District Survey Report

2016

DISTRICT SURVEY

REPORT

DISTRICT BETUL M.P.

AS PER NOTIFICATION NO. S.O. 141 (E) NEW DELHI, THE 15TH JANUARY,2016 OF MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT, FOREST AND CLIMATE CHANGE GOVT. OF INDIA

Directorate of Geology and Mining Mineral Resource Department, GOVT. OF MADHYA PRADESH 1

CHAPTER – 1

1. Introduction:

With reference to Gazette notification of 15th January 2016 of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, the District Environment Impact Assessment Authority (DEIAA) and District Environment Assessment Committee (DEAC) are to be constituted by the Divisional Commissioner for prior environmental clearance of mining of minor mineral. The DEIAA and DEAC will scrutinize and recommend the prior environmental clearance of mining of minor minerals on the basis of District Survey Report. This will a model and guiding document which is a compendium of available mineral resources, geographical set up, environmental and ecological set up of the district and replenishment of minerals and is based on data of various departments, published reports, journals and websites.

District Betul is one of the districts in Madhya Pradesh which is lying on the southern part of the states, almost wholly on the Satpura Plateau. The district extends between 21o 22’ and 22o 24’ North latitude and 77o 04’ and 78o 33’ East Longitude and forms a compact shape, almost a square with slight projections on the east and west. The district constitutes 10 blocks spread across 5 Tehsils. The greatest length of the district is about 161 kms from east to west and 106 km from north to south. The total area of the district is 10,078.1 sq.km having a population of 13, 95,175. The average rainfall of the district is 1085mm.

The District is bounded on the north by Hoshangabad district, on the south by Amravati district of Maharashtra, on the east by Chhindwara district and on the west by the districts of Harda, East Nimar and Amravati. The southern boundary of the district runs almost along the southern foothills of Melaghat range, but excludes Hattighat and Chikaldara hills in Amravati district. the western boundary is marked for some distance by the Ganjal river (southern), a tributary of Tapti, and then with the watershed line between the Morand and Ganjal (northern), the tributaries of the Narmada, the Northern boundary is marked by the course of the Morand River, and by the Tawa river beyond Dhdra mohar Railway station. The Eastern Boundary runs through small streams and hills among which some significant ones are Khurpura and Rotia Nalas.

Betul is apparently a tribal district, where 39.43% of the total population is Gond and Korku tribles. The major languages in the district are Hindi, Gondi, Korku, and Marathi language is spoken widely in southern part of the district. Among the castes Gonds, Korkus, Kurmis, Kumbis, Bhoyars, Meharas, Chamars, Banias, Rajputs are the major ones. Betul is well connected by road & rail network. It is located on the Delhi – Chennai broad-gauge railway line & National Highway No. 69 also passes through this district. the nearest airports are in Nagpur & Bhopal. Main rivers are Tapti, Poorna, Wardha, Machna, Sapna and Tawa.

Pathankheda in Ghoradongri block is famous for its coalfields and finds use at the Satpura thermal power station, Sarni for electricity production. Around 22 villages of Shahpura Block and 32 villages of Ghoradongri block come within the Panchmarhi Biosphere Reserve area. The said area is famous for its rare species of flora and fauna. Northern and western parts comprising of Bhimpur, Ghoradongri, Shahpur and some parts of Athner Blocks of the district, are the prime source of valuable forest produce. Bhainsdehi and part of Betul block are also rich likewise. Main produce are teak-wood, bamboo and other minor forest produce along with herbs of important medicinal values, as the district is widely spread on the Satpura Mountain plateau, it is covered with the enchanting greenery of forest. Lofty mountains of Satpura Range enhance its charm further.

The district is divided into 8 Tehsils and Ten blocks the district is predominantly a rural district there are 1343 villages. The total population of the district of as as per 2001 census. The details of administrative units are given in table- 1.

Table – 1 : Administrative Divisions, District Betul M.P. (Census-2001)

Blocks Area in No. Of No. of Population Increas S.C. S.T.

