aberdeen Ian Campbell Ross, Trinity College, Dublin Graham Walker, Queen’s University, Belfast International Advisory Board: Don Akenson, Queen’s University, Kingston Tom Brooking, University of Otago Keith Dixon, Université Lumière Lyon 2 Luke Gibbons, Notre Dame Marjorie Howes, Boston College H. Gustav Klaus, University of Rostock Peter Kuch, University of Otago Graeme Morton, University of Guelph Brad Patterson, Victoria University, Wellington Matthew Wickman, Brigham Young David Wilson, University of Toronto The Journal of Irish and Scottish Studies is a peer reviewed journal published twice yearly in autumn and spring by the AHRC Centre for Irish and Scottish Studies at the University of Aberdeen. An electronic reviews section is available on the AHRC Centre’s website at: http://www.abdn.ac.uk/riiss/issjournal.shtml Editorial correspondence, including manuscripts for submission, should be addressed to The Editors, Journal of Irish and Scottish Studies, AHRC Centre for Irish and Scottish Studies, Humanity Manse, 19 College Bounds, University of Aberdeen, AB24 3UG or emailed to: [email protected] Subscription information can be found on www.abdn.ac.uk/riiss/publications Cover image: Edward Immyns Abbot (d.1849). Detail from Dunedin from Little Paisley, 1849. Published by Fredk J. Wilson, 21 Gt Russell St., Bloomsbury, London [c.1853]. Courtesy of the Alexander Turnbull Library, National Library of New Zealand / Te Puna Matauranga o Aotearoa, B-051-014-a. Photo © National Library of New Zealand / Te Puna Matauranga o Aotearoa. CONTENTS Editorial v Scots and Imperial Frontiers 1 John M. MacKenzie Imagining the Frontier: 19 Environment, Memory and Settlement – Narratives from Victoria (Australia), 1850 – 1890 Lindsay Proudfoot and Dianne Hall ‘Green Scots and Golden Irish’: The Environmental Impact 41 of Scottish and Irish Settlers in New Zealand – Some Preliminary Ruminations Tom Brooking Worlds Apart? The Scottish Forestry Tradition 61 and the Development of Forestry in India Jan Oosthoek The Irish, Scots and Scotch-Irish and Lessons 75 from the Early American Frontier Patrick Griffin Evangelicalism, Enlightenment and ‘Race’ 99 on the Frontiers of Mission: Scottish-Canadian Encounters with Chinese in Montreal Rosalyn Trigger Celticism, Catholicism and Colonialism: 121 The Intellectual Frontiers of Thomas D’Arcy McGee David A. Wilson Irish and American Frontiers in the Novels 139 of James McHenry Stephen Dornan The Sojourning Settler: 157 Transatlantic Networks and Identities in the British-American Tobacco Trade, 1740-1841 M.H. Beals A ‘Primitive Germ of Discord’ in the North Atlantic World: 175 Newfoundland-Irish Roman Catholics in Scottish Cape Breton Peter Ludlow Exploiting Jurisdictions: 193 Perceptions of Political Boundaries in Southwest Scotland and Ulster, 1688 – 1715 Kathleen Middleton Free Movement of People? 213 Responses to Emigration from Ireland, 1718 – 30 Patrick Walsh Notes on Contributors 229 EDITORIAL Frontiers of Transfer and Transformation By focusing on the theme of ‘frontiers’, this issue of the Journal of Irish and Scottish Studies invites discussion of transfer and transformation in the Irish and Scottish diaspora. What aspects of their culture did Irish and Scottish migrants transfer from their homelands to the settler societies of North America and the Antipodes and to British colonies such as India? And how were they themselves transformed by the new environments and diverse peoples that they encountered? Were the contributions made by Irish and Scottish migrants and cultures in any way ‘exceptional’? On the one hand, the theme of ‘frontiers’ draws attention to the interactions of Irish and Scottish migrants with natural environments that they had not previously encountered, as well as with indigenous peoples and other European groups. The first six papers in this volume tackle this agenda, focusing on imperial and environmental frontiers (John MacKenzie, Lindsay Proudfoot and Dianne Hall, Tom Brooking, Jan Oosthoek), frontiers of cultural encounter, of conquest and of settlement (Patrick Griffin), and frontiers of mission (Rosalyn Trigger). As illustrated by the papers in the second half of this collection, frontiers can also be conceptualised as political boundaries, enabling an exploration of the processes of transfer and transformation that occurred when individuals or groups crossed from one jurisdiction to another, whether it be across the Irish Sea (Kathleen Middleton), the Cabot Strait (Peter Ludlow), or the Atlantic Ocean (David Wilson, Stephen Dornan, Melodee Beals, Patrick Walsh). In adopting these approaches, the authors draw on the double meaning of the term ‘frontier’ as either ‘the border or advance region of settlement and civilisation’ or as ‘that part of a country which fronts or faces another country’.1 As the first definition – purposefully chosen for its outmoded reference to ‘civilisation’ – suggests, the term ‘frontier’ is weighed down by a tremendous amount of historical freight. As a result, it has become