Review of Archaeological Site Information Te Tumu Strategic

Home , Kaituna River, Maketu, Papamoa

REVIEW OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE INFORMATION

TE TUMU STRATEGIC PLANNING STUDY AREA

PAPAMOA EAST, TAURANGA

Prepared by

KEN PHILLIPS (MA HONS)

For

TAURANGA CITY COUNCIL

MAY 2016

ARCHAEOLOGY B.O.P. HERITAGE CONSULTANTS P O BOX 68955 NEWTON AUCKLAND 1145

Mobile: 027 276 9919 Email: [email protected] 2

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report was commissioned by Tauranga City Council (TCC) as a table top review of the 36 currently recorded archaeological sites within the Te Tumu Strategic Planning Study Area.

The report reviews archaeological information provided in the ‘Papamoa Lowlands Archaeological Survey and Heritage Assessment’ produced by Gumbley & Phillips in 2000 and subsequent archaeological and historic studies and mapping of these features through the use of geographical information systems. As a desk top review no field inspections of recorded archaeological sites were undertaken. Accurate assessment of the extent and significance of individual sites can, in most cases, only be achieved by additional fieldwork and investigation.

The current inventory of archaeological sites within the study area represents both prehistoric and historic activity representing a diverse range of human activity spanning as much as 600 years.

While each archaeological site is itself separately identified, 4 different “complexes” (being similar site types focused on a defined topographical or geographical feature and being described as forming an archaeological landscape), the Fore dune site complex, the Inland Site complex, the Kaituna River complex and the Back Dune Site Complex have been identified within the Study Area.

Within the study area two archaeological site concentrations that may be contemporaneous and would clearly benefit from preservation within a single land parcel are the fore dune site complex and the concentration of river side sites extending east from Paroa to Te Tumu.

Recommendations are provided for further field work to provide more accurate site boundaries, interpretation and significance to assist in developing appropriate management plans for archaeological resources within the study area.

It is noted that there are likely to be unrecorded archaeological sites within the study area additional to the current inventory of sites. Any development proposals within land where no sites have been recorded should have in place a mitigation strategy to appropriately manage unrecorded subsurface archaeological sites if they are encountered during ground disturbance.

This report provides an assessment of archaeological values and does not include an assessment of Maori values. Consultation with tangata whenua is being carried out independently of this report. An assessment of the cultural significance of an area can only be competently made by the affected tangata whenua. It should be noted that an assessment of cultural significance might not necessarily correlate with an assessment of archaeological significance. 3

INTRODUCTION

Project Background

This report was commissioned by Tauranga City Council (TCC) to update archaeological information within the Te Tumu Strategic Planning Study area. There are currently 36 recorded archaeological sites within the study area.

The quality of information regarding the nature, location, extent and significance of each recorded site is variable ranging from single point coordinates and a brief description to polygons defining the extent of complex sites with a detailed site description.

The report reviews archaeological information provided in the ‘Papamoa Lowlands Archaeological Survey and Heritage Assessment’ produced by Gumbley & Phillips in 2000 (the 2000 Report) and subsequent archaeological and historic studies and presents an assessment of the current status of the archaeological sites within the study area. Recommendations for additional research and or field work to refine significance assessments are provided for specific sites.

In preparing this report archaeological data containing New Zealand Archaeological Association (NZAA) site information was retrieved from the Tauranga City Council in the form of GIS shapefiles. A high resolution aerial image was also obtained along with LiDAR data in the form of point cloud information and a digital elevation model (DEM) with a 1m spatial resolution. Geospatial processing was performed within ArcGIS 10.2, a Geographic Information System (GIS) from Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI).

A plan showing the approximate location and extent of recorded archaeological sites established during the Gumbley & Phillips 2000 survey is presented in GIS format for council applications (Appendix A). Appendix B provides an assessment of each site using the Bay of Plenty Regional Policy Statement assessment criteria and includes additional descriptive and interpretative information for each site as well as bibliographies were applicable.

Recommendations are provided for further work required to provide more accurate site boundaries, interpretation and significance to assist in developing appropriate management plans for archaeological resources within the study area. Constraints and Limitations

This is a desk top assessment and does not include field inspections of recorded archaeological sites. While our understanding of sites within the study area has improved considerably from excavations of similar sites on the Papamoa Dune Plain accurate assessment of the extent and significance of individual sites can, in most cases, only be achieved by additional fieldwork and investigation. 4

RELEVANT LEGISLATION

Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act (2014)

An archaeological site, as defined by the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 6(a), is any place in New Zealand, including any building or structure (or part of a building or structure), that (i) was associated with human activity that occurred before 1900 or is the site of the wreck of any vessel where the wreck occurred before 1900 and (ii) provides or may provide, through investigation by archaeological methods, evidence relating to the history of New Zealand. Archaeological sites cannot be modified or destroyed unless an authority is granted under section 48, 56(1) (b), or 62 in respect of an archaeological site, no person may modify or destroy, or cause to be modified or destroyed, the whole or any part of that site if that person knows, or ought reasonably to have suspected, that the site is an archaeological site.

