Journal of Botanic Gardens Conservation International

Volume 11 • Number 1 • January 2014

Exploring energy gardens Botanic gardens and biofuels Volume 11 • Number 1 EDITORIAL AND THE ROLE OF BOTANIC GARDENS Sara Oldfield .... 02

EDITORS NEPAL ENERGY GARDEN PROJECT: EXPLORING ENERGY GARDENS AS A SOURCE FOR LOCAL FUEL PRODUCTION Jon Lovett .... 03 BIOENERGY DAY @ UGA Terry Marie Hastings .... 07

WASTE-TO-ENERGY: CONSERVING PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES, IMPROVING LIVELIHOODS David K. Nkwanga .... 11

ENALGAE PILOT AT THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY BOTANIC GARDEN Suzanne Sharrock Sara Oldfield A CASE STUDY OF BIO-ENGINEERING WORK Beatrix Schlarb-Ridley .... 14 Director of Global Secretary General Programmes BIOENERGY PLANT COLLECTION AND RESEARCH IN THE XISHUANGBANNA TROPICAL BOTANICAL GARDEN Cover Photo : Child carrying firewood in Gorkha, Nepal .... 16 Zzvet/Shutterstock.com Zeng-Fu Xu, Jianxiang Hu, Tianping Huang, and Jin Chen Design : Seascape www.seascapedesign.co.uk DESIGNING AN ENERGY GARDEN Trudi Entwistle .... 19 BGjournal is published by Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) . It is published twice a year. HASSAN BIOFUEL PARK: A CONCEPT FOR PROMOTION OF Membership is open to all interested individuals, institutions and organisations that support the aims REPLENISHABLE GREEN ENERGY Balakrishna Gowda, K.T. .... 23 of BGCI. Prasanna, G.C. Vijaya Kumar, C. Haleshi and K. Rajesh Kumar Further details available from: • Botanic Gardens Conservation International, Descanso RESOURCES House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3BW UK. Tel: +44 (0)20 8332 5953, Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956 .... 27 E-mail: [email protected], www.bgci.org

• BGCI-Russia, c/o Main Botanical Gardens, Botanicheskaya st., 4, Moscow 127276, Russia. Tel: +7 (095) 219 6160 / 5377, Fax: +7 (095) 218 0525, E-mail: [email protected], www.bgci.ru

• BGCI-Netherlands, c/o Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 67, NL-2628 BC Delft, Netherlands Tel: +31 15 278 4714 Fax: +31 15 278 2355 E-mail: [email protected] www.botanischetuin.tudelft.nl •B GCI-Canarias, c/o Jardín Botánico Canario Viera y Clavijo, Apartado de Correos 14, Tafira Alta 35017, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain. Tel: +34 928 21 95 80/82/83, Fax: +34 928 21 95 81, E-mail: [email protected] •B GCI-China, 723 Xingke Rd., Guangzhou 510650 China. Tel:(86)20-85231992. email: [email protected] www.bgci.org/china •B GCI-Colombia, c/o Jardín Botánico de Bogotá, Jose Celestino Mutis, Av. No. 61-13 – A.A. 59887, Santa Fe de Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. Tel: +57 630 0949, Fax: +57 630 5075, E-mail: [email protected], www.humboldt.org.co/jardinesdecolombia/html/la_red.htm • BGCI(US) Inc, c/o Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, Illinois 60022, USA. E-mail: [email protected], www.bgci.org/usa BGCI is a worldwide membership organisation established in 1987. Its mission is to mobilise botanic gardens and engage partners in securing plant diversity for the well-being of people and the planet . BGCI is an independent organisation registered in the United Kingdom as a charity (Charity Reg No 1098834) and a company limited by guarantee, No 4673175. BGCI is a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) non-profit organisation in the USA and is a registered non-profit organisation in Russia. Opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the Boards or staff of BGCI or of its members.

BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) 01 EDITORIAL: BIOENERGY AND THE ROLE OF BOTANIC GARDENS

n this issue of BGjournal we address The use of plant material for energy use Botanic gardens are already highlighting one of the most significant global dates back nearly 800,000 years. the importance of biofuels and biomass Ichallenges – the provision of In many parts of the world fuelwood in the provision of energy as highlighted, alternative energy. With the impacts of remains the main source of domestic by Beatrix Schlarb-Ridley, author of the climate change ever more evident the energy as noted by David Nkwanga in Cambridge University Botanic Garden’s search for reduced carbon energy his article on waste-to-energy in article and by Terry Marie Hastings sources and the drive for sustainable Uganda. David succinctly describes the writing about Bioenergy Day energy use become increasingly urgent. connections between plant collaboration between the University of Plants are a key part of the solution. conservation, livelihoods and energy use Georgia, Athens and the State Botanical Preparing this compilation of articles has and presents one practical solution Garden. The Xishuangbanna Botanic been thought-provoking. BGCI’s main being developed at Nature Palace Garden has an energy garden as a aim is to secure plant diversity for Botanic Garden. It is apparent that permanent display. This is described by people and the planet. We need to botanic gardens are well-placed to carry Zeng-Fu Xu, Jianxiang Hu, Tianping consider biodiversity conservation within out research on “growing energy” and Huang, and Jin Chen in their article. the context of tackling broader to inform and engage the public. As environmental sustainability. Linking Beverley Glover points out in the article There are major controversies relating plant conservation with bigger societal considering the potential use of algae in to the growing of energy plants on an concerns should help to increase the a low carbon economy, Cambridge industrial scale, as noted by Jon Lovett relevance and understanding of our work University Botanic Garden’s project and botanic gardens will help inform the and that of the global network of botanic illustrates “ how different scientists can debate. I hope that you enjoy this issue gardens. work together to explore the full potential of BGjournal and we welcome your of green organisms to tackle global feedback. concerns, an ethos that underlies much of our work at the Garden. ” During 2014, BGCI staff will be working hard to promote the role of botanic Jon Lovett, Professor of Global Change gardens in the implementation of the at the University of Leeds, provided the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. stimulus for this special issue of This is a key part of our Five Year Plan BGjournal, which is sponsored by ESRC which is outlined on p. 30-31. We are and DfID under the Development delighted to welcome Professor Stephen Frontiers Research Fund. Jon recognises Blackmore, one of the early proponents the huge value of the global botanic of the GSPC, as the new Chair of the garden network in disseminating new Board of BGCI and we look forward ideas. He envisages a global network of greatly to the benefits of his wisdom, demonstration energy gardens showing experience and guidance. how local plants can be used to provide locally appropriate energy sources – an exciting idea! Working with Trudi Entwistle, Jon promoted a design competition for landscape architecture students at Leeds Metropolitan University. I was delighted to judge the designs last year and I think you will agree the results of the students’ work Sara Oldfield Hopea chinensis in Yunnan, China (BGCI) as shown in this issue are outstanding! Secretary General, BGCI

02 BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) • 02 Author: Jon Lovett

NEPAL ENERGY GARDEN PROJECT: EXPLORING ENERGY GARDENS AS A SOURCE FOR LOCAL FUEL PRODUCTION

The School of Geography at the University of Leeds is collaborating with BGCI to develop Energy Gardens for small-scale farmers in Nepal. The project aims to find a solution to controversies surrounding the use of biomass and biofuels for energy production by using indigenous plant species grown in field edges or as shade. By harnessing the power of plants through technological innovation, we hope to transform the lives of small-scale farmers. The research team includes geographers, sociologists, economists, botanists and engineers from the UK, Nepal and India.

Green terraced fields in the Helambu Himalayas, Nepal (Steve Estvanik / Shutterstock.com)

BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) • 03-06 03 loss of access to land through ‘land successful milk-marketing model for grabbing’ and loss of biodiversity linking communities and enhancing through conversion of natural cooperation. In this way it completely ecosystems to biofuel plantations such rethinks the provision of liquid fuel away as for . from the centralized mass-production and distribution system currently in While the development of large-scale place for the provision of fossil-fuels, industrial biomass and biofuel production has an important role to play Not only is the Hassan project working in sustainable energy provision, the real with several thousand farmers in both strengths of using plants for energy is wet and semi-arid ecological zones, but that they can be grown in a wide variety it has also had a substantial influence on of situations and thousands of different State and National biofuel policies species can be used. This allows the leading to a shift towards pro-poor opportunity to create ‘Energy Gardens’ community-based biofuel production Mountain landscape of Nepal (Rosliak Oleksandr / for small scale farms using indigenous away from large-scale ‘land-grabbing’ Shutterstock.com) species grown in association with food and ecological transformation projects. crops, for example in field bunds or as Background shade. We believe that, in combination The key features incorporated into the with new technologies, it is possible to Hassan approach are: lants capture energy from the sun establish community-based biofuel through photosynthesis and store production systems that overcome • If the biofuel value chain is integrated Pit in the form of vegetative growth. environmental and social concerns with small-scale farming then it This growth takes a wide variety of forms about biofuels. augments ecological sustainability. from woody to soft tissues, and can be quite complex chemically including Developing new models • It is also pro-poor because it is part of sugars, oils and other products. Plants the livelihoods of the smaller are thus ideal sources of renewable The Energy Garden concept originates producers, who own about 70% of energy. This energy is released through from an idea developed by the Hassan agricultural land in India. burning wood and other forms of Biofuels Park in India (See p. 23) which biomass, but more recently, plant has developed an entirely new concept • All categories of farmers can be products such as vegetable oils and in biofuel production. The system is involved, both small and large. sugars have been used to create based on the use of indigenous oil seed biofuels for running internal combustion plants which are grown in field bunds • By planting an appropriate range of engines. Indeed the first diesel engine, and as shade trees for local biofuel oil-producing species production can built by Dr Rudolf Diesel in 1885, production, and the fuel produced is be maintained throughout the seasons included peanut oil in its fuel. then used for powering village-level thereby enhancing employment during engines such as irrigation pumps or for the ‘lean’ seasons. Energy Gardens grow plants transport. The model draws on a for energy production. Fuel wood “is one garden product, and new technologies enable biomass to be burnt more efficiently. Plants can also be converted into biofuel or gas.

