THE Narrative READER
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THE Narrative READER The Narrative Reader provides a comprehensive survey of theories of narrative from Plato to post-structuralism. The selection of texts is bold and broad, demonstrating the extent to which narrative permeates the entire field of literature and culture. It shows the ways in which narrative crosses disciplines, continents and theoretical perspectives, and is a long overdue and welcome addition to the field. The Narrative Reader will fascinate students and researchers alike, providing a much needed point of entry to the increasingly complex field of narrative theory. Canonical texts are combined with texts which are difficult to get hold of elsewhere, and new translations and introductory material. The texts cover many crucial issues and topics including: • formalism • structuralism • responses to narratology • narrative and sexual difference • psychoanalysis • race • phenomenology • history • deconstruction Part III is designed to guide the student reader through the texts, including a helpful chronology of narrative theory, a glossary of narrative terms and a checklist of narrative theories. Selected authors include: Plato, Aristotle, E. M. Forster, Walter Benjamin, Mikhail Bakhtin, John Berger, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Jonathan Culler, Roland Barthes, Umberto Eco, Jean-François Lyotard, Laura Mulvey, Barbara Hernstein Smith, Jacques Derrida, Paul Ricoeur, Fredric Jameson, Edward Said, Shoshana Felman, Henry Louis Gates, Jr, Homi K. Bhabha. Martin McQuillan is lecturer in cultural theory and analysis at the University of Leeds. His other books include Deconstructing Disney (1999) with Eleanor Byrne, and the co-edited collection Post-Theory: New Directions in Criticism (1999). THE Narrative READER EDITED BY MARTIN McQUILLAN LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2000 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002. © 2000 Martin McQuillan All rights reserved. No part of this book may British Library Cataloguing in Publication be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any Data form or by any electronic, mechanical, or A catalogue record for this book is available other means, now known or hereafter from the British Library invented, including photocopying and Library of Congress Cataloging in recording, or in any information storage or Publication Data retrieval system, without permission in McQuillan, Martin. writing from the publishers. The narrative reader / Martin McQuillan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Narration (Rhetoric) I. Title. PN212 .M39 2000 808–dc21 00–032308 ISBN 0–415–20533–6 (pbk) ISBN 0–415–20532–8 (hbk) ISBN 0-203-45906-7 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-76730-6 (Adobe eReader Format) Contents Acknowledgements ix How to use this book xi Introduction: Aporias of Writing: Narrative and Subjectivity 1 PART I: openings 35 1 Form and Discourse 37 i. Classical Analysis 37 Plato, The Republic, Chapter XXV, ‘The Allegory of the Cave’ 37 Aristotle, from The Poetics, ‘Plot’ 39 ii. Twentieth-century Analysis 44 E.M. Forster, ‘The Story’ and ‘The Plot’ 44 Walter Benjamin, ‘The Storyteller: Reflections on the Works of Nicolai Leskov’ 46 Mikhail Bakhtin, from The Dialogic Imagination 53 Vladimir Propp, ‘Oedipus in the Light of Folklore’ 58 Victor Shlovsky, ‘Sterne’s Tristram Shandy: Stylistic Commentary’ 63 Boris Tomashevsky, ‘Thematics’ 67 Wayne Booth, from The Rhetoric of Fiction 69 2 Structuralism 75 i. Definitions 75 Claude Lévi-Strauss, ‘The Structural Study of Myth’ 75 Mieke Bal, from Narratology 81 Christain Metz, ‘Notes Toward a Phenomenology of the Narrative’ 86 ii. Theories 91 Gérard Genette, ‘Order in Narrative’ 91 Seymour Chatman, ‘Point of View’ 96 Gerald Prince, ‘Introduction to the Study of the Narratee’ 99 Jonathan Culler, ‘Story and Discourse in the Analysis of Narrative’ 104 iii. Readings 109 Roland Barthes, ‘Introduction to the Structural Analysis of Narratives’ 109 Umberto Eco, ‘Narrative Structure in Ian Fleming’ 115 Tsvetan Todorov, ‘The Typology of Detective Fiction’ 120 VI CONTENTS 3 Post-narratology 128 i. Reflections 128 Gérard Genette, from Narrative Discourse Revisited 128 Gerald Prince, ‘On Narratology (Past, Present, Future)’ 129 Roland Barthes, ‘Textual Analysis: Poe’s “Valdemar”’ 130 ii. Responses 138 Barbara Hernstein Smith, ‘Narrative Versions, Narrative Theories’ 138 Peter Brooks, from Reading for the Plot 145 Andrew Gibson, from Towards a Postmodern Theory of Narrative 152 iii. Beyond 157 Jean-François Lyotard, from The Postmodern Condition 157 Donald N. McCloskey, ‘Storytelling in Economics’ 161 Bernard S. Jackson, ‘Narrative Theories and Legal Discourse’ 163 Rom Harré, ‘Some Narrative