As Bourne began to grow in the 1840s, local people realised that to become the country’s premier resort as suggested by Dr. Granville in 1841, they needed control of their own affairs. In particular they need to construct sewers to make sure that the town and its water were clean. They wanted to build a pier and provide better facilities for their growing number of visitors. So a small group of local landowners and businessmen chaired by the Reverend Morden Bennett was set up. The Bournemouth Improvement Act 1856 gave these powers to the Bournemouth Improvement Commissioners. It also fixed the first formal boundary for Bournemouth. It became a Municipal Borough in 1890. By the end of the 19th Century, the town gained separate powers from the County of Hampshire when it became a County Borough. The present-day boundaries were fixed in 1931-2 when first Kinson and Holdenhurst and then Hengistbury Head were added. The town’s separate existence was lost in 1974 when the town was absorbed into the New County of Dorset, only to get back its independence in 1997 when it became a Unitary Authority. The Town Hall POLITICS AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT This Theme has the following Sub-Themes Liberties, hundreds and tythings Becoming a County Borough National Government Liberties, hundreds and tythings The structure of local government in Bournemouth today is very different from what it was 200 years ago. In 1800 local administration was organised under a system based on land tenure descended from medieval times. These have unfamiliar names today such as hundreds, tythings and libertys, but include the more familiar shires and parishes. The administrative units could have different boundaries and could overlap each other. At the end of the 18th century, the site of Bournemouth was situated partly in the parish of Christchurch and in the chapelry of Holdenhurst. The whole area comprising the Liberty of Westover which itself formed part of the Manor of Christchurch. The Lord of the Manor ruled within a hierarchy of land tenure granted at the highest level by the monarch. At the end of the 18th century the Lord of the Manor of Christchurch was Sir George Ivison Tapps and the title has descended through the family to the present day Meyrick family of Hinton Admiral. A liberty was a unit of local government where the land was held by a senior lord and independent from the system of hundreds and boroughs. For most of its history the Liberty of Westover was co- owned with the Manor of Christchurch. The Liberty was divided into six tythings. Muscliff, Muccleshell, Throop, Holdenhurst were in the chapelry of Holdenhurst and Iford (including Pokesdown) and Tuckton (including Wick) were part of the parish of Christchurch. Shires, or counties, were divided into hundreds and tythings. A hundred was a division of the shire for administrative, military and judicial purposes. Tythings were a smaller unit within hundreds originally a grouping of ten households. By the 19th century several single-purpose subdivisions of counties, such as poor law unions, sanitary districts, and highway districts were establishe, filling the administrative role previously played by hundreds. A borough was a town which had been granted elements of self-government and was eligible to send members to parliament. County boroughs were introduced in 1889 and were completely independent of the County Councils. To the west of the Liberty of Westover was the town of Poole which had been a borough since 1342. Christchurch to the east has a very ancient history but did not receive a charter of incorporation until 1886. Becoming a county borough The Bournemouth Improvement Act of 1856 introduced aspects of self-government to the growing town. It allowed for the collection of a local rate from owners of houses of an annual value of £7 to pay for public utilities such as pavements, lighting and sewage. The Act was administered by the Board of Improvement Commissioners consisting of thirteen elected members together with the Lord of the Manor and his nominee as permanent members. Members had to own a property with a rateable value of £30 within the boundary or no more than a mile outside. Local landowners and tradesmen were equally represented on the first board but the enthusiasm of the landowners was short-lived and after 1873 they took no further part in the Board of Improvement. It is likely that their allegiance was not to the new town but their existing interests and activities. Whatever the reason the inactivity of the landowners led to the creation of an imaginative and independent local authority. The next significant step towards self-government was on 23rd July 1890 when Queen Victoria granted Bournemouth its Charter of Incorporation. This gave Bournemouth