. Sq. Km villages Gram e in Population Population

o N

Panchaya 10 year

S. t in %

1 Betul 1150 188 77 240160 22.37 22192 64567 2 Chicholi 494 80 34 73861 25.44 4030 46472 3 Ghoradongri 1300 162 56 225307 21.41 32079 82874 4 Bhiansdehi 1257 132 50 116761 15.42 10188 62648 5 Athner 853 100 45 92869 13.51 6948 41770 6 Bhimpur 1150 151 54 122313 28.48 4663 103603 7 Shahpur 505 125 40 95909 22.30 7679 61770 8 Multai 1081 132 69 143933 9.06 15599 14639 9 P Patan 1133 120 65 122462 9.86 19154 31023 10 Amla 1120 153 68 161600 14.79 25072 40541

The classification of the total area of the district inflects the extent of development of agriculture activities in the district and also represents the potential aestivation of the area. The area different land use and their percentage to the reported area of the district for the year 2006 is given in table-2. Table No. 2 : Land use Patter of Betul District S. No. Type Area is Sq. km 1 Forest 3967 2 Land not available for agriculture 259 3 Other non agriculture land 467 4 Cultivable area 4040 5 Total sown area 4046 6 Area sown more than once 1565

The agriculture activity in Betul district is mainly depended on the monsoon. At present source of irrigated in the district are dug well, tube well and porty from canal.

CHAPTER – 2

2. Overview of Mining Activity in the District:

Betul district holds a district place in the state with respect to strategic geographical position in the state and the availability of mineral resources. The presence of stone crusher plants are also installed.

A total 125 nos. of working mining lease of both unit and mining area in the district. The total mineable area of district is about 29.48 sq.km. (2948.605 hectares) which is about 0.29 % of total geological area.

CHAPTER –3

3. The List of Mining Leases in the District with location, area and period of validity:

CHAPTER –4

4. Details of Royalty or Revenue received in last three years:

CHAPTER –5

5. Details of Production of Sand or Bajari or minor mineral in last three years:

CHAPTER –6

6. Process of Deposition of Sediments in the rivers of the District:

The water action is perhaps the only agency responsible for erosion, transportation and deposition of sand and aggregates in the sub continental tropical conditions. The rivers are the most important source of sand in the district. The passage of these rivers is initially through basaltic terrain, where erosion of country rocks and transportation may be high but may not result in the sand formation. It is the Gondwana and Deccan trap terrain and the areas of alluvial plains which produces bulk quantity of sand and associated aggregates. Thus, geology plays a major role. This, coupled with mineral composition (e.g. Gondwana sandstone; being arkosic sandstone and shales being ferruginous and argillaceous and the recent subcompact to loose formations comprising of sandy matter) greatly influence the process of sand formation. Moreover, climatic conditions, waterload and velocity of river and rainfall have a vital role in the entire process of transportation and deposition of sand and associated aggregates. Here gradient of land in an important factor. The river usually erodes the river base and the banks by hydraulic action and abrasion (corrosion). Hereto, abrasion is the most important action which involves wearing away of the bank and the bedrock by stram water with the help of sand grains (floating, dragging, pebbles and gravels and all such small particles) that are being carried in it. The floating, dragging and rolling depends upon the size and shape. Cavitation is another method of erosion. Air bubbles trapped in the water get compressed into small spaces like cracks in the river’s banks. These bubbles shockwave that weakens the rocks. The shockwaves are very weak but over time the rock will be weakened to the point at which it falls apart.