Resource Management Act (1991)

The RMA 1991 recognizes as matters of national importance: ‘the relationship of Maori and their culture and traditions with their ancestral lands, water, sites, wahi tapu, and other taonga’ (S6(e); and ‘the protection of historic heritage from inappropriate subdivision, use, and development’ (S6(f). Territorial authorities are required under Section 6 of the RMA to recognize and provide for these matters of national importance when ‘managing the use, development and protection of natural and physical resources’.

Historic heritage is defined as ‘those natural and physical resources that contribute to an understanding and appreciation of New Zealand’s history and cultures, deriving from any of the following qualities: (i) archaeological; (ii) architectural; (iii) cultural; (iv) historic; (v) scientific; (vi) technological’. Historic heritage includes: ‘(i) historic sites, structures, places, and areas; (ii) archaeological sites; (iii) sites of significance to Maori, including wahi tapu; (iv) surroundings associated with the natural and physical resources’.

Regional Policy Statement

The Bay of Plenty Regional Policy Statement provisions concerning archaeological resources are limited and are derived principally from section 6 of the Resource Management Act regarding matters of national importance i.e. ‘That historic heritage should be protected from inappropriate subdivision, use and development’ (Objective 18). Stated methods for achieving this are, however, passive and are largely limited to management of selected heritage features via the district plan consenting process; encouraging agencies and landowners to protect ‘key’ sites and advocate to establish reserves encompassing sites. 5

Under the provision of the RMA, local authorities have the statutory responsibility to identify significant heritage in district plans and to provide an appropriate level of protection and management of these resources through rules and regulations. However, archaeological sites are underrepresented in the Tauranga City Council heritage provisions and the consenting process defers to the provisions of the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 which is essentially a mechanism for obtaining consent to destroy archaeological sites that is external to district planning processes.

The Regional Policy Statement does, however, provide a thorough criteria (RPS Appendix F) for assessing significance of archaeological sites that encompasses all aspects of similar criteria provided by Heritage New Zealand. This criteria has been applied to all sites within the study area (see Appendix B of this report). Unfortunately this criteria is not supported by appropriate district plan objectives, policies, methods and rules.

METHODOLOGY

Review of Gumbley and Phillips 2000 Report

The Gumbley & Phillips 2000 Report (the 2000 Report) remains the most authoritative synthesis of the archaeological landscape within the study area, however, our understanding of this landscape will improve as further archaeological investigations and research is carried out.

Additional archaeological and historical information obtained since the 2000 Report include archaeological monitoring and investigation of sites during the residential development within the adjacent properties to the west of the study area, construction of the Tauranga Eastern Link, construction of the Bell Road Storm water pipeline and archaeological evidence presented during the 2014 Te Tumu Pa environment court hearing.

Minor refinements of the extent and significance of archaeological sites established in the 2000 Report are provided where possible based on archival and or archaeological information obtained subsequent to the 2000 Report.

In addition, the identification of possible archaeological landscapes encompassing multiple related sites are proffered.

Corrections to the 2000 Report

Several minor corrections to the 2000 Report are required. In Figure 3 of that report two sites are incorrectly numbered. U14/3059 should read 3052 and 3058 should read 3053.

In addition subsequent to the completion of the 2000 Report U14/221 was deleted from the NZAA file due to confusion over the location of Te Karaka Pa for which it was designated. It should have been retained and simply renamed as the location of Papanui. For the purpose of this report it has been retained and a corrected file will be submitted to the NZAA file keeper. 6

Assessment of significance

An assessment of significance has been completed for each recorded archaeological site using criteria provided in the Bay of Plenty Regional Policy Statement (See Appendix B).

Recommendations are provided for further fieldwork to refine archaeological information and assist in more accurate significance assessments and future decisions regarding their protection or preservation.

Polygons

During the Gumbley & Phillips 1999 - 2000 archaeological survey polygons were established around sites using survey quality GPS. These polygons were necessarily simple, many comprising little more than 6 points, however, they remain adequate for preliminary assessment of sites and only minor refinements were made as part of this update.