Biofuels and bioma”ss are important sources of renewable energy, yet implementation of bioenergy programmes has attracted considerable controversy. The greatly increased use of biofuels that resulted from national and international policies encouraging their use coupled with a sharp rise in the costs of fossil fuels, gave rise to considerable public concern. Biofuels have been implicated in ‘food for fuel’ controversies, food price increases, Agricultural landscape in South East Asia (View Apart / Shutterstock.com)

04 BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) Cooking with fuel wood Annapurna, Nepal (Paul Prescott / Shutterstock.com)

• Food planting area (and hence food The situation in Nepal is sufficiently protected from cheaper imported security) is not affected if planting is similar to that in India for the concept to products without infringing trade on field margins, on bunds or as be transferred. However, some important agreements? Moreover, whilst the small shade-trees. questions remain to be tackled by the farmer model can provide some critical project. local needs, such as irrigation pump fuel, • If cake from the oil extracting process it will not be sufficient for more general is used as fertilizer then nutrients are Policy frameworks require rethinking at provision of transport fuels. Finally there returned to the food production government level and implementation is also the question of transfer and system. remains a problem even if the policies uptake of new technologies. are revised. Old policy decisions need to • Water-foot print is not a problem be removed in order to enable new The project objectives because the biofuel plants will receive policy thinking to help farmers in the water from crop irrigation. best way; and bureaucracy remains an The objectives of this project are obstacle. At a higher level, national therefore fourfold. • Selection of local species helps biofuel policies can control imported maintain biodiversity and ecological biofuels, leading to the question of Firstly to investigate the institutional integrity, for example there are about whether it is possible to reconcile trade economics of energy biomass and 300 oil producing native species that restrictions with international law. At a biofuel production from local to national could be used in India. local level, incentives to growers need to and global scales. Biomass energy is of be assured through pricing, a stable course traditionally used at a local level, • Planting of trees can help with soil market and favourable taxation. For but a range of institutions, such as conservation. example, can small-scale farmers be community forest management, govern

BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) 05 access rights. With a shift to different energy production systems, such as biofuel, novel biomass utilisation and reed-bed sanitation, different modes of institutional mechanisms will emerge. These new institutions will be positioned in both national and global energy and climate change institutional frameworks. can be grown for food or as a source of biofuel (Soo Hee Kim / Shutterstock.com) The second objective is to undertake a technical assessment of resources and species for energy production; Conclusions conversion routes. This would include opportunities for turning weeds and availability of under-utilised biomass and invasive species into energy; sanitation, The negative publicity associated with whether it can be used for a particular reed bed systems and energy; biochar biofuels and biomass as a form of biofuel; the potential of indigenous production for improving crop yields and renewable energy has resulted from soil quality; and technical innovations for a particular type of policy. Instead of biomass conversion and energy focusing on the benefits of decentralised production. energy production for local use, and researching the means to achieve that, The third objective is to combine the biofuel production has aimed to mimic institutional and technical analyses to the scale and distribution systems of devise socio-economic incentives and fossil fuels. This has resulted in problems structures for community cooperation with land ownership, use of alien and building long-enduring institutions species, and carbon-intensive methods around energy production and of production. The Energy Garden technology uptake. This would include concept is simple: grow fuel in situ using uptake and transfer of technologies in indigenous plants. Harnessing the sun’s households and communities and the energy in this way side steps all the role of energy as a factor of production problems, and brings direct benefits to in micro-enterprises. the people who need it most.

The fourth objective is dissemination and Jon C. Lovett, knowledge transfer. The nature of the Chair in Global Challenges project partnership ensures both north- School of Geography, south and south-south cooperation. University of Leeds, The involvement of BGCI opens the Leeds, LS2 9JT, possibility of a novel dissemination route United Kingdom Child carrying firewood in Gorkha, Nepal through display and pilot projects in an (Zzvet/Shutterstock.com) international network of botanic gardens. A range of fast-growing grass species can be grown for biomass (BGCI)

Project partners: Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB) http://www.ansab.org/ Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal (ESON) http://www.eson.org.np/ Practical Action Nepal http://practicalaction.org/wherewework_nepal Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) http://www.bgci.org/ Hassan Biofuels Park http://biofuelpark.org/ Feminist Dalit Organization (FEDO) http://www.fedonepal.org

Centre for Doctoral Training in Bioenergy The University of Leeds, UK has launched a Centre for Doctoral Training in Bioenergy funded by the UK’s Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council that will host 50 EPSRC funded PhD studentships over the next five years (2014-2019) for UK and EU students. The centre will tackle the interdisciplinary challenges of sustainable bioenergy through research on technical performance, cost effectiveness, sustainable production, food security and biodiversity. More information is available at: http://www.engineering.leeds.ac.uk/bioenergy/

06 BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) Author: Terry Marie Hastings

BIOENERGY DAY @ UGA

The University of Georgia, Athens (UGA) teamed up with the State Botanical Garden to celebrate National Bioenergy Day – October 17th.

(University of Georgia)

And why are non-food source alternative energy sources so hard for scientists to develop?

But just as important, they had fun learning it, thanks to an effort that brought the State Botanical Garden of Georgia together with UGA bioenergy researchers and engineers, and teachers and outreach specialists from across the University of Georgia and beyond.

(University of Georgia) University of Georgia: Serving the State Introduction Through hands-on activities, the students learned some of the “big The University of Georgia, a land-grant ore than 200 Athens seventh- concepts” associated with alternative and sea-grant university with statewide graders (12-13 years old) energy sources: What are alternative commitments and responsibilities is the Mexperienced first-hand how energy sources? Why is using alternative state’s oldest, most comprehensive and wood and other organic materials energy sources for fuel important for the most diversified institution of higher generate energy at the first Bioenergy environment? Why is it important to education. Its motto, “to teach, to serve Day @ UGA, held at the State Botanical find non-food source items with which and to inquire into the nature of things,” Garden of Georgia last October. to create alternative energy? reflects the University’s integral and

BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) • 07-10 07 The mobile unit, which contains a gasifier, first-ever National Bioenergy Day on gas filtration unit, and a combined heat October 17, when events in many states and power generation unit, converts were planned to raise awareness about wood chips, switchgrass and other biomass and the role bioenergy plays agricultural byproducts to energy – on the in communities. Their goal: to bring spot. Over the past few years, it has audiences, ideally people who benefit travelled more than 20,000 miles to from bioenergy, to biomass facilities to demonstrate gasification and power witness firsthand what goes on. generation from biofuels, coordinated by Southeast Partnership for Integrated Tapping into UGA bioenergy Biomass Supply Systems (IBSS), a expertise (Leslie Boby) partnership of UGA, the University of Tennessee Center for Renewable Carbon, The planned gasifier stop in Athens soon unique role in the conservation and and Auburn University, in Alabama. transformed into Bioenergy Day @ UGA, enhancement of the state’s and nation’s an event that tapped into the deep intellectual, cultural, and environmental The gasifier was scheduled to do a bioenergy expertise of the University heritage. Whistlestop Tour across the Southeast – of Georgia, which is reflected in the including a stop in Athens – to promote membership of the Bioenergy Systems Located in Athens, Georgia (Clarke biofuels during the first week October. Research Institute, or BSRI. The goal County), about 65 miles northeast of The tour was timed to coincide with the of BSRI is to provide infrastructure, downtown Atlanta, UGA is composed of 17 schools and colleges, with a combined undergraduate and graduate enrollment of almost 35,000 students.

The State Botanical Garden of Georgia is a 313-acre preserve set aside by the University of Georgia in 1968 for the study and enjoyment of plants and nature. Located three miles south of the campus, it is a living laboratory, providing the public of all ages and UGA faculty and students opportunities for learning, research, recreation and events. The Garden contains a number of specialized (theme) gardens and collections, over five miles of nature trails, and four major facilities including a tropical conservatory.

Education at the garden enriches the curricula of schools across the state of Georgia. The garden conducts instructional field trips that address state standards, lends materials for self- guided children’s programs, provides resources and programming for science nights, and hosts afterschool activities with an environmental focus. A variety of professional development opportunities for educators are offered throughout the year.