Energy, environment and time are the three factors which determine the process of deposition by streams. Thus, when energy decreases to transport the load (by reduction in velocity or volume of water), a part of material can no longer be transported and hence deposited. Similarly, the factors of environment influence the deposition through configuration or shape of the channel. Uneven surface of the channel check the velocity and hence cause deposition. The time factor actually operates through the above two factors. Thus, when a stream would perform the act of deposition may be explained by a statement and whenever like its velocity whiz appreciably checked. The deposits that are laid down by running water are called alluvial, fluvial or 15

fluviatile deposits. They all vary greatly in size, shape and mode of origin. Amongst these is first are alluvial fans and cones: these are cone shaped accumulations of stream debris that come down from hills or mountains meet a larger streams or valley floor. These are common in hilly terrains and second most important oner in the present context is flood plain deposits which are resultant of some periods of high water levels or flood in a stream during which it overflows its banks and overflows on its sides. These flood waters are invariably heavily loaded with sediments of all types which are eventually deposited over inundated areas. Thus a thick layer of such loads is left after every flood. Another type of flood plain deposits are natural levees; which are broad, low ridges formed along the banks of the streams during floods. They generally slope away from stream edge. They form because of deposition of part of flood water load along the banks during floods. As rivers enters into plains, the gradient decreases suddenly and flow in increasingly wide, gentle sided valleys. The channel increases in size to hold the extra water which the river has to receive from its tributaries. As the river gets bigger it can carry larger amounts of material. This material will be small in size, as larger rocks will have broken up on their way from the mountains. Much of the material will be carried in suspension and will erode the river banks by abrasion. When rivers flow over flatter land, they develop large bends called meanders. As a river goes around a bend most of the water is pushed towards the outside causing increased erosion. The river is now eroding sideways into its banks rather than downwards into its bed, a process called lateral erosion. On the inside of the bend, in contrast, there is much less water. The river will therefore be shallow and slow- flowing. It cannot carry as much material and so sand and shingle will be deposited. This is called a point bar or slip off slope. Due to erosion on the outside of a bend and deposition on the inside, the shape of a meander will change over a period of time. Notice how erosion narrows the neck of the land within the meander. In time, and usually during a flood, the river will cut right through the neck. The river will then take the new, shorter route. The fastest current, called the thalweg, will now trend to be in the centre of the river, and so deposition is likely to occur in gentler water next to the banks eventually deposition will block off the old meander to leave an oxbow lake. The oxbow lake will slowly dry up, only refilling after heavy rain or during a flood.

CHAPTER –7

7. General Profile of the District: BETUL DISTRICT AT A GLANCE

S.No ITEMS Statistics 1. GENERAL INFORMATION S.No ITEMS Statistics 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1) Geographical area ( In Sq. km) 10078 ii) Administrative Divisions (As on 2013 ) Number of Tehsil/ Block , 8/10, Number of Panchayat /Villages 553/1409 iii) Population (As per Census 2011) 15,75,247 iv) Normal Rainfall (mm) 1129.6 2, GEOMORPHOLOGY i) Major Physiographic Units i. Satpura plateau in the Tawa and Morand valleys

ii. Satpura plateau in the central and southern

iii.Tapi valley

ii) Major Drainage i. Tawa, Morand, Machna and Bhangi of Narmada Basin ii. Wardha and Bel of Wardha basin iii.Tapi, Maru and Tapi of Tapi basin 3. LAND USE (sq km) i) Forest area 3967 ii) Net area sown: 4046 iii) Cultivable area: 4040 4. MAJOR SOIL TYPES Black cotton 5. AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS Wheat, Rice. Jowar, Maize Sugarcane etc. 6. IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES Number of Area in Sg km Structures Dug wells 53150 716 Tube wells/Bore wells 3427 126 Tanks/Ponds 15 2 Canals 92 189 Other Sources - 126

Net Irrigated Area - 1159 7. NUMBER OF GROUND WATER

MONITORING WELLS OF CGWB (As on 31.3.2013) No. of Dug Wells / No. of Piezometers 23 / 07 8 PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL Deccan Trap Lava Flows, Lameta FORMATIONS beds, Upper and Lower Gondwanas and Archaeans

9 HYDROGEOLOGY Weathered & Fractured basalt Major Water Bearing Formation Weathered & Fractured sandstone

Weathered / Fractured granite, gneiss, amphibolites Pre-monsoon Depth to water level during 2012 2.0 – 16.40 Post-monsoon Depth to water level during 2012 0.51 9.75