Lidar coverage of the study area was used to try and align polygons with topography. To aid in the identification of significant archaeological sites\areas a digital elevation model was hill shaded within ArcGIS and a shaded relief model of the LiDAR data created by considering the illumination source angle.

Archaeological sites\areas were defined according to five major categories; preservation, protection, archaeological landscape, historic unrecorded and low archaeological significance or destroyed. Sites within each category were then mapped and labelled within ArcGIS before being added to the database as a new layer.

The LiDAR coverage provided clear definition of dune formations and highlighted the unrefined nature of the polygons established using minimal GPS points during the 2000 archaeological survey (Figure 1).

All polygons will need to be refined following further fieldwork to better reflect the site extent and topographic context and include appropriate buffer zones that will ensure the integrity of each site is not compromised by future development. 7

Figure 1. LiDAR coverage of a section of the study showing high definition of dune formations and highlights the unrefined nature of GPS derived polygons currently defining the location and extent of recorded archaeological sites.

Early Survey Plans

There are a number of early maps and survey plans that depict the lower Kaituna River and several provide place names and the location of pa along the lower left bank. Some of these place names correspond with known archaeological sites, however, several pa identified on plans have no corresponding visible archaeological features. Using early plans to help identify the location of archaeological sites can be problematic as the location of a some place names change slightly from plan to plan and in some cases it is not clear if they are located on the left or right bank. Consequently caution is required in interpreting site location based on early plans unless consistency is shown on two or more plans.

Georectification of historical maps and plans onto a modern aerial photo was carried out to more accurately identify the location of illustrated historical features and place names. This involved the identification of control points from cadastral boundary data and key topographical features, in particular the distinctive ox-bows of the Kaituna River, many of which lie redundant but are still visible on the landscape today.

For geo-referencing purposes it is necessary to select points with known coordinates, recognisable on the image to rectify and still existing on current representations. Essentially the images are projected to the same coordinate system and algorithms attempt to match each assigned control point from real-world coordinates to pixels on the raster, the difference in spatial accuracy being represented by the residual error. In this case the historical maps were projected using the New Zealand Geodetic Datum 2000 (NZGD2000) coordinate system and geo-referencing was achieved utilising a first order polynomial transformation (Affine) with an accepted residual error (RMS) of no greater than 2.0. 8

One early survey plan attempts to provide a depiction of the location and extent of pa along the lower Kaituna River and at Maketu. Produced at the Native Land Court in 1870 using information provided by Hamiora of Tapuika, ML 2046 (Figure 2) shows what may reasonably be interpreted as an approximate outline of each pa along the lower Kaituna. Unfortunately, while the map includes some surveyed datum’s south of Te Kopua and east of the Kaituna River mouth, the intervening area has been sketched on and is difficult to reconcile with the modern landscape. It is however the only plan we have that depicts the location and possibly the general shape and extent of known pa.

Survey Plan ML 3994 of the Kaituna Block was produced by Edgecumbe in 1877 and includes the results of the first accurate survey of the lower left bank of the Kaituna River (Figure 2). The place name Te Tumu has been used on the map to label a survey point at the apex of the river bend. Other coastal datums on the map have also been given place names including Otumatawhero marking the north western corner of the Tumu Kaituna Block. Paroa also designates a major survey datum on a high dune to the north of the Flax Mill site. Notably the place name Te Kopua has been placed on the wrong side of the Kaituna River.

ML 3995 (Figure 3), presumably produced a short time after ML 3994 covers the same area as ML 3994 corrects the location of place names on ML 3994 including Te Kopua and Te Tumu, however Papanui is a notable omission.

Plan ML 1916 of the Tumu Kaituna Block produced in 1889 and updated in 1899 has considerably more annotations and place names including Te Kopua, Te Karaka, Papanui (Rapanui?), Te Paroa, Whakarahue, Te Mamaku and Te Tumu (Figure 4).

Figure 2. Overlay of plans ML 2046 (black) and ML 3994 (coloured) showing the inaccuracy of the river alignment depicted on the earlier plan. 9

Figure 3. Survey plan ML 3995 produced in 1877.

Figure 4. Survey Plan ML 1916 10

Historic features associated with the flax mills at Te Kopua and Te Paroa depicted on early plans were overlaid onto modern aerial photos to provide more accurate location information for the buildings and associated features. Survey Plan DP 16775 indicates the Te Kopua Flax Mill canal and store shed fall within the study area while DP 10096 produced in 1913 show the Mill buildings and associated huts were located within a property immediately west of the study area (Figure 5).

