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Jet Fuel 4Pg.Indd SUSTAINABILITY Flight path to alternative fuel ustainable jet fuel from a broad range With some 250M gallons/year of offtake agreements for of feedstocks and technologies is Sbeing commercially developed now sustainable jet fuel supply, the fossil fuel alternative is no with some 250M gallons/year of offtake longer a concept but a pending commercial reality. agreements already in place, according to Serena Lim Steve Csonka, executive director of the Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels from 2020 seems feasible based on our Participation in both of these stages Initiative (CAAFI), a North American public progress, achieving 50% fewer carbon will be voluntary and the next phase from private partnership, working on behalf of emissions by 2050 remains a huge task” 2027-2035 would see all states on board, the aviation industry. given that a 460% increase in emissions with the exception of small developing Csonka says common misconceptions is projected by 2050 if no action is taken, countries or those with very low levels of about sustainable jet fuel are that they or 300% increase if 1.5% of annual fuel international aviation activity. are a decade away from reality, that they efficiency improvements continue to be are unproven, unsafe or inferior, have introduced. Alternative fuel criteria burdensome infrastructure/handling Alternative fuels in aviation must meet needs, or that the low price of crude oil Emissions targets several criteria in order to be viable, had stopped all development efforts. Globally, there are various targets for according to the US Federal Aviation In fact, sustainable jet fuels are a key emissions reduction and alternative fuel Administration (FAA). Their properties component in meeting the aviation use in aviation. The International Air have to be within acceptable limits in industry’s commitments to decouple Transport Association has set ambitious terms of viscosity, freeze point and fluid increases in carbon emissions from targets to curb fuel consumption and flow at low temperatures. They must traffic growth. “Airlines will take all the mitigate emissions, in which the aviation allow for engine re-light at altitude, and sustainable jet fuel they can get but at industry has committed to an average their compounds should not adversely parity pricing,” says Csonka. improvement in fuel efficiency of 1.5%/ impact flame stability. Compared with Worldwide air traffic is expected year from 2010 to 2020 and a cap on fossil-derived jet fuel, their energy content to grow by 5%/year, he adds. “In the aviation CO2 emissions from 2020. By should be as high or higher, and their USA, 25bn gallons/year of jet fuel are 2050, the goal is to reduce CO2 emissions greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions lower. consumed. Worldwide, the figure is 87bn from aviation by 50%, relative to 2005 Csonka says fats, oil and greases are gallons/year.” This equates to a third of levels. very close in composition to aviation the diesel used globally, or 264M tonnes In 2016, the UN’s International Civil fuel and the conversion of tallow or used of hydrocarbon output or 1.6M barrels/ Aviation Organization (ICAO) also agreed cooking oil (UCO) to Hydroprocessed day of production. on a Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA) had been “Aviation takes its environmental Scheme for International Aviation shown to achieve a 65% and 78% responsibility seriously,” Csonka says, and (CORSIA) to reduce CO2 emissions from reduction in GHG emissions respectively. has made progress in noise reduction international aviation with a pilot phase They feature in several of the sustainable and tackling pollutants from planes. from 2021-2023, followed by a first phase jet fuel processes already approved or “While achieving carbon neutral growth from 2024-2026. currently under review by the aviation u www.ofimagazine.com OFI – SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2018 39 Jet Fuel 4pg.indd 2 05/09/2018 14:22 SUSTAINABILITYSAJF offtake agreements Beyond numerous demonstration programs neat quantities A5 in 2016, which allowed US renewable Up to 5 M gpy chemicals and biofuels company Gevo from 2016 (LAX) Inc’s renewable jet fuel to be blended * 3 yr agreement 30/70 blend at up to 30% in commercial airline 3 yr agreement operati ons. A later revision in April 2018 Enabling LAX flts lift ed the blend rati o limit for ATJ-SPK Halmstad Bioports Arlanda fuels to 50%. In April this year, Annex A5 on demand, Bromma was revised to add ethanol as a feedstock, et al. Goteborg Leeuwarden paving the way for renewable jet fuel from 37.5M gpy US fi rms such as biofuels provider Byogy Renewables, Gevo and carbon recycling 90-180 M gpy yr SAJF offtake agreements company LanzaTech. LanzaTech began 10 Beyond numerous demonstration programs 50 M gpy constructi on of Europe’s fi rst commercial neat quantities agreements bioethnol-from-gas facility in June 2018. The US$150M, 80M litres/year plant is 1% of GVA supply 3 M gpy each, 7 yrs located in Belgium, at the site of leading (Bay Area, CA) steel maker ArcelorMitt al’s facility in 10 July 2018 1 Ghent. LanzaTech uses microbes that * AltAir also continues supplying fuel for multiple trial and research activities A350 deliveries feed on carbon monoxide, hydrogen and 10% blend (ex-TLS) carbon dioxide to produce bioethanol. 