fashionable in recent 1 Fulmer Mood, ‘Notes on the History of the Word “Frontier”’, Agricultural History, 22 (1948), 81. This definition comes from Webster’s New International Dictionary of the English Language, published at Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1909. vi years to avoid its use and instead refer to settlement frontiers as ‘contact zones’ or ‘transactive borderlands’ – terms deemed to be less imbued with a ‘European expansionist perspective’.2 While there are contexts in which the use of these terms is indeed more appropriate, their adoption fails to reflect the ways in which Europeans in particular have projected their power into the lands and lives of other peoples around the world over the past five hundred years. Thus, in my own contribution to the collection, I refer to ‘frontiers of mission’ not out of a desire to endorse a European expansionist perspective, but because the phrase effectively evokes the way in which Scottish Canadians of the late nineteenth century viewed distant regions only just coming into contact with western missionaries. John MacKenzie provides a more detailed exploration of these issues in his paper in this collection. In terms of the second definition of frontier as ‘that part of a country which fronts or faces another country’, there is debate as to whether it is appropriate to regard the sea as a frontier.3 C.B. Fawcett’s classic treatise, Frontiers: A Study in Political Geography (1918), unequivocally states, however, that ‘of all the breaks in the continuity of the human population of the earth the sea is the largest and most prominent’, pointing out that ‘the Englishman feels far less severed from his own country when he goes to Scotland or Wales than when he crosses to Ireland; though he is less likely to hear a strange language in Ireland than in Wales or the Highlands, and the greater part of England is actually nearer to Dublin than to Edinburgh’ (simultaneously demonstrating that this use of the term frontier can be just as ethnocentric as its aforementioned counterpart).4 Fawcett nevertheless emphasised that the sea was also ‘an open road’ with no natural barriers, in keeping with his understanding of frontiers as areas of transition capable of serving both as ‘zones of separation’ and as ‘zones of intercourse’ between two or more regions or states.5 Discussion of the relative importance of cultural transfer and transformation in establishing the national character of settler societies has 2 Mary Louise Pratt, Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (London and New York, 1992), 6 – 7. On criticism of these terms, see John Friedmann, ‘Borders, Margins, and Frontiers: Myth and Metaphor’ in Yehuda Gradus and Harvey Lithwick (eds), Frontiers in Regional Development (London, 1996), 14 – 5. 3 In his famous Dictionary of the English Language (London, 1755), Dr Samuel Johnson, for example, defined the word ‘frontier’ as ‘the marches; the limit; the utmost verge of any territory; the border: properly that which terminates not at the sea, but fronts another country.’ 4 C.B. Fawcett, Frontiers: A Study in Political Geography (Oxford, 1918), 34. 5 Ibid., 32, 34; also 24. vii deep roots. In his much-cited article on ‘The Significance of the Frontier in American History’, first published in 1893, Frederick Jackson Turner argued that
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Gaelic Barbarity and Scottish Identity in the Later Middle Ages
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Enlighten MacGregor, Martin (2009) Gaelic barbarity and Scottish identity in the later Middle Ages. In: Broun, Dauvit and MacGregor, Martin(eds.) Mìorun mòr nan Gall, 'The great ill-will of the Lowlander'? Lowland perceptions of the Highlands, medieval and modern. Centre for Scottish and Celtic Studies, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, pp. 7-48. ISBN 978085261820X Copyright © 2009 University of Glasgow A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge Content must not be changed in any way or reproduced in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder(s) When referring to this work, full bibliographic details must be given http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/91508/ Deposited on: 24 February 2014 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk 1 Gaelic Barbarity and Scottish Identity in the Later Middle Ages MARTIN MACGREGOR One point of reasonably clear consensus among Scottish historians during the twentieth century was that a ‘Highland/Lowland divide’ came into being in the second half of the fourteenth century. The terminus post quem and lynchpin of their evidence was the following passage from the beginning of Book II chapter 9 in John of Fordun’s Chronica Gentis Scotorum, which they dated variously from the 1360s to the 1390s:1 The character of the Scots however varies according to the difference in language. For they have two languages, namely the Scottish language (lingua Scotica) and the Teutonic language (lingua Theutonica).