Whistle-stop tour sparks interest

Planning for the event began late in August when members of the UGA Bioenergy Systems Research Institute (BSRI) were contacted by Southern Regional Extension Forestry about an upcoming “roadshow” featuring Auburn University’s mobile biomass gasifier. (University of Georgia)

08 BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) 24 events in 13 states across the US were organised o“n the first ever Bioenergy Day,

support, and facilitation of integrative multidisciplinary efforts in research, education/training, and public service and outreach in the area of bioenergy across the campus, state, region, country, and world.

UGA faculty who are members of BSRI represent the university’s strengths in agriculture, forestry, environmental science, engineering, carbohydrate science, genetics and microbiology. The institute also has affiliate members from industry, government and other organizations.

Robert Scott, executive director of BSRI, and associate vice president for research (University of Georgia) at UGA, explained that BSRI’s mission is a reflection of UGA’s tripartite mission as One of UGA’s most significant bioenergy a land grant university: research, projects, the BioEnergy Science Center, We believe it is important instruction and outreach. or BESC, provided a ready source of to provide unbiased information bioenergy education and outreach “ BSRI facilitates basic and applied experience for UGA’s Bioenergy Day. to the public about renewable research projects in bioenergy that energy science and technology recognize the entire bioenergy lifecycle Farming for Fuels and environmental impact – from and how this might impact biomass production and harvesting to BESC is one of three Bioenergy their lives. transport, treatment, conversion, and Research Centers established by U.S. recycling. It also facilitates education Department of Energy’s Office of energy from biological sources, called and training of the next generation of Science in 2007 to accelerate research Farming for Fu”els. The activities teach scientists and engineers that will form toward the development of cost- basic concepts such as the carbon the 21st century workforce in the effective advanced biofuels. UGA is one cycle; how woody biomass, such as alternative energy field. of the 18 institutions that partner through trees and grasses, can produce biofuels; BESC on multidisciplinary research and the technical and economic BSRI’s outreach mission, said Scott, (biological, chemical, physical and obstacles to a bio-based fuel economy. is to involve our public and private computational sciences, mathematics The BESC outreach program has stakeholders in the development and and engineering) focused on the expanded nationally to reach more than dissemination of next-generation fundamental understanding and 60,000 students, teachers and parents bioenergy technologies. elimination of biomass recalcitrance. by partnering with museums and centers One of BESC’s goals is to educate and in Tennessee, Georgia, Texas, Michigan, “Education and outreach are critical inform students about the basics of Illinois, Florida, New York and Arizona, components of the BSRI mission,” energy production and utilization. but the Bioenergy Day @ UGA last said Scott . “We believe it is important October was the program’s first visit to to provide unbiased information to the Jan Westpheling, UGA professor of Athens. public about renewable energy science genetics, and the leader of the BESC and technology and how this might outreach team, was excited about the “The nine Farming for Fuels work impact their lives.” opportunity to bring BESC’s bioenergy stations allow students to understand outreach program to Athens. In fundamentals of the complex nature of “If we can provide students practical partnership with the Creative Discovery plant cell walls, the issues affecting the hands-on experience with the science Museum in Chattanooga, Tenn., BESC use of food versus nonfood crops to concepts, we can help them develop the staff at UGA and Oak Ridge National produce biofuels such as ethanol, and tools necessary to understand the Laboratory had developed a highly the mechanical differences between cars tradeoffs between fossil fuel-based and successful set of hands-on exhibits and run by hydrogen, solar and wind power,” renewable energy futures.” lesson plans about producing renewable explained Westpheling.

BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) 09 The staff from the Creative Discovery Museum staff, who made the 175-mile drive from Chattanooga to Athens the night before, were undaunted by the prospect of 200 middle-schoolers descending on their exhibits. Staff for the mobile gasifier also were well prepared for the students. Their efforts were assisted by the UGA Office of Service Learning, which connected the event organizers with the middle school, and recruited and organized over 50 UGA faculty and students to be on hand to guide the 7th graders through the hands-on displays. The Service learning staff also provided the liaison with the students’ teachers to assure everyone knew what to expect.

On October 8, the Hilsman Middle School students arrived on school buses starting at 9:30 a.m. For two hours, the group of high energy students in the first wave followed their curiosity from exhibit to exhibit, and after a brief pause, the second wave flooded the Botanical Garden’s Callaway Building. And by 1:30, the students had returned to their classrooms.

(Leslie Boby) “The students were excited about the exhibits and I am sure some of them For example, one activity involves and students opportunities for walked away with a lot of new interest in testing the sugar content of different recreation, events, research and learning science,” said Dan Geller, UGA College liquids and learning how yeast ferments through its natural areas, display of Engineering, and chair of the BSRI sugar into ethanol for biofuels. In another gardens and building spaces. Outreach committee . “We couldn’t have activity, students use a microscope to done it without all of our willing partners, see the differences between plant cells The planning committee considered but we’re already planning on doing it with their thick cell walls of cellulose and locations on the central UGA campus, again in 2014.” animal cells with thin cell membranes. but kept coming back to the Botanical Students visiting the different exhibits Garden as a potential location for the Terry Marie Hastings can plant seeds, grind corn, event. With its beautiful natural setting Director, Research and grass; and make molecules of water, and excellent facilities – including the Communications ethanol and other fuels. Callaway Building’s indoor conference Office of the Vice President and meeting space – needed to protect for Research Once the students who visit the Farming exhibits in the event of rain, and adjacent 708 Boyd Graduate Studies for Fuels exhibits are back in their outdoor space – needed for parking the Research Center classrooms, lesson plans from the bus-sized mobile gasifier, it was a University of Georgia Creative Discovery Museum help perfect fit. Moreover, the Botanical Athens, GA 30602 teachers teach more about biofuels. Garden staff were enthusiastic and USA supportive of the educational mission Willing partners make it happen of the event. In addition to a library, laboratories, and offices, the building University of Georgia partners were contains an auditorium, reception area, eager to join in the Bioenergy Day and conference and meeting facilities. @UGA effort. The UGA Office of Sustainability, which The State Botanical Garden was a leads the university’s programs natural partner. As a Public Service and advancing campus sustainability efforts, Outreach unit of the University of with its mission of providing leadership Georgia, the Botanical Garden provides on environmental issues, was another the public of all ages and UGA faculty natural partner for BSRI.

10 BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) Author: David K. Nkwanga

WASTE-TO-ENERGY: CONSERVING PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES, IMPROVING LIVELIHOODS

Nature Palace Botanic Garden (NPBG) in Uganda is a unique community botanic garden whose conservation priorities are largely informed by identified community needs.

Introduction access to electricity, high electricity tariffs and prices of alternative fuels PBG in central Uganda, East (MEMD, 2006). Africa was started in 2001 with a Nspecial focus on medicinal plants While Uganda’s natural forests continue that are crucial for the treatment of to be over-exploited and depleted, rural common ailments in the local and urban populations have been community. Such medicinal plants are increasing. The unsustainable rate at now becoming less and less accessible which forests and trees have continued due to a number factors which include to be exploited, coupled with the deforestation, agricultural expansion, increasing population, ineffectiveness of urbanization etc. The botanic garden is forest resources management programs, administered and financed by Nature and unabated poverty in rural areas Palace Foundation. In 2005, NPBG was makes the attainment of sustainable registered as a participant in the world- development and environmental wide implementation of the International sustainability challenging. High Agenda for Botanic Gardens in dependence on fuel wood and charcoal Conservation. for cooking within the context of A 3-stone cookstove – wasteful and a health hazard depleted natural forests and trees further Uganda’s cooking energy adds to the problem. 90% of the country’s total energy needs paradox come from biomass sources. Of this, The genesis of the Waste-to- wood accounts for 80%, charcoal 10% Uganda as a country is losing its natural Energy Program by NPBG and crop residues at nearly 4%. Wood in forest estate at a rate of 2.3% per the form of firewood and charcoal are annum with overall forest cover dropping Natural forests act as living gene banks the main sources of cooking energy from 24% to 18% between 1990 and and in the case of Uganda are believed available for the majority of Ugandans, 2005 (Forestry sector support, 2009). to contain a good number of plant providing about 93% of the country’s According to the National Environment species which are not yet documented total cooking energy needs. The Management Authority, Uganda already and therefore not recognized in the household consumption of firewood and had a fuel wood deficit of 2.7 million scientific world. With every forest wood for charcoal was estimated at 22.2 cubic metres in 1986. The increase in cleared a wealth of plant genetic million tons in 2006 (MEMD, 2007), with fuel wood consumption for industrial use resources is therefore bound to be lost. small-scale industries consuming is also on the increase. The main another 5.5 million tons creating a total contributing factors to such a fuel wood With only 5% of the rural population annual biomass demand of 27.7 million dependence situation include: limited having access to electricity, more than tons. Annual biomass consumption per

BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) • 11-13 11 Making briquettes manually capita is estimated, for rural and urban areas respectively, at 680 kg and 240 kg of firewood and 4 kg and 120 kg of A traditional wood stove charcoal. Fuel wood therefore is a key driver of deforestation. People have to cook their food to survive; therefore no It is estimated that each ton of • Reduces rate of deforestation – kind of sensitization can stop them from charcoal requires the felling of 88 each ton estimated to save about clearing forests for fuel unless an 88 medium sized trees; alternative is provided. This is the medium sized trees. Using this reason why NPBG came up with the figure the total amount of • Reduces greenhouse gas emissions by Waste-to-Energy program to provide an saving trees that would otherwise be alternative fuel. The program is based deforestation avoided by the cut to provide firewood and charcoal; on the notion that our impact in regard Waste-to-Energy program by to plant resources conservation is more • Controls respiratory problems, limited if we don’t do something about NPBG is equivalent to 8,030 trees especially among women and children the alarming rates of deforestation. annually and there are plans to that are associated with excess inhaling of smoke; How the Waste-to-Energy triple this figure by the end of 2014. program is contributing to plant • Enhancement of hygiene and genetic resources and sanitation conditions in communities controlling deforestation The multi-pronged benefits of a and households; Waste-to-Energy project NPBG’s Waste-to-Energy program • Reduces work-load of women and focuses on the production of fuel Recycling of solid waste into fuel other gender-based vulnerabilities; briquettes for cooking. Briquettes briquettes utilizes an appropriate provide a suitable alternative because technology that presents a number of • Good candidate for Carbon Trade as they are perfect substitutes for charcoal environmental, economical and social a sustainable financing mechanism. that provide the main form of cooking benefits. Generally, it addresses The potential for carbon trade energy among urban and peri-urban deforestation, health related problems, presented by this intervention is a dwellers. The fuel briquettes are cheaper unemployment etc. Specific examples strong pointer to long-term financing than charcoal providing a saving, while of the potential of waste recycling hence to sustainability and greater they can cook for a longer time than technology include: opportunities for poverty reduction. charcoal. This fits well in the social- cultural context in central Uganda where food (especially banana) is simmered for a long time. Fuel briquettes have a higher heating value than wood or charcoal, are smokeless when burning and give off an intense and steady heat.

Relating it to greenhouse gas emission reduction, since briquettes are made of waste material, the green house gas emissions savings can be thought of in terms of the number of trees left standing as a result of replacing firewood and charcoal. Making clean cookstoves Exhibition: Energy from waste

12 BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) • However, production and selling briquettes is not the core business of NPBG. The main focus is to promote and train other groups, individuals or companies that can take this on as a business venture.

Challenges

i. Technological limitations: The technologies used are still rudimentary. While advanced technologies that can produce better Burning briquettes Drying briquettes quantities and quality exist, they require a big investment; carbonizing the biomass material, mixing The health impacts of smoke with a binder e.g. starch, ii. Limited financing for technological from wood stoves compacting and finally drying the and quality improvement; compacted material. Exposure to smoke from traditional iii. Opportunities in the voluntary carbon cookstoves and open fires – the The waste situation in the market remain complex and un- primary means of cooking and Country tapped. heating for nearly three billion people in the developing world – causes Uganda’s urban and peri-urban centres Recommendations almost two million premature deaths generate a lot of bio-wastes resulting annually, with women and young from the eating and food preparation i. Partnerships for carbon trade: We children the most affected. In sub- habits of the population. Over 70% of need to develop partnerships with Saharan Africa and Asia, the lack of the wastes are biodegradable. At the institutions that are more conversant access to clean cookstoves and fuel moment such wastes are a major with carbon trade issues; for cooking is especially acute, with a challenge because of the characteristic third of the urban population and the absence of an effective system of ii. Partnerships for technological vast majority of the rural poor using collection, poorly managed or development which should lead to firewood and charcoal to cook their uncontrolled dumping sites and a big quality and quantity improvement daily meals over open fires or percentage of un-collected garbage. hence impact; inefficient stoves. Smoke from In Kampala, for example, according to cooking contributes to a range of the National Environment Management iii. There is need for increased chronic illnesses and acute health Authority, only an estimated 50 - 70% investment in innovation and research impacts such as pneumonia, lung of the generated solid waste is collected in Appropriate Technology such that cancer, chronic obstructive and well managed. Such conditions simple adoptable technologies can be pulmonary disease, cataracts and low largely contribute to the pollution of the further developed and up-scaled. birth weight. In fact, the World Health environment and the proliferation of Organization states that harmful diseases and in many cases there are References cookstove smoke is the 5th worst disputes from communities near the overall health risk factor in developing dumping sites. The Waste-to-Energy , Forestry sector support. 2009. countries (Global Alliance for Clean program therefore is turning a problem Department of the Ministry of Water Cookstoves). The carbonization into an opportunity. and Environment, Government of process used in making the Uganda. briquettes reduces the amount of The role of Nature Palace harmful emissions compared to Botanic Garden , Ministry of Energy and Mineral burning raw biomass. Development. 2006. Government of The Waste-to-Energy project at NPBG Uganda. is implemented at various levels: , Uganda Renewable Energy Policy. How briquettes are made • NPBG has developed a briquette 2007. Ministry of Energy and Mineral production unit which, as well as Development, Government of Uganda. Fuel briquettes are processed biomass producing briquettes for various fuels that are burned as an alternative to objectives including demonstration/ David K. Nkwanga, wood or charcoal for cooking and training, also serves as a training unit. Director Nature Palace Botanic heating. They are made by compacting Garden loose biomass residues into solid blocks • The briquettes are used at the garden P.O. Box 29455, that can replace fossil fuels. The for cooking needs and the excess are Kampala, process of making briquettes involves sold to the public. Uganda

BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) 13 Author: Dr Beatrix Schlarb-Ridley

ENALGAE PILOT AT THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY BOTANIC GARDEN A CASE STUDY OF BIO-ENGINEERING WORK

his pilot facility has grown out of In one of the overwintering polytunnels at the Botanic a long-standing collaboration Garden in Cambridge, there is a new and rather Tbetween InCrops at the University of East Anglia and the Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge. unusual addition nestled between the papyrus and the InCrops is a partner in the Energetic Algae Project, known as EnAlgae, which banana trees. The garden is acting as a host for a pilot seeks to establish what role algae can play in the development of a low carbon plant, testing how feasible it is to culture microalgae in economy. The pilot plant at the Cambridge University Botanic Garden our geoclimatic conditions. is one of a network of EnAlgae facilities that is co-funded by the INTERREG NW Europe strategic initiative.

Cambridge Water is also supporting the project, as the company is interested in the bioremediation aspects of the work. Most drinking water in the region comes from boreholes, which are becoming increasingly contaminated with nitrate leaching through the soil. The process to remove nitrate from groundwater is highly effective, but the drawback is the creation of a by-product of nitrate-rich brine. The EnAlgae pilot is being used to test if the brine might be a suitable source of nutrients for microalgae. This contributes to the wider interest in finding solutions to turn waste into a re-useable resource with value.

The facility showcases a six metre long photobioreactor with patented low energy design by Steve Skill, another EnAlgae collaborator. The reactor has a capacity of 300L, and will be used to test the growth of a variety of commercially promising algal strains. Disposable bag reactors are used to run smaller experiments, and generate inoculum for the bioreactor.

At present, several different species of marine microalgae are being tested for their ability to grow in the presence of Brenda Parker from EnAlgae explaining to visitors which algae are grown in the disposable bag reactors

14 BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) • 14-15 The Botanic Garden is delighted to host this exciting “new facility. This project is a great example of how different scientists can work together to explore the full potential of green organisms to tackle global concerns, an ethos that underlies much of our work at the Garden.

Beverley Glover, Director of the B”ota nic Garden the brine wash. All of the data gathered from the experiments is fed into a central database. This will enable other partners to use computer models to better predict the impact of location and climate conditions on microalgal growth. This is one of the many reasons that the The polytunnel in which the algal growth facility is located; the experimental set-up is being discussed with interaction with the Botanic Garden has staff at the Botanic Garden been advantageous. Horticultural teams recording temperature and sunlight can cultures are effectively very dilute, Outreach events are a key component share this vital information with the typically only 1-5 grams per litre of of the project, and the EnAlgae team EnAlgae researchers. culture media. By exploring some of the based at the Garden have organised vast biodiversity of microalgal species, tours, talks and workshops exploring One of the interests of the EnAlgae there may be potential to improve the the various applications for microalgae. project is to understand if microalgae viability of this. However, biofuels are not This work supports the small, but can be a viable feedstock for bioenergy. the only interesting aspect of growing algae industry in the UK. Algal biomass can be used as a microalgae. Lipids can be utilised for The EnAlgae team also work with the feedstock for anaerobic digestion, and their Omega 3 fatty acid content in a education department at the Botanic lipid extracted from the microalgal cells nutritional context, protein can be used Garden to use the facilities for can be converted into . There to supplement animal feed, and educational visits and as a learning are a number of challenges to making antioxidants have applications in resource for schools. this economically feasible, as microalgal cosmetics and nutraceuticals. For further information about Cambridge University Botanic Garden, please see www.botanic.cam.ac.uk; to learn more about the EnAlgae Project, please visit www.enalgae.eu .