the legal status of a town and greater powers of self-government by electing a town council and a mayor. The first election of councillors was held in November 1890 and continued annually until the month was altered to May in 1949. Name Position Main holdings Sir George Eliott Meyrick Tapps- Lord of the manor Meyrick Estate Gervis-Meyrick Decimus Burton Nominated by Lord of Manor Samuel Bayly Hotelier Belle Vue Hotel (?) William Clapcott Dean Landowner Cooper Dean Estate Robert Kerley Landowner & developer Alum Cliff Estate George Ledgard Landowner Westover Road Charles William Packe Landowner Branksome Tower Estate William Robson Unknown Thomas Shettle Landowner David Tuck Builder Gervis Estate John Tregonwell Landowner Tregonwell Estate Samuel Thompson Unknown William Esdaile Winter Solicitor Branksome Estate Table 1: The first Improvement Commissioners The newly incorporated Borough was divided into six wards, each with three directly elected councillors. In addition to councillors, there were to be six Aldermen, one for each ward, who were elected by the councillors themselves. For the first election in 1890 there were 37 candidates including some members of the former Improvement Board. A significant number of the Corporation continued to be builders, in the building trade, or house agents. While this was similar to other towns it was particularly evident in Bournemouth. The council was dominated by people who particularly favoured the building of amenities to attract visitors and the new authority followed a vigorous programme of activity. The predominance of those from the building trade and related industries persisted throughout the period 1890 to 1914. In the 1905 election one candidate in the Malmesbury Park Ward commented in the Bournemouth Visitors Directory that there were too many builders on the council. The earliest elections were free of party politics and candidates campaigned on local issues. The political persuasion of the candidate was not mentioned in the nomination lists which appeared in the Bournemouth Visitors’ Directory. If candidates adopted a Conservative or Liberal label they still tended to act as individuals, speaking and voting as they felt fit. The first official Labour Party candidate stood in the Springbourne Ward in 1912. Only ten years later Bournemouth Borough Council sought the wider powers that would result from becoming a County Borough and autonomy from Hampshire County Council. Bournemouth became a County Borough on 1st April 1900 and the sole administrative authority for the former Liberty of Westover. Once established as a County Borough the ward boundaries were re-drawn and the number increased to eleven. The change to borough status forced a new election of all councillors. The increased number of wards and councillors introduced a greater diversity in the occupations of the candidates. Builders and related trades were still an important factor but more tradesmen stood reflecting the growing commercial nature of the town. The town’s Mayors The Chairmen of the Improvement Board were often mistakenly considered to be the mayor of Bournemouth and were sometimes referred to as such in the newspaper. Incorporation was first proposed for the Town in 1883 in order to elect a mayor who would be a recognised head to represent the Town at municipal and ceremonial functions. The composition of the early council was primarily made up from builders, shop trades and hoteliers. This was reflected in the occupations of the early mayors. The table above lists the names, occupations and birthplace of the mayors of Bournemouth up to Local Government Reorganisation in 1974. In 2010 the Mayor takes precedence over all persons within the Borough including visiting Lord Mayors, Mayors and Town Mayors apart from members of the Royal Family or the Lord Lieutenant of Dorset. The Mayor is the First Citizen of Bournemouth, representing the Council and is a public relations officer for the town. The councillors elect the mayor who also has to be a serving councillor. This has not always been the case, as Merton Russell-Cotes who was mayor from 1894-1895 had not been elected to the Borough Council. The mayor-elect for 2010-2011 is Cllr. Barry Goldbart of Westbourne and West Cliff Ward. Year of election Mayor Business or Occupation Place of Birth Nov 1890 Thomas James Land Agent Norfolk Hankinson 1891 Edward Wise Rebbeck Estate Agent Poole 1892 Henry Newlyn Hotelier Dorset 1st term 1893 George Merriman Hirons Doctor Birmingham 1894 Merton Russell-Cotes Hotelier Wolverhampton 1895 Henry Newlyn As above 1892 2nd term 1896 James Atkinson Hosker Doctor & Surgeon Liverpool 1897 William Mattocks Tradesman Coventry 1898 William Hoare Builder Dorset 1899 John Clark Webber Hotelier Dorset 1900 George Joseph Lawson