    [Show full text]
  • Irish Gothic Fiction
    THE ‘If the Gothic emerges in the shadows cast by modernity and its pasts, Ireland proved EME an unhappy haunting ground for the new genre. In this incisive study, Jarlath Killeen shows how the struggle of the Anglican establishment between competing myths of civility and barbarism in eighteenth-century Ireland defined itself repeatedly in terms R The Emergence of of the excesses of Gothic form.’ GENCE Luke Gibbons, National University of Ireland (Maynooth), author of Gaelic Gothic ‘A work of passion and precision which explains why and how Ireland has been not only a background site but also a major imaginative source of Gothic writing. IRISH GOTHIC Jarlath Killeen moves well beyond narrowly political readings of Irish Gothic by OF IRISH GOTHIC using the form as a way of narrating the history of the Anglican faith in Ireland. He reintroduces many forgotten old books into the debate, thereby making some of the more familiar texts seem suddenly strange and definitely troubling. With FICTION his characteristic blend of intellectual audacity and scholarly rigour, he reminds us that each text from previous centuries was written at the mercy of its immediate moment as a crucial intervention in a developing debate – and by this brilliant HIST ORY, O RIGI NS,THE ORIES historicising of the material he indicates a way forward for Gothic amidst the ruins of post-Tiger Ireland.’ Declan Kiberd, University of Notre Dame Provides a new account of the emergence of Irish Gothic fiction in the mid-eighteenth century FI This new study provides a robustly theorised and thoroughly historicised account of CTI the beginnings of Irish Gothic fiction, maps the theoretical terrain covered by other critics, and puts forward a new history of the emergence of the genre in Ireland.
    [Show full text]
  • Author's and Readers' Updates to "Up to Rawdon"
    Updates - UP TO RAWDON, © by Daniel B. Parkinson Revised September 2, 2021 • UP TO RAWDON was published in paperback and PDF formats, on February 16, 2013. See www.uptorawdon.com/#order. • This document Author’s and Readers’ Updates (www.uptorawdon.com/updates) contains revised text, comments and contacts for readers interested in particular families. It is updated periodically. Associated photographs at https://uptorawdon.com/photo-updates/ Family Details i Cover: Johnston Cabin (Tenth Range, Lot 24 South) by the late Linda Blagrave, photographed by Richard Prud’homme, of Rawdon. Ken McRory, Guelph, Ontario designer. Part One Correction: ISBN 978-0-9917126-0-1 (paper) ii Correction: ISBN 978-0-9917126-2-5 (e-book) Part One, map RAWDON TOWNSHIP IN 1820 – the caption makes it clear that the map was originally drawn in 1805. This page iv map is in the introductions to Part One and Part Two. Read about a similar 1821 map showing the roads and and rivers at https://uptorawdon.com/rawdon-1821/ and see this map at https://uptorawdon.com/wp- Part Two. content/uploads/2019/10/1821-map.pdf page iv William Holtby used a similar township outline when he was Township Secretary Treasurer, which is described in Part One, page xviii, paragraph four. See this map at https://uptorawdon.com/wp- content/uploads/2019/10/rawdon-township-1840s.pdf The Holtby descendants in Minnesota and Washington state treasured William Holtby’s copy for many years and Michael E. Holtby of Denver, Colorado, a 3X great grandson of William gave it to me in December 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination
    Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination Anglophone Writing from 1600 to 1900 Silke Stroh northwestern university press evanston, illinois Northwestern University Press www .nupress.northwestern .edu Copyright © 2017 by Northwestern University Press. Published 2017. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data are available from the Library of Congress. Except where otherwise noted, this book is licensed under a Creative Commons At- tribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. In all cases attribution should include the following information: Stroh, Silke. Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination: Anglophone Writing from 1600 to 1900. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 2017. For permissions beyond the scope of this license, visit www.nupress.northwestern.edu An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high-quality books open access for the public good. More information about the initiative and links to the open-access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction 3 Chapter 1 The Modern Nation- State and Its Others: Civilizing Missions at Home and Abroad, ca. 1600 to 1800 33 Chapter 2 Anglophone Literature of Civilization and the Hybridized Gaelic Subject: Martin Martin’s Travel Writings 77 Chapter 3 The Reemergence of the Primitive Other? Noble Savagery and the Romantic Age 113 Chapter 4 From Flirtations with Romantic Otherness to a More Integrated National Synthesis: “Gentleman Savages” in Walter Scott’s Novel Waverley 141 Chapter 5 Of Celts and Teutons: Racial Biology and Anti- Gaelic Discourse, ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Policy Briefing
    Policy Briefing Forestry policy and carbon sequestration in Scotland Synopsis LINK believes that carbon sequestration should not be a primary driver of forestry policy, management of the National Forest Estate, and grant spend in Scotland. Whilst we accept that trees do sequester carbon, and through this process can make a small contribution to combating climate change, primary focus should continue to be on ensuring delivery of multiple public benefits such as enhanced biodiversity, improved access and health opportunities, landscape and historical environment enhancement and rural economic development. LINK does not therefore support any shift in resources away from existing policy priorities towards support for ‘sequestration forestry’ per se. LINK calls for a substantial increase in Government spending on ‘climate change adaptation forestry’ as an urgent response to the threat climate change poses to Scotland’s landscapes and biodiversity. ‘Adaptation forestry’ may include initiatives such as the restoration and expansion of native and mixed woodland planting, forest habitat network development and facilitating a move towards low impact silvicultural systems. These objectives are consistent with the current Scottish Forestry Strategy and will also have important secondary carbon sequestration benefits. The limitations of carbon as a driver for forestry policy The science behind carbon sequestration is still developing but evidence to date suggests that even if amount of new planting in Scotland each year was doubled or quadrupled, the contribution of new woodlands to offsetting an estimated 20Mt of carbon emitted each year in Scotland will only ever be minimal1. This is a key reason why sequestration should not be a primary driver of forestry policy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Architects of Eighteenth Century English Freemasonry, 1720 – 1740
    The Architects of Eighteenth Century English Freemasonry, 1720 – 1740 Submitted by Richard Andrew Berman to the University of Exeter as a Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Research in History 15 December 2010. This thesis is available for Library use on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. I certify that all material in this thesis that is not my own work has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other university. R A Berman 1 | P a g e Abstract Following the appointment of its first aristocratic Grand Masters in the 1720s and in the wake of its connections to the scientific Enlightenment, ‘Free and Accepted’ Masonry rapidly became part of Britain’s national profile and the largest and arguably the most influential of Britain’s extensive clubs and societies. The new organisation did not evolve naturally from the mediaeval guilds and religious orders that pre-dated it, but was reconfigured radically by a largely self-appointed inner core. Freemasonry became a vehicle for the expression and transmission of the political and religious views of those at its centre, and for the scientific Enlightenment concepts that they championed. The ‘Craft’ also offered a channel through which many sought to realise personal aspirations: social, intellectual and financial. Through an examination of relevant primary and secondary documentary evidence, this thesis seeks to contribute to a broader understanding of contemporary English political and social culture, and to explore the manner in which Freemasonry became a mechanism that promoted the interests of the Hanoverian establishment and connected and bound a number of élite metropolitan and provincial figures.