Dr Beatrix Schlarb-Ridley Department of Plant Sciences University of Cambridge Downing Street Cambridge CB2 3EA

The photobioreactor, patented design by Steve Skill

BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) 15 Authors: Zeng-Fu Xu, Jianxiang Hu, Tianping Huang, and Jin Chen

BIOENERGY PLANT COLLECTION AND RESEARCH IN THE XISHUANGBANNA TROPICAL BOTANICAL GARDEN

The science exhibition area at XTBG

Introduction Bioenergy plant collection

evelopment of sustainable China has around 31,000 species of bioenergy can reduce our reliance vascular plants accounting for 10% of Don fossil fuels, improve the world’s total, of which about 4,000 environmental quality, and increase the species have potential for bioenergy income of farmers. The development of development. Xishuangbanna Tropical the bioenergy industry will very much Botanical Garden (XTBG) of the Chinese depend on the use of feedstocks and Academy of Sciences is the largest their genetic resources for breeding. botanical garden in China with an area of A wooden car is part of the Bioenergy Garden Meanwhile, to achieve low carbon 1,125 ha. It is located in the southern part display development requires the promotion of Yunnan province in southwest China, of low carbon lifestyles and the use of bordering Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam. The Bioenergy Garden in XTBG covers carbon-neutral energy. Botanical Its collections include over 12,000 an area of 13 acres. The garden gardens could be ideal settings for species of tropical and subtropical plants comprises of three areas: the classified promoting the ideas and developing new cultivated in its 38 living collections. collections, the miscellaneous feedstock varieties and technology on Among which, about 695 species make collections, and the popular science these aspects. up the bioenergy plant collection. exhibition area. It has collections of

16 BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) • 16-18 more than 5,400 energy plants of 350 species belonging to the 50 families. Based on the compounds of biomass in the plants, the Bioenergy Garden is divided into 5 functional collections, including oil, starch, hydrocarbon, fiber, and firewood plants. About 1,490 plants of 141 species belonging to Euphorbiaceae, Myristicaceae, Lauraceae, etc. are grown in the living collection of oil plants, about 1,410 plants of 57 species belonging to Fagaceae, Araceae, Dioscoreaceae, etc. in the living collection of starch plants, about 400 plants of 12 species of the Euphorbiaceae in the living collection of hydrocarbon plants, about 1,850 plants of 136 species belonging to Urticaceae, Malvaceae, Tiliaceae, etc. in the living collection of fiber plants, and about 250 plants of 4 species belonging to Caesalpiniaceae, Mimosaceae, etc. in the living collection of firewood plants. These bioenergy plants are widely used or have a great potential for biofuel development in tropical and subtropical Main entrance to the Bioenergy Garden areas. Examples of these bioenergy plants include: physic nut ( Jatropha a poisonous latex that can be easily curcas ), which is the most studied converted to the equivalent of gasoline; bioenergy plant in XTBG, and an oilseed Miscanthus, the fast-growing perennial plant used for producing biodiesel and grasses with a great potential for bio-jet fuel; cassava ( Manihot esculenta ), production of ; and a starch plant used for producing bio- Senna siamea , a tree widely used by the ethanol; African milk bush ( Euphorbia natives of the minority nationality Dai as tirucalli ), a hydrocarbon plant containing a firewood.

A biofuel plant – – in the Bioenergy Garden

Display and exhibition for education

In the popular science exhibition area, visitors can view various displays about bioenergy, such as charts and posters in the bioenergy exhibition hall, sculptures, wall of hopes, wooden car, wooden pistons, and seaweed columns. Thus visitors can see the whole picture of the Wall of hopes in the Bioenergy Garden (showing various seeds of bioenergy plants in heart-shaped glass bottles) bioenergy industry, including feedstock

BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) 17 Wooden pistons in the Bioenergy Garden

research groups devoted to working on By visiting the energy such aspects of bioenergy plants as garden, visitors can learn about germplasm collection and evaluation, “ functional genomics, conventional the whole process, from growing breeding (e.g. hybrid, mutation, the plant to using the biofuel and polyploid), transgenic breeding, tissue culture propagation, large scale understand the connections with plantation, biofuels conversion, and environmental effects. As an example, Planting growth regulator 6-benzyladenine (BA) we found that treatment with the plant treatment significantly increased the seed yield of supply and logistics, biomass growth regulator 6-benzyladenine (BA, the biofuel plant Jatropha curcas processing and conversion, , a synthetic compound with cytokinin distribution, bioenergy end use, activity) significantly increased the seed Dr. Zeng-Fu Xu sustainability, and environmental risks. yield of the biofuel plant Jatropha curcas Professor in Molecular Breeding By visiting this energy garden, visitors by promoting female flower tendency of Energy Plants, can learn about the process from and increasing the percentage of female Xishuangbanna Tropical growing bioenergy plants in the field to flowers and the number of flowers per Botanical Garden, storing biofuels in fuel tanks, and to can inflorescence, thus resulting in an Chinese Academy of Sciences, understand the linkages between increase in fruit number (Journal of Plant 88 Xuefu Road, biological resources and the biofuel Growth Regulation 30 (2): 166-174, Kunming 650223, industry and connections with global 2011). Yunnan, China climate change.

This Bioenergy Garden shows the relationship between bioenergy plants and the life of humans, and also provides a good platform for scientific research and exploitation of bioenergy plants. The exhibition of bioenergy plants and the dissemination of new biotechnologies for bioenergy is expected to have an impact on China’s national bioenergy policy and legislation. We believe that tropical areas with abundant rainfall and sunlight are the best place for bioenergy development, and the perennial woody oil plants are the feedstock.

Bioenergy plants research

To take full advantage of these collections of bioenergy plants and promote bioenergy development in China, XTBG has established several Living collections of bioenergy plants in the Bioenergy Garden

18 BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) Author: Trudi Entwistle

DESIGNING AN ENERGY GARDEN

Trudi Entwistle, a senior lecturer in Landscape Architecture at Leeds Metropolitan University, UK, in collaboration with Dr Jon Lovett and the School of Geography at Leeds University, challenged her students to design an interpretive Energy Garden as part of their course. The students, who were studying for BA (Hons) degrees in Landscape Architecture and Garden Design, were asked to design something that could potentially be used by botanical gardens to explain to the public about biomass energy using energy plants in an attractive and informative setting. Here we present their results and the thinking behind their innovative designs.

Mike Tucker: As I looked further my main focus “Plants have a built-in power that can Power of Plants – Biofuel garden became the cells within the plants which help us sustain our ever growing need hold the key to the production of usable for energy, whilst protecting our The task of designing an energy garden energy. These cells then formed the main atmosphere and reducing reliance on was an interesting and challenging one, concept of my design, using them as fossil fuels”. especially not knowing a great deal about inspiration to create a contemporary the subject. After some desktop study, in modular layout that would showcase The central element of the design is an which I just scratched the surface, I was a variety of biofuel vegetation. Each algae producing light tower which allows surprised at the amount and variety of planting area contains a different type of waste carbon dioxide from the building vegetation that can be used within the biofuel crop, creating a wider awareness services to bubble through and be process of producing biofuel. of the variety of plants used. absorbed by the algae. Energy bolts,

BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) • 19-22 19 created from stainless steel and lighting “Creating an energy garden design has dart along the paving leading the way been a real eye-opener with respect to Planting: Algae, , coppiced willow, through the cells of the bio-crops. Ist, the world wide need for local, clean, coppiced hazel, flax, maize, miscanthus, 2nd and 3rd generation bio-crops renewable energy sources that can potatoes, , sugarbeet, populate the garden, creating ever benefit not only the masses but also sunflower, switchgrass and . changing colours and tectures small remote communities cut off from throughout the year. the mainstream of modern life.”

Chrissy Lee Overend The garden uses algae, bamboo and be no more than an attractive garden. eucalyptus for producing biofuel. As well as this, the garden and its plants My concept for the energy garden was have promise for the future, when even to try and make others aware of unusual The design demonstrates how energy more revolutionary methods of energy ways of extracting fuel. I wanted to also sources can be extracted from unusual extraction are refined. remind us of the fight between new and places, such as an aesthetically pleasing old methods of creating energy. area, which at first sight may appear to The garden includes coal gambion cubes with algae tubes around them to show the fight between old and new.

Planting: Eucalyptus gunnii – selected for its suitability for the UK climate, its rapid early growth and the fact it retains foliage in the winter. Species of bamboo (Phyllostachys aureosulcata, P. nigra and P. aurea ) were selected for variety of colour and ability to regenerate rapidly after harvesting.

“I enjoyed having the chance to learn more about energy sources and how these are extracted. The challenge to put this knowledge in to a working design was very useful and I feel will help me in future designs.”

20 BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) Sue Smallwood: Futurity

“Initially the concept of designing an energy garden on a small scale was a little daunting, however being pushed out of your comfort zone is always testing. The more I researched the subject, the more fascinating it became. The garden had to be representational rather than productive due to the size and the amount of fuel you could produce each year.”

The design raises awareness of the diversity of fuels, which can be grown within our climate. I initially used charcoal, which is a by-product of fuel, to produce the concept for the design. This helped me to produce organic shapes, incorporating crop rotation and seasonal changes, producing an ever- The garden aims to reflect the “My knowledge of biofuels, their uses changing design for the garden. Not juxtaposition of old and new biofuels. and design has increased dramatically only did I have to consider the fuel, but The algae sculptural spheres light up, after this module making me even more also the long-term effects of cropping absorb carbon dioxide and represent the aware of the consequences we face and the ever-changing arrangement of world’s future fuel and energy. The when making fuel choices.” space, scale and the aesthetical garden works on a six-year crop rotation repercussions. for the coppiced woodland area.