Survey ML 11056 produced in 1918 show two houses and two whare on a raised dune to the north of the mill that may well have been associated with the mill (Figure 6). Several of these structures do not correspond with recorded archaeological sites, however, there may be subsurface archaeological remains associated with the structures and further archaeological field assessment will be required in order to validate the accuracy of these features depicted on the early plan.

The inconsistencies of early survey plans is evident when comparing a plan of Te Paroa flax mill produced in 1903 (SO13465) which shows one Mill building and a group of 6 huts while SO 12541 produced a year earlier illustrates two mill buildings.

In summary, early survey plans are an invaluable source of information regarding the location of significant historic sites. However, caution must be used in deriving accurate site location from these sources and they should be interpreted in conjunction with the archaeological evidence to establish site location.

Figure 5. Survey plans DP 16775 and DP 10096 overlaid onto a recent aerial showing the position of the Mill canal and associated buildings. 11

Figure 6. Aerial photo with recorded archaeological sites and survey plan ML 11056 overlay showing a correlation between houses and whares east of Te Kopua Mill present in 1918 and recorded midden deposits indicted by red polygons. 12

RESULTS

Previous Archaeological Research

Archaeological sites were first recorded within the study area by Ken Moore in the 1970s. Moore recorded sites based on archival information often comprising little more than place names on early survey plans (4 sites). Subsequent notable contributions to the site inventory include the 1983 -1984 Historic Places Trust Survey (12 sites) and the 1999 – 2000 archaeological survey completed by Gumbley and Phillips for TCC during which a further 17 sites were recorded. There are now 36 recorded archaeological sites within the study area of which seven are considered destroyed or not relocated.

Archaeological Landscape

The current inventory of archaeological sites for the study area represents both prehistoric and historic activity. The property encompasses a broad range of archaeological sites representing a diverse range of human activity spanning as much as 600 years. The 2000 archaeological survey report divides the archaeological resource within the Te Tumu Block into three site complexes comprising the Fore dune site complex, the Inland site complex and the Kaituna River site complex (Figure 7). All three site complexes are not confined to the Te Tumu Block and must be considered as part of a wider archaeological / cultural landscape that extends west to Mauao in the case of the fore dune and inland site complexes and many kilometres south along the banks of the Kaituna River. In light of archaeological investigations carried on the dune plain subsequent to the 2000 Report a fourth site complex may be emerging on the back dunes between the Inland site complex and the inland extent of the dunes adjacent to the drained wetlands (Figure 7). (1) Fore dune Site Complex The fore dunes were probably used throughout the prehistoric and pre 1900 historic period. Sites within this complex typically represent exploitation of shoreline and off shore resources evidenced primarily by shell middens, however they also encompass, isolated burials and urupa as well as Te Tumu Pa built in the 1830s as a fighting pa and the scene of a famous battle in 1836. The fore dune site complex is poorly understood with only two archaeological investigations having been undertaken including Te Tumu Pa in 2015. 13

(2) Inland Site Complex The inland site complex was originally described in the 2000 report as being confined to a narrow 400m to 700m wide band spanning the Palaeo-channel although more recent archaeological work indicates it extends much further south albeit with reduced site density. The inland complex appears to terminate in the western end of the Te Tumu Block. These southern sites are focused on ponding swales andalong the northern edge of the wetlands at southern margin of the dune plain. The inland site complex is well understood by virtue of many mitigation excavations carried out prior to Papamoa residential developments.

The evidence from an increasing suite of archaeological reports indicate that radiocarbon dates brackets the period of occupation within this complex to between 1400 A.D. and 1700 A.D. after which the area appears to have been abandoned.

(3) Kaituna River Site Complex This site complex is situated on the lower left bank of the Kaituna River and comprises at least five river side pa within the study area with associated pits, terraces, house floors and middens on a high dune immediately north of the pa. This site complex remains the most poorly understood archaeologically but potentially contains the most significant archaeological information of the four site complexes.

(4) Back Dune Site Complex This site complex is situated on the subdued back dunes where occupations and cultivation sites have been recorded on dunes adjacent to wetlands and ponding swales. Evidence of this site complex has emerged from archaeological monitoring and investigations associated with residential development at Golden Sands and construction of the Tauranga Eastern Link. 14

2 4 1

Figure 7. Plan showing archaeological site complexes on the Papamoa Dune Plain within and to the west of the study area. 1 = Fore dune Site Complex, 2 = Inland Site Complex, 3 Kaituna River Site Complex, 4 = Back Dune Site Complex. Figure 8. Plan showing the location and extent of recorded archaeological sites, possible archaeological landscapes and historic features within the study area. RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

In the Gumbley & Phillips 2000 report the inventory of 36 sites for the study area was presented in the form of a spatial plan each site represented by a single point or polygon. Seven sites were described as either destroyed or not relocated. There have been no additional sites recorded within the study area subsequent to the 2000 Report.