    [Show full text]
  • Inverness, Ross & Skye
    Strategic Plan Inverness, Ross & Skye Forest District Strategic Plan 2009-2013 Click here to begin Strategic plan 2009-2013 Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 3 About Inverness, Ross & Skye Forest District ........................................................................................6 Section one: strategic context .....................................................................................................13 Context ............................................................................................................................................................14 Strategic priorities for Inverness, Ross & Skye Forest District .......................................................16 Forest policy context...................................................................................................................................18 Section two: how Inverness, Ross & Skye Forest District contributes to the delivery of the scottish forestry strategy ....................................................................................19 Key theme one: climate change ..............................................................................................................21 Key theme two: timber ..............................................................................................................................25 Key theme three: business development .............................................................................................30
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of the Militant Tendency
    18 August 1982 Marxism Today Witch-hunts are the last thing the Labour Party needs: yet the politics of Militant are a blind alley for the Left. John Callaghan The Politics of the Militant Tendency The recent decision by the Labour Party open debate. If the ideology and political Socialist Fight was replaced by The Militant National Executive Committee to establish practice of the Militant Tendency are char­ in 1963; but, more fundamentally, from a register of organised groups within the acterised by major shortcomings they will being an integrated group of entrists in ranks of the party is generally acknowledged not be any less significant merely because 1955, the Revolutionary Socialist League to be a move against the Militant Tendency. the Labour Right draws attention to them gradually gave way to the much looser form It is possible that this decision may, by Sep­ while the Left remains silent. which is today's Militant Tendency. This tember, result in the expulsion of leading consists of a small centralised leadership figures from the group. The Labour Party Origins and nature echelon around Ted Grant, who control and has on many previous occasions taken such of the Militant Tendency1 own The Militant, supported by the bulk of repressive action against dissident — espe­ The Militant Tendency originated with a the Labour Party Young Socialist organ- cially Marxist — factions within the party tiny group of Trotskyists led by Ted Grant. istion and those who are prepared to sell the and its youth section. But the extraordinary From the mid-50s this group — known as newspaper in the parent organisation.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Manuscript and Printed Sources Current Marks and Abreviations
    1 1 LIST OF MANUSCRIPT AND PRINTED SOURCES CURRENT MARKS AND ABREVIATIONS * * surrounds insertions by me * * variant forms of the lemmata for finding ** (trailing at end of article) wholly new article inserted by me + + surrounds insertion from the addenda ++ (trailing at end of article) wholly new article inserted from addenda † † marks what is (I believe) certainly wrong !? marks an unidentified source reference [ro] Hogan’s Ro [=reference omitted] {1} etc. different places but within a single entry are thus marked Identical lemmata are numbered. This is merely to separate the lemmata for reference and cross- reference. It does not imply that the lemmata always refer to separate names SOURCES Unidentified sources are listed here and marked in the text (!?). Most are not important but they are nuisance. Identifications please. 23 N 10 Dublin, RIA, 967 olim 23 N 10, antea Betham, 145; vellum and paper; s. xvi (AD 1575); see now R. I. Best (ed), MS. 23 N 10 (formerly Betham 145) in the Library of the RIA, Facsimiles in Collotype of Irish Manuscript, 6 (Dublin 1954) 23 P 3 Dublin, RIA, 1242 olim 23 P 3; s. xv [little excerption] AASS Acta Sanctorum … a Sociis Bollandianis (Antwerp, Paris, & Brussels, 1643—) [Onomasticon volume numbers belong uniquely to the binding of the Jesuits’ copy of AASS in their house in Leeson St, Dublin, and do not appear in the series]; see introduction Ac. unidentified source Acallam (ed. Stokes) Whitley Stokes (ed. & tr.), Acallam na senórach, in Whitley Stokes & Ernst Windisch (ed), Irische Texte, 4th ser., 1 (Leipzig, 1900) [index]; see also Standish H.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue 5 Working-Proof.P65
    Autonomous Chaos-Strategy CONTENTS: (4) International Resistance News (11) The Bombs (1915) from ‘Carteles I’ (13) Report from the Autonomous Spaces Gathering, Dijon, France (19) Towards a Warm 2008 (19) Anti-G8 2007 : Report (28) Letter of Gabriel Pombo da Silva (29) Prison Revolt in Belgium (32) Against the Leaders from ‘Carteles I’ (33) Interview with Christian S, Anti-Fascist in Prison "Things have changed since 2005, we have (34) Running away from the Prison Society from ‘Incognito’ crossed a red line. When these kids aim their (36) Letter of Christina Tonidou guns at police officers, they want to kill them. They are no longer afraid to shoot a (37) Interview with Anonymous Anarchist from Bialystok, Poland policeman. We are only on the second day (42) Perspective of a Black Bloc Participant: “Atlantica” Riot since the accident and already they are shooting guns at the police." (43) Letter from Giorgos Voutsis-Vogiatzis Joachim Masanet, secretary general of the French (45) Anti-Colonial Struggle in Kanada UNSA police trade union. (50) Letter from Artur Konowalik (52) Stunning Like Marrasi in Flames (54) 10 Years in Jail - or in a Cave by Thomas Meyer-Falk ISSUE #5 > > (55) MG (Militant Group) : A Chronology Printed by the Anti-Copyright Network (57) Repression & Reports (64) Distro [email protected] #5 / 325collective.com laid to rest. Anarchism has always been antagonistic to organised exploitation and will remain so This magazine is an infrequent DIY printed inclined. It is not for nothing that project of incendiary texts & images, Copenhagen’s Chief of Police involving the collaboration of a small network of anarchists and anti-capitalists spread despaired of the ‘autonomous chaos- across Europe and the World.