7 Jacqui Tucker: :KDWLI" DOORIWKH + (QHUJ\*DUGHQ The Energy Garden QDWXUDOUHVRXUFHV KDYHEHHQH[KDXVWHGDQG LVDFHOHEUDWLRQRIWKHEHDXW\GLYHUVLW\DQGWKH WKHZRUOGLVEHLQJEOHGGU\ SRWHQWLDOVRXUFHRIHQHUJ\IRXQGZLWKLQSODQWV IURPRXURYHUH[SORLWDWLRQ ( UHSUHVHQWLQJDQHZEHJLQQLQJDQGDQHZ ZLWKQRUHJDUGWRWKH IXWXUHIRURXUHQYLURQPHQW “After being assigned the task of coming IXWXUH LWZRXOGEHFRPHD  up with a scheme for an energy garden, EDUUHQSODFH FUDFNHGHDUWKZDVDOO I wondered what direction I would take WKDWZDVOHIWEXWRXWRI WKH'DUNFDPHOLJKW ZLWKWKH  for the new design. Inspired by the   knowledge that fossil fuels and natural resources are rapidly depleting, through over exhaustion and the fact that we are 1H[WJHQHUDWLRQ  bleeding the earth dry, my research 7KHDOJDHVFXOSWXUHUHSUHVHQWVD QHZEHJLQQLQJDQGVWHSWRZDUGV WKHIXWXUH made me look deeper into renewable energy and how it could be used on large and small scale projects. 1DWXUHV 3RZHU I came up with the idea of ‘Urban Farms’, where bio fuel crops were grown on roof structures, plazas and road side verges *URZWK +DUYHVW within the inner city, these crops would 5HJHQHUDWH 5HQHZDEOH VRXUFH then be used to produce heat sources 7KHGHVLJQVLQHUWFHQWUHV\PEROLVHVWKHSDVWGHSULYDWLRQRIIRVVLO IXHOVDVDQRQHUHQHZDEOHVRXUFHWKHUDGLDWLQJSODQWHGSRGV FRQWUDVWQHZYLEUDQWJURZWKWKDWFHOHEUDWHVDUHQHZDEOHIXWXUH through composting and bio fuel through -DFTXL7XFNHU the waste products. This process became

BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) 21 a celebration of the power locked within future of biofuel energy. The Energy Materials: plants and within its ‘life cycle’ of growth, Garden is a celebration of the beauty, • Filterpave – a 39% permeable surface harvest, and decay then finally being diversity and the potential source of new made from colorful mosaic of 100% reborn into a renewable energy source.” energy found within plants, representing post-consumer glass aggregate a new beginning and a new future for our solidified with a 60% natural plant- From our constant destruction of the environment. The algae sculpture based bonding polyurethane. planet and near exhaustion of fossil represents a new beginning and step • Recycled concrete fuels, this urban farm is a place that towards the future. The design’s inert • Rainwater harvesting using harnesses the power of plants to centre symbolizes the past depletion of underground tanks produce heat, light and electricity. It is fossil fuels as a non-renewable source, • Reed bed system to filter ‘grey’ water a place that brings with it life, hope, the radiating planted pods contrast new using Phagmites australis nurturing and inspiration as we move vibrant growth that celebrated a forward to the next generation and to the renewable future. All images are © Leeds Metropolitan University

Harpreet Rattan: The Energy Garden

Bio-fuels have been accepted as a potential to resolve the challenges of the ever increasing demand on fossil fuels, petrol prices and climate change. The challenge to design an Energy Garden to fit in the calibre of Bio-fuels dumbfounded me.

“Personally I found it quite difficult at first to conjure an idea. It’s a new concept that no other Landscape Architect has covered and so the inspiration was dissipated. Instead of designers I looked into plants that make first and second generation fuels which included rapeseed, sunflower, mustard etc and that are grown in the U.K.”

The concept behind the Energy Garden The general layout of the garden is a which is an oil tank where people can is to inform individuals about biofuels. contemporary design and the plants give dispose of their used . The garden design is to interpret the height, texture and colour. The idea is to convert people from types of plants used to make biodiesel discarding oil down their drains and help and also to make people understand The garden design is a curvaceous flow them to learn that used cooking oil can that it’s the oils unfit for human that mimics oil when in contact with be regenerated into a greener fuel. consumption that make the biodiesel. water. The garden includes a sculpture

22 BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) Authors: Balakrishna Gowda, K.T. Prasanna, G.C. Vijaya Kumar, C. Haleshi and K. Rajesh Kumar

HASSAN BIOFUEL PARK – A CONCEPT FOR PROMOTION OF REPLENISHABLE GREEN ENERGY

The Hassan Biofuel Park near Bangalore in southern India is a centre for providing appropriate technology to build a rural energy base with community participation using local plant diversity.

Introduction mm along the Western Ghats, declining eastwards to about 450 mm. Given the he Biofuel Park uses indigenous diversity of crops and soil types, and flora integrated into sustainable with land holdings of individual farmers Tagricultural production, to help varying from 1 ha to 3 ha accounting for meet most of the farmer’s energy more than 80 % of land, it was a demand. The Biofuel Park concept was challenging task. initiated to create a strategy of developing the feed stock supply chain through The major objectives of the programme participation of the farming community were to develop self reliance in basic that made use of marginal lands, and energy needs using local resources and Fuel wood trees in the Hassan Biofuel Park which did not affect agricultural production. The strategy investigated how non edible oil seed crops, such as Pongamia, Mahua, Simarouba, Neem, Calophyllum and Mesua , could produce energy feed stocks throughout the year to meet raw material needs. The Park is a novel concept developed by the University of Agricultural Sciences Bangalore and the Government of Karnataka. The aim is to use non-edible oils derived from a diverse mix of species beneficial to agriculture, primarily on land not being used directly for agriculture. This provides an additional activity for farmers to give added value at village level, generating rural employment and building energy security for the villages.

The biofuel programme

The program was launched in 2007, following a six year development period, and covers an area of about 6,900 sq km with annual rainfall ranging from 7,000 Village level meeting at the Biofuel Park

BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) • 23-26 23 Further analysis of the species also showed that more than 15 species were distributed across habitats from the coast to hills in both wet and dry regions, with as many as eight species enjoying a wide ecological and climatic range with good yield of oil from their seeds. Traditionally these oils were already being used for lighting lamps, medicine and for other household needs.

The plant species adapted to different climatic and edaphic situations yielding oil seeds in different parts of the year making the system work all through the year are listed in Table 1.

These trees are grown along borders, bunds, back yards, avenues, ravines and also in community lands and degraded lands. They serve as good soil binders, wind breaks, aid water percolation, provide plant litter biomass to improve soil Nursery of quality planting materials fertility, minor timber, fuel and also provide fruits which have a seed oil content in the use in rural areas for value addition; and range of 20-70%. In contrast to edible oils by products were used locally as manure derived from agriculture these trees do not for food crops, oil cake as animal feed compete with food production, but rather, and as substrate for bio-gas production. sustain it.

At the end of the value chain, the oil Achievements of the Biofuel obtained from these oilseed trees was Park: used to safely blend up to 20% with Petro diesel in agricultural machines • 2110 villages covered for data such as tractors and irrigation pumps. inventory. The oil is also used in generators to produce electricity, and in the future • 1,524,949 seedlings of five bio-fuel there is the potential to meet primary crop species produced (Honge, Hippe, Farmers carrying saplings for planting power needs for lighting houses, Neem, Jatropha and Simarouba) pumping water for drinking; and also to adopting appropriate technology, while electrify schools and primary health care • Planting on 19,008 acres (equivalent generating employment and ensuring centres. on bunds, margins, waste lands, good agriculture production. This would ravines, community lands etc.) be achieved by growing multipurpose Trees as a source of energy trees in a decentralized manner security providing benefits including oil seeds throughout the year and building a Trees are a source of multiple resources strong resource base in the villages. in rural areas, meeting demands for food, fodder, timber, medicine, fuel, Park activities started with the selection shelter for people and animals, manure, of better clones of tree oil seed crops for maintenance of soil health and water mass multiplication and planting in percolation. The extensive use of trees in villages. Initial ground work was carried agro ecosystems and their multipurpose out on suitability of species, identifying nature has resulted in large scale high yielders in terms of oil content and planting both in urban landscapes and in seed yield, and developing vegetative rural ecosystems. A study of the trees propagation techniques through grafts, across the different agro ecological thereby advancing flowering and fruiting. regions of Karnataka, India revealed The approach involved decentralised more than 350 promising species of oil collection and processing of the seeds yielding plants with potential for locally to minimise transport costs. alternatives to petroleum and diesel Appropriate tools were developed for fuels. Simarouba and Maize intercropped

24 BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) Name Seed yield-kg/ per tree Oil (%) Harvest season

Aphanamixis polystachya 20-25 40-44 December - May Azadirachta indica 10-25 25-30 June- July Calophyllum inophyllum 30-40 48 -65 April-May October-December Jatropha curcas 0.5-1.0 30-45 August-October Madhuca indica 20-40 35-45 July - August Mesua ferrea 20-40 50-60 August-October Pongamia pinnata 20-40 28-38 January - March Simarouba glauca 10-25 40-55 February- April

Table1: Tree species yielding non edible oil

• 1,227 training programs held in villages of Hassan District.