Polygons

As explained above, it was not possible to alter polygons without further field survey and in some cases subsurface testing. As part of this review minor changes were made to the southern boundary of U14/249 as it was the original intent to define the foredunes by their southern extent. The polygon for site U14/221 was moved slightly to better reflect the location of Papanui as defined on early survey plans. The extent of Te Kopua pa has also been enlarged and extended into the study area reflecting our current understanding of this site based on archaeological investigations carried out during the Tauranga Eastern Link.

Archaeological Site Management

Plans presented in Appendix A show the location and extent of known archaeological sites within the study area. All sites are currently protected by the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 and section 6 of the Resource Management Act 1991.

Land not within the boundaries of recorded archaeological sites can be considered as having no archaeological constraints for future development proposals, however, unrecorded archaeological sites within this area may be encountered during ground disturbance at which time further archaeological assessment and mitigation strategies will need to be established.

The 2000 Report categorised each archaeological site as either requiring preservation or protection. It should be noted that these recommendations were based on archaeological information derived from a brief field survey and should be considered provisional.

Most sites within the study area will require further archaeological assessment including subsurface testing in order to better assess the significance and appropriate management strategies for each site.

Sites described as requiring protection are considered to have significant archaeological value that may be recovered through archaeological investigation carried out under the provisions of a Heritage New Zealand authority and Resource Consent. 17

Sites described as requiring preservation are considered to have high archaeological values requiring preservation in perpetuity. They should be excluded from all proposals involving ground disturbance or activities that may potentially damage the archaeological fabric of the site such as active recreation, planting of certain vegetation etc.

Table 1 presents a list of recorded sites within the study area including current status and management requirements. Minor changes to the 2000 data include the correction of two place name based on subsequent archival research (U14/220 & U14/1738) Details regarding these changes are presented in Appendix B.

NZAA No. Site Type Name Site Status Management U14/220 Pa Te Kopua Damaged Preservation Flax Mill Damaged Preservation U14/249 Midden Preservation U14/221 Pa ? Papanui No surface evidence Preservation U14/1735 Midden Destroyed U14/1736 Midden Destroyed U14/1737 Midden Destroyed U14/1738 Pa Te Karaka Damaged Preservation U14/1739 Midden Protection U14/1740 Pit / Terrace / Pa? Preservation U14/1741 Track Destroyed U14/1742 Burial Ground Preservation U14/1743 Pa Paroa Preservation Flax Mill Paroa Existing buildings Preservation U14/1744 Midden / Oven Destroyed U14/1799 Find spot Not relocated U14/1878 Hangi stones Paroa Part Paroa Pa Preservation U14/2848 Midden Preservation U14/2849 Midden Preservation U14/3038 Midden Protection U14/3039 Midden / Pa Preservation U14/3040 Midden / Pa Preservation U14/3041 Midden / Pa Whakarahue Preservation U14/3042 Terrace / Midden Preservation U14/3043 Plaggen Soil Protection U14/3045 Midden Preservation U14/3046 Midden Protection U14/3047 Midden Not relocated Protection U14/3048 Midden Preservation U14/3049 Midden Preservation U14/3050 Plaggen Soil Preservation U14/3051 Midden / Terraces Preservation U14/3052 Midden / Pa? Preservation U14/3053 Midden / Pa? Preservation U14/3358 Midden Preservation V14/40 Pa Te Tumu Preservation V14/185 Hangi stones Preservation V14/186 Midden Preservation Table 1. Inventory of known archaeological sites within the study area including status and management recommendations. 18

Archaeological Landscapes

It should be recognised that many of the sites within the study area did not exist in isolation and groups of contemporaneous sites often formed components of a wider archaeological landscape. However, identifying coherent archaeological landscapes and defining links between sites can often be problematic and may include more subtle or diffuse intervening archaeological evidence such modified soils, or cultural spaces.

The four archaeological site complexes described above may be considered an archaeological landscape being similar site types focused on a defined topographical or geographical feature.

On a broader level archaeological landscapes may simply encompass groups of similar archaeological sites that are best managed or preserved in a single land parcel.

In the 2000 Report groups of sites were identified as requiring preservation1 and while they were not described as constituting single archaeological landscapes it was intended that they would be most effectively preserved within a single encompassing reserve. The archaeological landscape polygons presented in Appendix A are presented as possible boundaries for heritage reserves, however, further archaeological field work is required to identify and refine such landscapes.