    [Show full text]
  • American Book Awards 2004
    BEFORE COLUMBUS FOUNDATION PRESENTS THE AMERICAN BOOK AWARDS 2004 America was intended to be a place where freedom from discrimination was the means by which equality was achieved. Today, American culture THE is the most diverse ever on the face of this earth. Recognizing literary excel- lence demands a panoramic perspective. A narrow view strictly to the mainstream ignores all the tributaries that feed it. American literature is AMERICAN not one tradition but all traditions. From those who have been here for thousands of years to the most recent immigrants, we are all contributing to American culture. We are all being translated into a new language. BOOK Everyone should know by now that Columbus did not “discover” America. Rather, we are all still discovering America—and we must continue to do AWARDS so. The Before Columbus Foundation was founded in 1976 as a nonprofit educational and service organization dedicated to the promotion and dissemination of contemporary American multicultural literature. The goals of BCF are to provide recognition and a wider audience for the wealth of cultural and ethnic diversity that constitutes American writing. BCF has always employed the term “multicultural” not as a description of an aspect of American literature, but as a definition of all American litera- ture. BCF believes that the ingredients of America’s so-called “melting pot” are not only distinct, but integral to the unique constitution of American Culture—the whole comprises the parts. In 1978, the Board of Directors of BCF (authors, editors, and publishers representing the multicultural diversity of American Literature) decided that one of its programs should be a book award that would, for the first time, respect and honor excellence in American literature without restric- tion or bias with regard to race, sex, creed, cultural origin, size of press or ad budget, or even genre.
    [Show full text]
  • English Duplicates of Lost Virginia Records
    T iPlCTP \jrIRG by Lot L I B RAHY OF THL UN IVER.SITY Of ILLINOIS 975.5 D4-5"e ILL. HJST. survey Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/englishduplicateOOdesc English Duplicates of Lost Virginia Records compiled by Louis des Cognets, Jr. © 1958, Louis des Cognets, Jr. P.O. Box 163 Princeton, New Jersey This book is dedicated to my grandmother ANNA RUSSELL des COGNETS in memory of the many years she spent writing two genealogies about her Virginia ancestors \ i FOREWORD This book was compiled from material found in the Public Record Office during the summer of 1957. Original reports sent to the Colonial Office from Virginia were first microfilmed, and then transcribed for publication. Some of the penmanship of the early part of the 18th Century was like copper plate, but some was very hard to decipher, and where the same name was often spelled in two different ways on the same page, the task was all the more difficult. May the various lists of pioneer Virginians contained herein aid both genealogists, students of colonial history, and those who make a study of the evolution of names. In this event a part of my debt to other abstracters and compilers will have been paid. Thanks are due the Staff at the Public Record Office for many heavy volumes carried to my desk, and for friendly assistance. Mrs. William Dabney Duke furnished valuable advice based upon her considerable experience in Virginia research. Mrs .Olive Sheridan being acquainted with old English names was especially suited to the secretarial duties she faithfully performed.
    [Show full text]