• 261 on campus training programs held at the Biofuel park

• 2,012 Awareness programs held in villages of Hassan district.

• About 97,733 farmers and interested people participated in the program with around 50% being women.

• Complete biofuel village with every household planting biofuel species – 70 villages .

• Market linkages - feedstock with References for further reading: assured price and purchase , Anonymous 1969. Wealth of India: • 466 Oil seeds growers & collectors raw materials. Publication and associations are formed. Information Directorate, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, • Additional production of 10,000 tons New Delhi, pp 206–211. of feed stock by 2016 in the district amounting to Rs. 150 million , Naik, M., Meher, L.C., Naik S.N., Dasa L.M. 2008. Production of biodiesel from high free fatty acid Karanj (Pongamia pinnata ) oil. Biomass Bioenergy 32 :354–357.

, Pavithra, H.R., Chandrashekar Sagar, B.K., Prasanna, K.T., Shivanna, M.B., Balakrishna,G. 2013. Localisation of storage reserves in developing seeds Above: Agroforestry – millet and biofuel trees of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre, a Top: A hand expeller potential agroforestry tree. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 90 , 1927–1935.

, Pavithra, H.R., Balakrishna, G., The Biofuel Park aims to Rajesh, K.K., Prasanna, K.T., incorporate biofuel species into Shivanna, M.B. 2012. Oil, fatty acid “ profile and karanjin content in the local agricultural system and developing Pongamia pinnata (L.) use them to develop rural energy Pierre seeds. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.

BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) 25 Biofuel Park Mission: • Facilitation of capacity-building and human resource development; To motivate farmers, women self-help groups and entrepreneurs, to provide • Setting up village clusters and an interactive coupling between federations and networking to technology, economy, environment benefit members of the clusters. and society for speedy development of the biofuel sector. Key Elements of the Biofuel Park Mission Mission Objectives • Research and development for • To promote holistic growth of the biofuel species development; biofuel sector through area- based regionally differentiated strategies; • Identification of new candidates for biofuel production; • To increase the coverage of areas under biofuel plants in farmers’ • Establishment of nurseries to raise marginal lands, degraded forest and quality biofuel seedlings; non-forest areas; with appropriate elite clones to enhance yields; • Raising high yielding biofuel species A 2hp expeller among the farming communities in • To promote marketing of feed stock marginal lands, borders and bunds 89 , 2237–2244. (seeds) locally; and waste lands; , Pavithra, H.R., Shivanna, M.B., Chandrika, K., Prasanna, K.T., • To establish convergence and • Awareness building among farmers; Balakrishna, G. 2010. Seed protein synergy among stake-holders for profiling of Pongamia pinnata (L.) development of biofuels, production, • Training farmers on biofuel value Pierre for investigating inter and intra- marketing, value addition and chain in villages; specific population genetic diversity. accrual of local benefits; Int. J. Sci. Nat. 1, 246–252. • Building a market network of • To promote, develop and farmers and industries; , Prakash, D. and Misra, P.S. 1988. disseminate technologies for value Protein content and amino acid profile addition and production of • Develop farmers association on the of some wild leguminous seeds. intermediary products; lines of the milk production system Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 38 , 61–65. available in the country; • To generate employment , Shivanna, M.B. and Rajakumar, N. opportunities for skilled and • Management of existing and new 2010. Ethno-medico-botanical unskilled persons. biofuel plantations; knowledge of rural folk in Bhadravathi taluk of Shimoga district, Karanataka. Strategy • semi processing units at villages; Indian J Tradit Knowl 9(1):158–162.

To achieve the above objectives, the • Use of by products locally viz. de- Balakrishna Gowda Mission would adopt the following oiled cake, production of at Biofuel Park, Department of strategies: home / community scale; Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of • Decentralised approach for • Capacity building at village level. Agricultural Sciences, production and marketing to assure appropriate returns to growers;

• Promote cooperatives and self-help groups to ensure adequate returns to farmers;

• Promotion of research and development on production technologies;

• Enhanced feedstock production;

World biodiesel day celebration with the ICRAF/IFAD team

26 BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) RESOURCES

Book Review Beneficial Biofuels – The Food, Energy, and Environment Trilemma Why People Need Plants David Tilman et al Carlton Wood and Nicolette Habgood (Eds.) Biofuels are often criticised for their potential to damage food production and This book highlights the importance of the environment. This paper gives a brief plants and the ways in which people and accessible overview of five potential have adapted and impacted upon them, solutions to some of the problems throughout history. Within its 15 associated with these issues. For chapters, it provides an overview of the example: the possibility of using variety of ways in which plants are municipal waste rather specially grown invaluable to human survival. crops or growing biofuel crops on disused land as to not to impact on food Part one discusses the variety of ways we production and offer habitats to other use plants, from food to forensics. Within species. this section chapter 4 is dedicated to the discussion of biofuels. Whilst accepting Science (2009) Vol: 325 pp:270 -271 the historical significance of using http://www.sciencemag.org/content/325 biomass as energy, this chapter covers /5938/270 the modern day relevance of biofuels. This includes an overview of the types explanation of the methods used, the currently in use, for example, wood, potential benefits and successes of Bioenergy from plants and the grasses, biodiesel and bioethanol. The these techniques are discussed, for sustainable yield challenge chapter explains how they are produced, example the production of insect Angela Karp and Ian Shield along with considering biofuels and resistant corn. However, the natural climate change and how these sources of alternatives and their possible benefits A common criticism of the move towards energy can and have aided commitment are also highlighted. biofuels is the argument that arable land, to the Kyoto Protocol. The chapter closes vital for food production should not be with a discussion of the issues and Part four, concludes the book by handed over for growth of biofuel crops, controversies surrounding biofuels, which considering ‘plants and the planet’. therefore the development of crops works to balance the ideas raised in the The chapter includes an overview of the which grow efficiently and produce a preceding pages. This includes the fact impacts humans have had on the planet large amount of usable biomass is that the production costs of biofuels and raises the need for conservation essential. currently stand at double that of fossil whilst discussing the various types. fuels, biofuel crops, such as soyabean, The chapter ends with a look the future This paper takes a scientific look at key have been blamed for a loss of which again highlights the importance bioenergy crops, including those grown biodiversity and some even argue that of plants and swift human intervention for grain or seed, like wheat, grasses the production of certain biofuels makes in areas like food production and and fast growing trees like poplar, from them responsible for the release of more biodiversity loss. the point of view of their usefulness as greenhouse gases than fossil fuels. efficient sources of biofuel. This is This book offers the reader a glance at followed by a discussion of the potential Part two covers plants’ association with the many ways humans rely on and for improving their efficiency, for human health and discusses nutrition utilise plants from both a social and example, which plant processes to and medicine, along with plants that are scientific perspective. target, e.g. photosynthesis and how to used recreationally such as coffee, tea, optimise these process i.e. through cocoa and even cannabis. Published by Royal Botanic Gardens, traditional breeding or genetic Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK. In techniques. Part three focuses on modern biological association with The Open University, techniques, including micropropagation Milton Keynes, UK New Phytologist (2008) Vol: 179 pp. 15-32 and genetic modification. As well as an ISBN: 978-1-84246-425-0 www.newphytologist.org

BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) • 27-28 27 Websites

Bioenergy science centre Biofuel Park The Bioenergy site

The University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore’s centre for excellence, Biofuel Park, aims to develop The Bioenergy Science Centre (BESC) technology, interest and motivation to Although biofules offer great potential it conducts research with the aim of allow rural India to produce biofuels in is important to remember the possible achieving easier access to the energy a way which is supplementary to other dangers and weaknesses involved with stored within biomass. This focuses on agriculture. Its objectives involve the this relatively new technology. In 2008 designing plant cell walls which are easy development of technology, strategies the FAO produced its report on ‘The to break down and the development of and community involvement to allow State of Food and Agriculture’, in which microbes which can turn plants into rural India to become energy there was a chapter devoted to the biofuels. independent whilst remaining rich in analysis of the environmental agrobiodiversity. implications of the growth of biofuel Their website provides information, crops. resources and tools to inform the public Their website includes details of the about the centre’s research and programme, their current research and This webpage offers an overview of the bioenergy in general. The resources activities, as well as providing a source of major themes of this section of the section includes various media which information for those wishing to gain report, including the potential for biofuels explain the role and research of the insight into biofuels in general. The site to cause the release of large amounts of centre, along with the science behind it, includes a description of the various green house gases and the growth of for a range of scientifically literate plants which are suitable for producing biofuels degrading arable land. audiences. This includes publications biofuels, including their physical Additionally, there is a link to the relevant from BESC describing their current characteristics and growth patterns. There section of the FAO’s report for those who research. In addition there are factsheets are also brief and accessible summaries wish to research these ideas in greater and a page entitled ‘biofacts’ which of the various methods which can be detail. summaries and explains BESC’s work in used to produce bioethanol and biodiesel. more accessible language. There are http://www.thebioenergysite.com/articles also videos and audio recordings, which http://biofuelpark.org/ /175/environmental-impacts-of-biofuels highlight the importance of their research and introduce some of the researchers. Guardian For those looking for resources and ideas about how to teach young people In the Biofuels section of the Guardian’s about biofuels the Education section of website you can find all of the paper’s the website includes information and coverage of news related to this subject, resources aimed at children. These including blogs and other media. From include lesson plans developed by the most recent articles to those dating BESC and the Creative Discovery back to 2011, this resource offers an Museum. Chattanooga, as well as links easily accessible look at development of to engaging websites which aim to teach this technology. children about bioenegy and its importance. http://www.theguardian.com/environmen t/biofuels http://bioenergycenter.org/besc/ education.cfm