Within the study area two archaeological site concentrations that may be contemporaneous and would clearly benefit from preservation within a single land parcel include the fore dune site complex (U14/249, 1742 & 3358) and the concentration of river side sites extending east from Paroa to Te Tumu including U14/1740, 1743, 1878, 3039, 3040, 3041, 3042, 3051, 3058, 3059, V14/185 and V14/186 (Figure 9). The sites within the latter group are often only separated by river wetlands and short sections of dunes that may include subsurface archaeological features not identified during the 2000 field survey.

1 Gumbley & Phillips 2000:48 19

Figure 9. Aerial photo showing the possible extent of an archaeological landscape (cross hatched polygon) encompassing the group of sites within the Kaituna River site complex.

REVIEW OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE BY COMPLEX

Fore dune sites U14/249, U14/1742, U14/3358

Fore dune site U14/249 is currently defined by an extensive polygon but has not been surveyed in detail. This polygon encompasses numerous midden deposits many of which are deflated from wind erosion. With the exception of a small group at the western end of the study area (U14/3358) these middens have not been mapped individually. In addition to the midden deposits, the polygon for U14/249 also encompasses the location of human remains which are occasionally exposed on the fore dunes with one notable concentration recorded as U14/1742. Further archaeological survey may also identify sections of the fore dunes where site concentration is low or absent. Te Tumu pa (V14/40) is also located on the fore dunes and is discussed in more detail in the section on Pa below.

Archaeological sites on the fore dunes are afforded additional protection by virtue of their location within coastal hazard zone reserve margins, however, understanding site distribution within the polygon may assist in identifying areas suitable for beach access or areas requiring fencing and stabilization.

Inland Dune Sites U14/1739, 3045, 3046, 3047, 3048, 3049, 3050

Sites recorded within the inland dune complex are considered the most well understood archaeologically. Many more sites within this complex west of the study area have been excavated and a number of bee preserved within historic reserves. Consequently future management of sites described in the 2000 Report as requiring preservation may need to be reviewed. Subsurface testing may confirm whether the sites warrants preservation or protection. 20

Recorded site U14/3045 is a relatively extensive site representing the eastern extent of the Inland Dune Complex and based on surface evidence appears to be worthy of preservation, however it still requires further subsurface testing to establish its significance based on our knowledge of similar sites to the west.

Kaituna River Site Complex U14/220, 221, 1738, 1740, 1743, 1878, 3039, 3040, 3041, 3042, 3051, 3058, 3059, V14/185 and V14/186.

The Kaituna River site complex is in most need of further archaeological survey and investigation to determine antiquity, complexity, interrelationship and integrity in order to more accurately assess significance of individual sites and possible archaeological landscapes.

U14/1740 & 3051 are both unique dune sites encompassing the only clearly defined earthwork features recorded on the Papamoa Dune Plain. They may form part of the riverbank pa of Te Paroa and Whakarahue in which case they should be included in an all-encompassing polygon. They are also the most threatened sites from farm activity but primarily from pine plantations especially U14/1740. These sites are currently defined by a single polygon but both are in desperate need of more detailed survey of individual archaeological features. The effects of the harvest operations needs to be assessed to determine if these sites can be preserved during harvesting or if they need to be investigated before harvest. Obtaining radiocarbon dates from these sites and the adjacent riverside pa may assist in determining relationships and contemporaneity as well as significance and extent of the area requiring preservation.

U14/3039, 3040, 3041, 3052 & 3053 are all described as possible swamp pa. U14/3041 corresponds with the location of Whakarahue Pa and adjacent sites U14/3039, 3040 may also be part of this pa complex. All five sites appear to have been affected by ploughing and further archaeological assessment involving test excavation should be carried out to better determine their function and extent in order to establish appropriate boundaries and future management strategies.

Back Dune Sites U14/1744, 2848, 2849, 3038, 3043

This group of sites on raised dunes north of Te Kopua comprise several small scattered midden sites and culturally modified soils. Some of these sites may relate to prehistoric activity similar to the back dune sites investigated in adjacent properties to the west. Some of these sites may also relate to post 1900 activity associated with the Te Kopua flax mill. All of these sites require further archaeological field work to establish their antiquity and significance in order to determine whether they require protection or preservation.