Long Term water level trend in 10 years Fall Pre 0.02-0.1 10. GROUND WAT(2001ER- 2010)EXPLORATI in m/yr ON Rise 0.02-0.09 BY CGWB (As on 31-03-2013) No of wells drilled EW, OW, PZ, SH, Total) EW-55 PZ-08 Ow-29 Depth Range (m) 10-300, Discharge (litres per second) 0.75-20 lps, 1-3 lps -4 -5 Storativity (S) 4.7xl0 to 6.5xl0 Transmissviitv (m2/day) 1 .8-442.8 m2 /day 11. GROUND WATER QUALITY Presence of Chemical constituents more than EC- 262-1670, Nitrate- 1.3-156, permissible limit (eg EC, F, As. Fe) Fluoride - .09-.9 Type of Water in phreatic aquifer 12 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES (2009) In MCM Net Ground Water Availability 1139.70 Gross Annual Ground Water Draft 536.22 Projected Demand for Domestic and Industrial Uses up to 2033 46.38 Stage of Ground Water Development 47 % 13. AWARENESS AND TRAINING ACTIVITY Mass Awareness Programs organized 03 19.09.05, 12.9.06 07.10.06. Date: Place: No. of Participants Betul, Sasundra, Athner 50 150 170 Water Management Training Programmes 14: 09.05 & 06.10.06 :(Betul) Organized No: Date: Place: No. of Participants Pathakheda 60 to 70 14 EFFORTS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE & RAINWATER HARVESTING Projects under technical guidance of CGWB 01 , Central Sector scheme in Bel (Numbers) watershed in Amla block and dug well recharge 15. GROUND WATER CONTROL AND REGULATION Categorization of blocks All block under Safe category 16 MAJOR GROUND WATER PROBLEMS Depleting ground water level AND ISSUES 19

CHAPTER –8

8. Land Utilization Pattern in the district: Forest, Agriculture, Horticulture, Mining etc.

Land utilization pattern in ha district is as follows:

Total Area - 10,078 Sq. Km.

Forest Area

1. Betul General Area - 1023.52 Sq. Km.

2. Betul – South - 1505.25 Sq. Km.

3. Betul – West - 1116.28 Sq. Km

Total Area - 3645.53 Sq. Km

Land Area Sq. Km.

Agriculture Land 6076

Irrigated Land 1908

Mining Area 29.48

Total 8013.48

CHAPTER –9

9. Physiography of the District:

The district has four district physiographic division viz (i) Satpura plateau in Tawa and Morand valleys (ii) The Satpura plateau in central and (iii) southern part of the district (iv) and Tapti valley. The whole district lies on Satpura plateau at an elevation of 365 m above mean sea level. The general elevation is about 609m at Kilendeo form the highest peak in the northern and central parts of the district. Tawa valleys lies at on elevation of 396m amsl between peaks of Kilandeo and Bhogwangar, the general scope of the valley is towards the North West.

The country is mainly undertaking with presence of few residual hills and is inter sector by large number of stream joining Taw the high land mass of the district sub sides into the fringing ravenous country of Wardha and tributaries of the Kanhan. The west of Khamla is highest point 1137 m amsl in the entire country and forms the part of Gwagarh hills.

9.1 Drainage: The drainage of the district is diverted in all direction from the eastern high mass of Satpura plateau. The northern and central part of the district drains into the Narmada in the north through Tawa, Machna Morand and the Bhange. The Tapti bengh basically consequent river and flowing to the west drain water of the western and southern central part of the Purna, Mam and Wadha occupy small areas of their drainage in the southern part of the district. 9.2 Soil:

In the district, there are five types of soils namely kali soil, Morand soil, Matbarra soils, Bardi soil Sihar and retard soils. The southern central and eastern part of the district is covered by black cotton soil.

