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Primer Panel: GENOCIDIO ARMENIO: ASPECTOS HISTÓRICOS Y NUEVAS PROYECCIONES

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Primer Panel: GENOCIDIO ARMENIO: ASPECTOS HISTÓRICOS Y NUEVAS PROYECCIONES UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE TRES DE FEBRERO CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS SOBRE GENOCIDIO FUNDACIÓN MEMORIA DEL GENOCIDIO ARMENIO CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL SOBRE GENOCIDIO ARMENIO En vísperas del centenario Buenos Aires, 9, 10 y 11 de abril de 2014 1 COMITÉ ACADÉMICO Daniel Feierstein (Director del Centro de Estudios sobre Genocidio - UNTREF) Richard Hovannisian (UCLA) Hamurabi Noufouri (Director del Instituto y Maestría en Diversidad Cultural - UNTREF) Khatchik Der Ghougassian (Universidad San Andrés) Roberto Malkhasian (Facultad de Derecho - UBA) Celina Lértora Mendoza (FEPAI - CONICET) Sévane Garibian (Universidades de Ginebra y Neuchâtel, Suiza) Nélida Boulgourdjian (UNTREF - CONICET) Alexis Papazian (Fundación Luisa Hairabedian – Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, UBA) COORDINACIÓN GENERAL Nélida Boulgourdjian Juan Carlos Toufeksian COLABORACIÓN: Cristina Tchintian Auspician: Embajada de la República de Armenia en la Argentina Arzobispado de la Iglesia Apostólica Armenia de la República Argentina Colaboran: Consejo Nacional Armenio Fundación Luisa Hairabedian Adhieren: Cátedra Libre de estudios armenios, Secretaría de Extensión Universitaria de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cátedra Libre de Pensamiento Armenio de la Presidencia de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Prosecretaría de Arte y Cultura de la UNLP Universidad Católica de La Plata 2 Agradecimientos Los organizadores agradecen además a las siguientes personas por su espontánea colaboración para la concreción de este Congreso Internacional: - José Akian - Anahid Barikian - Eduardo Caramian - Jorge Chopurian - Antonio Guledjian - Jorge Murekian - José Simpatian - Kirkor Simsiroglu - Arsén Terzian - Jorge Vartparonian 3 ESBOZO DE LA EVOLUCIÓN RECIENTE EN LOS ESTUDIOS SOBRE GENOCIDIO ARMENIO EN EL ÁMBITO ACADÉMICO Nélida Boulgourdjian (UNTREF-CONICET) En las últimas décadas, los estudios sobre genocidio armenio evolucionaron en forma notable, desde los trabajos iniciales cuyo objetivo era la búsqueda de pruebas para demostrar su existencia hasta los primeros libros históricos y de análisis. En una primera etapa “pionera”, que se extendería hasta la década de 1980, eran pocos los libros históricos que circulaban, mayoritariamente, de autores contemporáneos a los hechos, como el “Blue Book”, con documentos reunidos por James Bryce y Arnold Toynbee, así como los testimonios de los misioneros americanos y alemanes. Un cambio significativo tuvo lugar en la conferencia de Tel Aviv en 1982, que marcó el inicio de la segunda etapa que podríamos denominar de “construcción del campo académico de los estudios sobre genocidio armenio”. Sus organizadores debieron enfrentar la presión del Estado turco –sin éxito- para que la conferencia no se realizara. Era la primera vez que se trataba el genocidio armenio conjuntamente con el holocausto judío, con la participación de importantes estudiosos de la shoá como Israel Charny. De esa conferencia surgió la compilación de Richard Hovannisian, The Armenian Genocide in Perspective que incluyó a autores que no eran armenios (Israel Charny, Terrence Des pres, Leo Kuper, Robert Nelson) y a otros que sí lo eran. Otro hito importante fue la reunión del Tribunal Permanente de los Pueblos, en Paris en 1984 cuyo resultado fue la publicación de Le crime du silence, por Flammarion. Sus artículos fueron de suma importancia y ampliamente citados por quienes se iniciaban en los estudios del genocidio armenio. En 1998 un coloquio en París, con sede en la Sorbona, reunió a destacados especialistas, armenios y no armenios, con dos cuestiones destacadas: la búsqueda de la prueba y el negacionismo turco. En esta etapa era necesario probar que el genocidio armenio había ocurrido. En ese sentido fueron importantes los trabajos sobre basados en los archivos alemanes, americanos, franceses, ingleses, con valiosa documentación sobre el caso armenio. En este sentido se destaca el trabajo de Arthur Beylerian, en los archivos franceses. En esta etapa de construcción del campo de estudios, es importante destacar el decisivo aporte de dos investigadores relevantes: Richard Hovannisian que contribuyó a ampliar el análisis empírico sobre el genocidio armenio y Vahakn Dadrian quien definió el campo teorético sobre el tema. En la tercera etapa, la actual, de “renovación y profundización de los estudios” sobre el tema analizado, es relevante el trabajo de destacados historiadores turcos por su aporte al conocimiento del genocidio armenio, particularmente por su posibilidad de consultar los archivos turcos y poe su conocimiento del idioma otomano. Entre ellos se destacan Taner Akçam, Fatma Müge Göçek, Ayhan Akhtar, Fuat Dündar quienes aportaron al conocimiento de hechos relevantes como la decisión del gobierno otomano de eliminar a la población Armenia y otras minorías durante la primera Guerra mundial. Incluso algunos demostraron que la destrucción de los ciudadanos armenios del imperio fue un componente clave en la recomposición demográfica de Anatolia. Estos aportes significaron una renovación importante de los estudios sobre el genocidio armenio en el campo empírico e interpretativo, con nuevas fuentes y miradas. 