REVIEW OF PA U14/220, 221, 1743, 3041, V14/40

There are five known pa within the study area including from west to east Te Kopua (U14/220), Te Karaka (U14/1738), Te Paroa (U14/1743), Whakarahue (U14/3041) and Te Tumu (V14/40). They appear on late 19th century survey plans ML 2046 and ML 3995 and are generally thought to have been occupied in the 1830s with possible earlier occupation episodes during the prehistoric period. 21

They were established or reoccupied by local Maori in response to a demand for flax by European traders (specifically Hans Tapsell) and provided Maori with a means of obtaining muskets. Te Arawa, having suffered attacks by Hongi Hika in 1823, also saw the potential of trading flax for muskets. In response Ngati He and Ngapotiki established themselves first at Te Paroa and Te Karaka Pa on the Kaituna River to keep a presence in the area and then set up Te Tumu as a fighting pa.2 Occupation of these pa may have spanned a ten year period during the 1820s and 1830s but several may have been occupied during the prehistoric period and reoccupied following the battle.

All five pa are situated on sections of the lower left bank where the river runs against hard ground in an otherwise wetland riverine environment. They have often been referred to as swamp pa and as such there is little in the way of surface evidence to accurately determine their locations and they are primarily identifiable by eroding subsurface deposits such as shell midden, hangi stone and culturally modified soils. We do not know the physical extent of the five pa and it is possible that the terrace, pit and house floor features (U14/3051 & 1740) identified on the high dune immediately north of Te Paroa and Whakarahue are in fact part of these pa.

Unfortunately all five pa have been damaged by 20th century earthwork including river diversion, stop bank construction, ploughing and general farm activity. Te Kopua Pa and Te Karaka Pa have suffered significantly to the point where their exact location and extent is no longer known. Te Tumu pa was partly destroyed during the construction of the new Kaituna River mouth and consequent erosion. Paroa and Whakarahue pa are likely the most intact although both have suffered from ploughing and general farm activity while features on the high dune to the north (U14/1740, 3051) have been damaged by pine plantations and will likely suffer severe damage during ground based harvest operations.

In addition to the five known pa two further place names on early survey plans may also indicate the location of pa or settlement sites. These include Papanui located between Te Karaka and Te Paroa and Te Mamaku located between Te Whakarahue and Te Tumu pa. Papanui has been designated as archaeological site U14/221 and Te Mamaku corresponds with recorded site V14/186.

Further details for each pa site are appended in the site assessment section of this report (Appendix B). Surviving archaeological evidence for these pa may potentially add significantly to our understanding of these unique and rare examples of swamp pa as well as the poorly understood early contact period consequently even the more severely damaged of the five sites have been assessed as having high archaeological values until proven otherwise by subsurface testing.

The five pa sites have been assessed as requiring preservation despite Te Kopua and Te Karaka having suffered extensive damage. They are also considered Significant Maori Areas. Any future development should be sympathetic to the context of these pa and appropriate buffer zones that where possible encompass the surrounding natural landscape that defined there location and extent.

2 Kahotea 2014 22

REVIEW OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES ASSOCIATED WITH THE FLAX INDUSTRY U14/220 & 1743

The study area encompasses a number of sites associated with the flax industry spanning over 100 years between the 1830s and 1940s and while U14/220 & 1743 have been highlighted in this report other sites within the Back dune and Kaituna River site complexes may have associations with the 19th century flax trade and the early 20th Century flax industry.

Maori had used flax fibre for hundreds of years extracting it from the leaf by scraping with a mussel shell or similar. Early european traders were quick to see the value in the fibre and commencing in the 1820s trade in hand dressed fibre between Maori and European resulted in considerable shift in Maori populations to access and control the natural resource. Much of the early fibre trade went to rope makers in Australia and England until rope making ventures were established in New Zealand in the 1840s.

The five pa sites within the study area were likely established in the 1830s in response to European demand for the fibre. Te Karaka and Te Paroa are mentioned in available archives as having been occupied or reoccupied at this time. These sites and others potentially contain archaeological evidence relating to the formative years of commercial flax harvesting and processing.

With the introduction of mechanised flax processing in the 1860s the industry flourished throughout the country. Mobile mechanised flax mills saw the rapid depletion of natural flax and the establishment of flax plantations. Two large permanent mills were established within or immediate adjacent to the study area at Te Paroa in 1890 and Te Kopua around 1900. Te Paroa Mill is thought to have operated off and on for over 50 years depending on demand for flax. The archaeological significance of the two flax mills at Te Kopua and Te Paroa have been largely overlooked in NZAA records , Council SAA’s and the Gumbley & Phillips 2000 report

The flax industry was an important contributor to the local economy for over 100 years providing valuable trade commodity for local Maori resulting in a significant impact on Maori population distribution particularly in the formative years. The large commercial operations commencing in the 1890s utilised unique technology some of which was developed in New Zealand. The industry resulted in a dramatic change to the natural landscape with natural flax replaced by plantations and vegetation cleared for many acres of drying fields.