28 BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) Please join Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) and help us to save plants from extinction

Established in 1987, BGCI links more than 500 botanic gardens and BGCI’s INSTITUTION members receive numerous benefits: ations • Opportunities for involvement in joint conservation and education projects conservation organiz • Tools and opportunities to influence global conservation policy and action in 115 countries, • Botanic Garden Management Resource Pack (upon joining)* ether to save • Our twice yearly e-publications: working tog - BGjournal – an international journal for botanic gardens lants for the Planet. - Roots - Environmental Education Review P • A wide range of publications and special reports • Invitations to BGCI congresses and discounts on registration fees • BGCI technical support and advisory services

Institution Membership £ Stlg € Euros US $ A BGCI Patron Institution 5500 7500 8500 B Institution member (budget more than US$2,250,000) 1000 1200 1500 C Institution member (budget US$ 1,500,000 - 2,250,000) 550 700 900 D Institution member (budget US$ 750,000 - 1,500,000) 400 500 650 E Institution member (budget US$ 100,000 - 750,000) 220 280 350 F Institution member (budget below US$100,000)* 100 120 150

INDIVIDUAL members and donors BGCI’s INDIVIDUAL members receive support BGCI’s global network for • Regular e-publications (these publications are sent as a pdf file via email): plant conservation, and are - BGjournal - an international journal for botanic gardens (2 per year) connected to it through our - Roots - Environmental Education Review (2 per year) publications and events. • Invitations to BGCI congresses and discounts on registration fees

Individual Membership £ Stlg € Euros US $

J Conservation donor ( BGjournal and Roots publications & special reports) 275 375 400 K Associate member ( Roots and BGjournal ) 80 100 125 M Friend-available through online subscription only (www.bgci.org) 15 20 25

*Contents of the Botanic Garden Management Resource Pack include: Darwin Technical Manual for Botanic Gardens, A Handbook for Botanic Gardens on the Reintroduction of Plants to the Wild , BGjournal - an international journal for botanic gardens, Roots - Environmental Education Review, The International Agenda for Botanic Gardens in Conservation, Global Strategy for Plant Conservation, Environmental Education in Botanic Gardens , additional recent BGCI reports and manuals. Many of these publications have been translated into Chinese. Please contact us for more details.

q I wish to apply for BGCI’s INSTITUTION / INDIVIDUAL membership (circle one).

Institution Name (if applicable) ......

Contact Name ...... Title ......

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Please clearly print your name (or the name of your institution) in English on all documentation. An official invoice will be issued outlining the various payment methods when your membership application has been accepted. Please contact [email protected] for further information. BGCI’S FIVE YEAR PLAN 2013 - 2018

he global loss of plant diversity with wild places shrinking and plant Tspecies facing extinction at an ever- increasing rate has an impact on the global economy and the livelihoods of people worldwide. BGCI aims to mobilize botanic gardens and work with partners to secure plant diversity for the benefit of people and the planet. Over the next five years, BGCI will give greater emphasis to demonstrating the connections between plants and human welfare and on restoring damaged ecosystems, while at the same time continuing our focus on ensuring that threatened plant species worldwide are effectively conserved.

BGCI’s ambitious plan for the next five habitats and will strengthen the years supports global biodiversity and coordinated role of botanic gardens sustainable development action through in species recovery and ecological three technical programmes: restoration.

Sustaining wild places and plants More specifically, our aim is that by 2018: At least 25% of the world’s plant species are presently threatened with extinction • Botanic gardens and the wider and studies indicate that, with climate conservation community will be able change, this figure is likely to grow to effectively implement plant considerably. Significant loss of plant conservation policy and strategies, diversity will have catastrophic impacts especially the GSPC, linking this to on human livelihoods. Botanic gardens the Aichi Targets and sustainable already cultivate around one third of the development policy. world’s known plant species and are therefore ideally placed to lead plant • Comprehensive information on plant conservation efforts. Over the next five species, their status in the wild and in years, working in the framework of botanic garden collections, is relevant biodiversity policy, we will assembled and disseminated in continue to focus on securing a future support of plant conservation and for threatened plant species and their restoration actions.

30 BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) • 30-31 Finding natural solutions for sustainable livelihoods and human well-being

Wild plants offer a wealth of services and goods of essential livelihood value. Worldwide, over half a billion people who live in poverty depend on the availability of wild plant resources to sustain their daily subsistence needs. However, with the general global loss of biodiversity caused by habitat loss, the spread of invasive species and global climate change, the availability of the range and abundance of plant resources of livelihood value is under threat. Botanic gardens are centres of excellence for research, conservation and cultivation of economically important plants. In support of this, BGCI will publish reviews of work on important resource species, share best practices, support projects to conserve and sustainably use plants valued by local communities and help to conserve the essential knowledge about such plants typically held by local communities.

Our aim is that by 2018:

• The role of wild plants in supporting livelihoods and providing ecosystem services is widely understood.

• Conservation efforts for wild plants heart of modern botanic gardens and • Human wellbeing and livelihood and their habitats by botanic gardens botanic gardens can play a key role in requirements, as well as conservation and partner organisations are scaled- developing a scientifically literate society needs are being addressed through up and the work of the global where people are motivated to play their more sustainable use of the world's Ecological Restoration Alliance (ERA) part in resolving environmental issues. most socio-economically important in replicating best practice worldwide Over the next five years we will continue wild plants. is widely acknowledged. to build the capacity of gardens to connect with growing numbers of people, • The skills and expertise of botanic helping them to reach new audiences, garden staff in horticulture, collection developing scientific literacy and management, and plant conservation promoting this work widely. techniques have been increased through training, staff exchanges, More specifically, we will ensure that: provision of relevant information, and networking. • All botanic gardens have the capacity to deliver effective environmental Connecting people with nature education and outreach programmes.

More than half the world’s population live • Botanic gardens understand their in urban areas and this is leading to a social and environmental roles and are growing disconnection with nature. increasingly relevant to the Botanic gardens offer excellent communities within which they are opportunities for people to experience located. nature first hand. Collectively botanic gardens engage with more than 250 • Plants are valued by society and the million visitors annually and have the role of botanic gardens in their study potential to reach larger numbers and and conservation is widely more diverse audiences. Science is at the understood.

BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) 31 THE NEXT ISSUE OF BGJOURNAL

PlantSearch: GardenSearch: BGCI’s online database of Your gateway to the world’s plants in botanic gardens botanic gardens

PlantSearch GardenSearch

The next issue of BGjournal will be published in Using the databases July 2014. The theme will be: Using databases BGCI uses PlantSearch to carry out to support plant conservation . global and regional surveys of threatened species and their occurrence in botanic garden collections as a means to set conservation priorities, as well as to We will be featuring: BGCI’s databases monitor progress toward global conservation targets. • Projects that have used data from BGCI’s BGCI maintains two databases: GardenSearch and PlantSearch databases PlantSearch and GardenSearch. For the botanic gardens that contribute data to PlantSearch, the database provides • Examples and case studies of botanical PlantSearch gives an account of the a useful collection management tool, databases that have a conservation global biodiversity safety-net allowing gardens to identify threatened function provided by botanic gardens through species from amongst their own collections a list of the plants they cultivate and and also to find out which other gardens • Articles about the use of databases conserve. PlantSearch includes over are cultivating the same species. to manage plant collections in 1 million records, with data uploaded botanic gardens and seed banks by over 1,000 gardens. It is the only GardenSearch provides important comprehensive global database of information on the resources, facilities and • New methods and technologies for wild plant species in ex situ expertise in botanic gardens around the collecting and using plant collection data collections, and through its linkages world in a dynamic searchable form. This to the global IUCN Red List, allows is useful for developing partnerships and threatened species to be identified in creating linkages between and amongst The deadline for submitting articles is ex situ collections. All plant records in conservation practitioners, policy makers, 15 June 2014 PlantSearch are linked to the and botanic garden staff alike. provider’s record in the GardenSearch Please contact database, which provides an on-line If you have used PlantSearch or [email protected] directory of the skills, expertise and GardenSearch data in your research or in for further information. facilities available in over 3,000 your day-to-day activities, we would like botanic gardens around the world. to hear from you.

32 BGCI • 2014 • BGjournal • Vol 11 (1) This publication is supported by Botanic Gardens ESRC and DFID Conservation International Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, U.K. Tel: +44 (0)20 8332 5953 Fax: +44 (0)20 8332 5956 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.bgci.org

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