4 Con respecto a los estudios de genocidio armenio de la Argentina existen diversas publicaciones de libros encarados por instituciones interesadas en el tema así como los espacios creados por los Encuentros de Genocidio, en sus seis ediciones. Si bien en ellos también se estudiaron los otros casos de genocidio, en cuanto al tratamiento del tema armenio, se pasó de la historia política y el no-reconocimiento a otros estudios interdisciplinarios: efectos psicológicos, diáspora, segunda generación, reflejo en el arte entre otros. Finalmente, y con respecto al Congreso Internacional de Genocidio armenio, En vísperas del centenario sus objetivos fueron: 1) la convocatoria a investigadores que hayan desarrollado o que realicen trabajos de investigación sobre el tema; 2) la apertura de un espacio académico a jóvenes estudiosos, interesados en temas vinculados a genocidios en general, discriminación y xenofobia para presentar sus investigaciones o avances de investigación sobre el caso armenio; 3) la captación del público en general para crear conciencia sobre la temática. Estos propósitos fueron ampliamente logrados, superando las expectativas previstas y pusieron de manifiesto el destacado nivel académico de los trabajos presentados, muy particularmente por la presencia y participación de jóvenes investigadores y de especialistas extranjeros. 5 Primer Panel: GENOCIDIO ARMENIO: ASPECTOS HISTÓRICOS Y NUEVAS PROYECCIONES Expositor: Gabriel Sivinian (Cátedra de Estudios Palestinos "Edward Said", Facultad de Filosofía y Letras-UBA): EL GENOCIDIO DE LOS ARMENIOS EN EL MARCO DE UNA NUEVA GENEALOGÍA Desde la concreción material del Genocidio de armenios hasta el inicio del siglo actual, las representaciones particularistas han dominado las narraciones de los sobrevivientes y sus descendientes. Este abordaje procede de interpretar los aciagos sucesos partiendo de principios idealistas que afirman la primacía de las ideas o incluso, su existencia independiente de las interacciones socio-económicas mantenidas por los seres humanos. Para nuestro caso, sea que se encuentre basada en concepciones nacionalistas xenófobas, en motivaciones de índole religiosa, en perimidas teorías racistas, o en una conjunción de todas ellas, esta mirada conlleva una inevitable consecuencia: formula la responsabilidad exclusiva del Estado turco-otomano en la criminalidad desarrollada. En las dos últimas décadas, acompañando el progreso de la perspectiva comparativa en el estudio de los genocidios, la Tragedia armenia comienza a relacionarse con otros crímenes de Lesa Humanidad. Entre ellos, los acontecidos en Latinoamérica durante las últimas dictaduras militares, en Ruanda y Bosnia en los años noventa, en nuestra América con los pueblos originarios e, invariablemente, con los europeos judíos durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Sin embargo, el avance teórico-político que implican estos estudios debe objetarse debido a que: a) Persiste la incapacidad de atender las causas estructurales que unifican a los citados y otros casos de exterminios masivos. Se reproduce el enfoque exclusivista de la responsabilidad turco-otomana desatendiendo el rol de las potencias euro- occidentales en el padecimiento armenio. b) Esta propuesta interpretativa confluye repetidamente en promocionar un constructo que denominamos paralelismo central judeo-armenio. En el mismo, se relacionan 6 ambos Crímenes en mutua, jerárquica y cerrada dependencia, en el marco de una colonizada perspectiva cognitiva. En las líneas siguientes desarrollaremos estas ideas para luego avanzar en una perspectiva alternativa sobre la inserción del genocidio de armenios en el contexto de una nueva genealogía. 1) Las causas estructurales del Genocidio de armenios En un ensayo anterior afirmábamos que el avasallamiento turanio sobre los armenios se extiende casi un milenio: desde las primeras oleadas selyúcidas y la caída de Aní (1048-1064) hasta la actualidad, en los territorios ancestrales usurpados; y que los hechos que nos ocupan acontecieron tras de ocho siglos y medio de sojuzgamiento (1). Señalábamos la aparente paradoja consistente en que el Genocidio se desarrollara cuando la organización estatal turco-otomana iniciaba reformas conducentes, desde una perspectiva occidental, a su progreso. Para esa época, las etapas de expoliación itinerante (siglos XI-XV) y de sometimiento imperial (siglos XV-XX) fueron sucedidas
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