10M gpy, 10 yrs (JFK) Current off take deals Current offt ake agreements between alternati ve fuel producers and airlines 4M gpy, 10 yrs (LAX) total more than 250M gallons/year, representi ng the fi rst few commercial Up to 1M gpy, 5 yrs+ eff orts in sustainable jet fuel (see Figure 1, Brisbane Supply above). They include: Demonstration AltAir Fuels 2016 agreement to supply the USA’s United Airlines with up to 5M gallons/year of fuel at Los Angeles These offtakes/efforts represent >250 M gpy, and account for the 10 July 2018 1 Airport, in collaborati on with World Fuel total production slate of the first several commercialization Services, USA. AltAir Fuels was bought by Figure 1: Sustainable alternati ve jet fuel offtefforts ake agreements World Energy, one of the largest biofuel SOURCE: CAAFI SOURCE: suppliers in North America, in March 2018 u industry. There are currently fi ve approved Syntheti c Iso-paraffi n from Fermented and has a 45M gallons/year renewable pathways pathways to produce drop-in Hydroprocessed Sugar (HFS-SIP) diesel and jet fuel producti on facility in fuel blending components for aviati on, (formerly referred to as Direct-Sugar-to- Paramount, California. specifi ed by global standards body Hydrocarbon) converts sugars to a pure AltAir is also producing its 30% ASTM in the ASTM D7566-18 Standard C15 paraffi n molecule using advanced renewable/70% petroleum jet fuel as part Specifi cati on for Aviati on Turbine Fuel fermentati on. Developed by French oil of a three-year contract that US business Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons. and energy giant Total and US industrial jet aircraft manufacturer Gulfstream The fi ve pathways are: bioscience company Amyris, the process Aerospace Corporati on signed with World converts plant sugars into a hydrocarbon Fuel Services in 2015 for the purchase of The Fischer Tropsch Syntheti c Paraffi nic molecule called farnesane. SIP was up to 1.3bn litres/year of renewable fuels Kerosene (FT-SPK) process converts approved in Annex A3 in June 2014 for daily operati ons in Savannah, Georgia. coal, natural gas or biomass into liquid for a blending rati o of up to 10% with In another agreement, KLM Royal Dutch hydrocarbons through a fi rst gasifi cati on conventi onal jet fuel. Airlines and German airline Luft hansa step, followed by Fischer Tropsch signed three-year deals in 2016 to buy synthesis. It requires blending with jet fuel The Fischer Tropsch (FT) Syntheti c fuel produced by AltAir and supplied by at levels up to 50%. This was approved Kerosene with Aromati cs (FT-SKA) Amsterdam-based sustainable jet fuel as Annex A1 in September 2009 and is process also uses coal, natural gas or supplier SkyNRG for fl ights departi ng from planned for use by companies such as biomass – such as municipal solid waste, Los Angeles airport. Fulcrum Bioenergy, Red Rock Biofuels and agricultural waste and forest waste – and Air BP, the aviati on division of Briti sh Velocys in the USA and abroad. adds some alkylated benzenes. This has oil and gas giant BP, announced in January been approved as Annex A4. 2016 that Norway’s Oslo Airport would The Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatt y become the fi rst in the world to make bio Acids (HEFA-SPK) process converts The Alcohol to Jet SPK (ATJ-SPK) process jet fuel available to all airlines, with Air BP vegetable oils, animal fats or waste oils starts from an alcohol to produce a SPK providing a minimum of 1.25M litres of into syntheti c paraffi nic kerosene by through dehydrati on of the alcohol to an the fuel. The announcement was made deoxygenati on and hydroprocessing. olefi nic gas, followed by oligomerisati on together with Norwegian airport operator The process was certi fi ed for blends of (to obtain longer chain length liquid Avinor and SkyNRG, with Luft hansa, up to 50% in Annex A2 in July 2011 and olefi ns), hydrogenati on and fracti onati on. KLM and Swedish nati onal carrier SAS is used by AltAir Fuels, USA and Neste, Isobutanol-derived jet fuel was the fi rst confi rming they would be buying the Finland. ATJ-SPK to be specifi ced under Annex fuel. The bio jet fuel – produced from u 40 OFI – SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 2018 www.ofi magazine.com Jet Fuel 4pg.indd 3 05/09/2018 14:22 SUSTAINABILITY Co-products in the bio-aviation fuel pathways gallons/year of renewable jet fuel from SG Oil Crops Starch and Cellulosic Biomass Preston over the next 10 years to fuel its Algae Sugar Crops (e.g,.
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