Conventions of Scientific Discourse’ 165 Susan McClary, ‘The Impromptu That Trod on a Loaf: or How Music Tells Stories’ 166 John Berger, ‘Stories’ 170 PART II: diaspora 175 4 Psychoanalysis 177 Laura Mulvey, ‘Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema’ 177 Laura Mulvey, ‘Afterthoughts on “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema” Inspired by Duel in the Sun’ 182 Stephen Heath, ‘Narrative Space’ 184 Elizabeth Bronfen, ‘Spectral Stories’ 192 5 Sexual Difference 198 Susan S. Lanser, ‘Toward a Feminist Narratology’ 198 Nilli Diengott, ‘Narratology and Feminism’ 201 Teresa de Lauretis, ‘Desire in Narrative’ 204 Judith Roof, from Come As You Are: Sexuality and Narrative 212 6 Deconstruction 220 Jacques Derrida, ‘The Law of Genre’ 220 Paul de Man, ‘Reading (Proust)’ 227 J. Hillis Miller, ‘Line’ 231 Barbara Johnson, ‘The Critical Difference: BartheS/BalZac’ 238 7 Phenomenology 244 Wolfgang Iser, ‘A Conversation with Wayne Booth’ 244 Dorrit Cohn, from Transparent Minds: Narrative Modes for Presenting Consciousness in Fiction 250 Paul Ricoeur, ‘Narrative Time’ 255 CONTENTS VII 8 History 262 Shoshana Felman, from Testimony: Crises of Witnessing in Literature, Psychoanalyis and History 262 Fredric Jameson, from The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act 266 Samuel Weber, ‘Capitalizing History: Thoughts on The Political Unconscious’ 269 Hans Kellner, ‘Narrativity in History: Post-structuralism and Since’ 275 9 Race 284 Edward Said, from Culture and Imperialism 284 Henry Louis Gates, Jr., ‘Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Black Man’ 288 Homi K. Bhabha, ‘DissemiNation: Time, Narrative and the Margins of the Modern Nation’ 292 Trin Minh-Ha, ‘Grandma’s Story’ 297 PART III: taxonomies 309 A chronology of narrative theory in the twentieth century 311 A glossary of narrative terms 314 A checklist of narrative theories 330 Index 347 Acknowledgements This volume has a convoluted narrative of its own and I would like to thank all those who at some stage, knowingly or not, have been instrumental in its construction. So, in (I believe) chronological order I would like to thank Sandra Kemp, Drummond Bone, Patrick Reilly, Vassiliki Kolokotroni, Eleanor Byrne, Gun Orgun, Robin Purves, Graeme Macdonald, Stephen Thomson, Claire Brennan, Ellen Jackson, Damien Walsh, Mary Reilly, John Boyle, Shona Allan, Janet Stewart, Jane Cavani, Willy Maley, Bob Maslen, Julian Wolfreys, John Coyle, Robert Eaglestone, Andrew Gibson, Jim Phelan, Sophie Gibson, Rosie Waters, Liz Brown, Talia Rogers, Stephen Heath, John Berger, and my colleagues and friends at Staffordshire University (past and present). For permission to reproduce material, I would like to thank the following copyright holders: Plato, from The Republic, trans. F. Cornford, reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press. Aristotle, from The Poetics, trans. T. S. Dorsch, reprinted by permission of Penguin Books. E. M. Forster, Aspects of the Novel, reprinted by permission of the Provost and Scholars of Kings’ College, Cambridge. Walter Benjamin, ‘The Storyteller’, trans. H. Zohn, reprinted by permission of Harcourt, Brace & World Inc. Mikhail Bakhtin, from The Dialogic Imagination, reprinted by permission of the University of Texas Press. Victor Shlovsky, ‘Sterne’s Tristram Shandy: Stylistic Commentary’ and Boris Tomashevsky, ‘Thematics’, reprinted by permission of the University of Nebraska Press. Wayne Booth, from The Rhetoric of Fiction, reprinted by permission of Penguin Books. Claude Lévi-Strauss, ‘The Structural Study of Myth’, reprinted by permission of Penguin Books. Mieke Bal, from Narratology, reprinted by permission of the author and the University of Toronto Press. Christain Metz, ‘Notes Toward a Phenomenology of the Narrative’, reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press, New York. Gerard Genette, from Narrative Discourse, reprinted by permission of Basil Blackwell Ltd. Seymour Chatman, from Coming to Terms, reprinted by permission of Cornell University Press. Gerald Prince, ‘Introduction to the Study of the Narratee’, reprinted by permission of the author. Jonathan Culler, ‘Story and Discourse in the Analysis of Narrative’, reprinted by permission of Routledge. Roland Barthes, ‘Introduction to the Structural Analysis of Narrative’, reprinted by permission of Stephen Heath. Umberto Eco, ‘Narrative Structure in Ian Fleming’, reprinted by permission of Indiana University Press. Tsvetan Todorov, ‘A Topology of Detective Fiction’, reprinted by permission of Cornell University Press. Roland Barthes, ‘Analysis of Poe’s Valdemer’, reprinted by permission of Routledge. Barbara Hernstein Smith, ‘Narrative Versions, Narrative Theories’, reprinted by permission of the author and the University of Chicago Press. Peter