CHAPTER –10

10. Rainfall: Month Wise:

CHAPTER –11

11. Geology and Mineral Wealth:

Rock formations ranging in age from Archean to Quarternary are exposed in the district. Betul gneissic complex, volcano- sedimentary sequence, younger Meta- Sediments, Acid and basic intrusive of Archean to Neo Proterozoic age (3500-900 m.y.) occupies the northeastern and northern part of the district. Amla Gneiss of Betul Gniessic complex is the oldest litho – unit and is exposed at 16 km south west of betul town. It cpmprises various types of gneisses. Golighat group comprises quartzite, schist, and marble and schistose amphibolites. Volcano – Sedimentary sequence comprises green schist belt with bands of marble, calc- silicate, amphibolites and quartzite. Younger Meta- Sediments comprises phyllite with interbands of marble, banded hematite quartzite, dolomite, marble, calc-silicate, quartzitic, arenite, ferrugnous sandstone, felspathic-quartz schist and quartzite, Acid intrusive comprises, granite, pegmatitic, granite, foliated granite, quartz, breccias with pegmatite and quartz veins, basic intrusive comprises gabbro, diorite,pyroxinite and amphibolites.

Archaeans The crystalline metamorphic and igneous rocks covers approximately 20% of the total district area. The igneous rocks are intensive granite and pegmatite veins intending the metamorphic rocks. Quartz pegmatite views are common features and occurs as broad dykes and thin strings. The ground basins are conterminous with surface drainage sub basin thus ground water flow system are of local types where end system has its recharge area at topographic low. The Archaeans are mainly occupying the Betul, Chichab, Multai and Amla blocks. These rocks do not have primary porosity and hydraulic conductivity. The weathered part of the crystalline rocks are called saprolite, which is of particular interest from the point of view of storage zone for ground water and as an aquifer for open well and shallow tube wells. The thickness of this zones in the entire district area ranges from 2.5 to 30.00 m. in this formation, aquifers also occurs where bed rock and quartz pegmatite intensive vein are jointed and fractures. The yield depends upon saturated thickness of the weathered mantle and fracture pattern of the rocks. The open wells that exist in this formation range in depth of 8.00-20.00 mbgl generally the column of water available during pre monsoon season varies from 2.00 – 4.00 m. The general yield potential of Archaean formation less than 180 lpm. However at places the yield potential in deeper aquifer are found to the tune of 600 lpm. The specific capacity ranges between 54 to 162.69 lpm/m/min and permeability ranges from 9.57 to 29.83 m2/day in shallow aquifers.

Gondwana The Gondwana rocks are comprising succession of sand stone, shales with seems of coal lying over the metamorphic rocks of crystalline Archaean system with a district unconformity. The beds of Gondwana rocks are distributed in patches and lie in a liner trends coinciding almost with the present river valleys. There rocks show considerable

faulting. The Talchir beds consisting of sandstone and green clays with boulders contain plant fossils. There are bounded by faults. The west and north west of Betul, there are out of Gondwana rocks which separates decant traps from Archaeans rocks. Barkars of Gondwana group contains coal seams. In Gondwana system mostly groundwater structures tapped sandstone and argillaceous shales and rarely clays. The groundwater structure in Barkar series ranges in depth from 5-16.30 mbgl where as in Talchir series the depth of dug wells ranges from 8-14 mbgl there rocks are occupying Ghoradongri Shahpur and part of Bhimpura blocks. The yield potential of Gondwana ranges from 100 lpm to 300 lpm tapping semi confined and unconfined aquifers.

Deccan Traps Deccan traps comprising varies types of basaltic lava flows and most extensive rocks in the district. There rocks occupying in Betul, Multai, Bhimpura, Chicholi, Bhainsdehi, Atner and Prabkat pattam blocks. The base of the flow consist of a porons layers of earthy basalt which passes rapidly into the main body. Of flow consisting of great thickness of hard basalt. Generally the Deccan trap in the area occurs in the form of fractures, weathered and vesicular basalts. The groundwater structure occurring the fractures basalt tapped the ground water resource between the depth range 6 to 14.00 mbgl. In the weathered basalt the depth of ground structures varies from 4.15 – 10-20 mbgl, while in vesicular type of flows the depth of ground water structures ranges from 3 to 20-00 mbgl. The yield of shallow aquifer in this formation ranges between 60 to 300 lpm.

Mineral Wealth:

Betul district is well known for its various types of economic mineral deposits/occurrence and 21 types of economic minerals have been reported so far. Coal deposits from barakar formation of gondwana supergroup are found around pathakhera, Gurgunda, Brahmanwara, sonda, mardanpur, shahpur and dulhara areas. Copper associated with acid volcanic rock is reported at Kherli Bajar, Bhawra, Tekra, Banskhapa-pipariya. Tungsten in the form of specks and small veinlets in calc-silicate rock is reported at chunaloma, chiklar, tara, malajpur, Garnet reported at Bisighat, Bhaldhei, bijadheihi and kesiya. chunabhura and in betul nala section. graphite from graphite schist and phyllite is reported at tikari, Maramjhiri,chiklar, gauthana, bhopali, janawani, and golighat. Mica in the form of flakes and books from pegmatite veins is found at khundepapariya, kachnar, bisighat, bhaldehi, and temni. Ochre in the form of patches in mica schist is reported at 1 km north of bisighat and 1 km west of thufama. the scattered occurrence of calcite veins in deccan trap are reported around jhallar, bhakurdhana, 24

ankwari, mandi khurd, ghoradongri, maramjhiri, bhopali, karanji, kolhudhana and nimpani.

Other economic minerals reported are magnetite (iron ore) at amdhana in kamalpur hill and ankawari, asbestos (acitinolite - tremolite) at badgaon, Beyrl at temni and chunaloma, steatite (talc) at mardwani; tourmaline at 1.2 km SW of temni, zeolite at khamla, gudgeon and masod. Limestone about 4 to 6 m thick band in lameta group is reported at panraghat.

In addition to the above, the report shall contain the following:

11.(a) District wise detail of river or stream and other sand source

11.(b) District wise availability of sand or gravel or aggregate resources

11.(c) District wise detail of existing mining leases of sand and aggregates.

S. Name of River Portion of the river or stream Area Mineable No. or stream recommended for mineral recommended mineral recommended concession for mineral potential for mineral concession (in M3 concession (in sq.m) 60% of total mineral potential)

1. Machna Kodaroti, dahargaon/Bhyavadi, 267100 480780 shahpur/patwapura, mathni, bhilwadi, kumahriya, sitaljhiri, jhadkund

2. Bel Soantalai, barchi, 155500 279900 jambada(bujurg)

3. Dharakhoh Ghodadongri, chikliamdana, 176300 317340 nandu

4. Tawa Banspur/Shivsagar/Gaunapur, 430400 774720 daundi/Malvar, Govadi,loniya

5. Lathiya Amdana raiyyat 60900 109620

6. Morand Sangwani 50800 91440

7. Mailghat Niwari 9000 16200

8. Bakud Bakud 27000 46600

9. Tapti Ratamati 25500 45900

10. Nala Hareniya, fulberia, ghandigram 86400 155520

MINERAL POTENTIAL

Boulder (MT) Bajri (MT) Sand (MT) Total Mineable mineral potential (MT)

Huge as about 35 to 40 It is associated with it is found Huge, % of the district is river sand mainly rivers immense as occupied by the minor though the 35 to 40% of minerals i.e. basalt, resources as per the district is granite, Sandstone, but their area in the occupied by as per figures received district is huge, minor from district mining the production minerals section 22589 in 2015- of sand and which include 16. bajri is 4921469 basalt and M3 granite and other stones in 2015-16 as road metal and soil. thus mineral potentials are immense.

The efforts are on to identify and locate the new areas for sand mining. Moreover, the potential loci for deposits of sand and associated aggregates are within river bed or close to river banks or the areas of flood plain and the resources are dependent upon the amount of rainfall and the water load carried by the river or stream.

S. River or Portion of the district or Area Mineable No. stream stream recommended for recommended mineral mineral concession for mineral potential concession (in M3 60% (in sq.m) of total mineral potential)