Archaeology of the Flax Industry has gone largely unrecognised by heritage agencies and gain only a cursory mention in the Gumbley & Phillips 2000 report by virtue of the later commercial mills occupying earlier pa sites. 23

Sites associated with the flax industry including both early c.1830s Maori settlements involved in hand processing of flax for trade as well as the two commercial operations at Te Kopua and Te Paroa should be treated as a discrete site complex within the study area all of which are assumed to have high archaeological values due to their unique and rare status. While most are designated as deserving of preservation this is largely due to the fact that they fall within pa sites. Further research is required in order to more accurately assess their historical and archaeological significance. Historic research has been carried out and is due to be presented in a published document.3 This document should provide the basis for further archaeological research. There is considerable scope for public presentation and interpretation of these sites within a wider heritage landscape or heritage trail.

The two extant mill buildings at Te Paroa should be assessed by a suitably qualified archaeologist and or built heritage specialist to determine their age, significance and structural integrity and built structure archaeological values. Buildings relating to the flax industry are rare and the Paroa examples, while simple in design, may assist in the public interpretation of this unique historical industrial landscape of the lower Kaituna.

Figure 10. Oblique aerial view of Paroa Flax Mill in the 1920s. Photo: Tauranga Historical Society.

3 Hart, R. (ed) The Te Puke Flax Mills (in prep) 24

Figure 11. View of Te Kopua Flax Mill. Photo: Tauranga Historical Society.

UNRECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

There are likely to be unrecorded archaeological sites within the study area additional to the inventory of sites presented in Table 1 and plans presented in Appendix A. It is extremely difficult to identify all sites within such a large study area using accepted field survey methodology. Any development proposals within land where no sites have been recorded should have in place a mitigation strategy to appropriately manage unrecorded subsurface archaeological sites if they are encountered during ground disturbance.

SUMMARY

The Gumbley & Phillips 2000 Report presented the results of a field survey of the study area and provided a preliminary assessment of the significance of the archaeological sites and the groups of sites. Our understanding of the site inventory has changed little over the intervening 15 years.

Minor additions have been made in this review primarily in regard to interpretation of sites that have been the subject of recent archaeological investigations or additional archival research.

In order to advance our understanding of the archaeology within the study area to a point where sound preservation and management strategies can be established additional field work will be required including field survey and, in some cases, archaeological test excavations carried out under the provisions of a Heritage New Zealand authority. 25

RECOMMENDATIONS

Recommendations are provided for further work required to provide accurate site boundaries, interpretation and significance to enable appropriate management of archaeological resources within the study area and with regard to proposed urban development.

Establishing site extent · Subsurface testing should be carried out in order to more accurately determine the extent of known archaeological sites within the study area. o To be undertaken at Structure Plan Stage. · Possible links between sites should be established by subsurface testing especially within the Kaituna River site complex. o To be undertaken at Structure Plan Stage. · The revised extent of all sites should be defined by a polygon on Council planning maps. o To be undertaken at Structure Plan Stage. · Midden deposits and other archaeological features within the fore dune site complex should be mapped in order to identify discrete concentrations. o To be undertaken at the Subdivision Stage.

Establishing site location · Sites that have been identified from archival sources but have no visible archaeological features should be investigated in order to better understand their location and extent. o To be undertaken at Structure Plan Stage.

Establishing site significance (of thirty six recorded sites) · Following further field survey and subsurface testing the significance of archaeological sites should be reassessed in order to determine if they should be protected or preserved. o To be undertaken at Structure Plan Stage. 26

Establishing archaeological landscapes (of thirty six recorded sites) · Following further field survey and subsurface testing links between archaeological sites that may indicate a relationship indicative of an archaeological landscape should be established and appropriate polygons established to encompass the landscape. o To be undertaken at Structure Plan Stage.

Establishing appropriate management strategies · Appropriate management strategies should be established for sites and groups of sites within the study area that are to be preserved. o To be undertaken at Structure Plan Stage.

INTRODUCTION

Appendix B provides additional information and a preliminary assessment of significance for individual sites and groups of sites within the Te Tumu Strategic Planning Study area.

The Papamoa Lowlands Archaeological Survey and Heritage Assessment’ produced by Gumbley & Phillips in 2000 provided a preliminary assessment of significance, however, the subsequent production of the Bay of Plenty Regional Policy Statement (BOPRPS) includes a more robust assessment criteria framework better suited to statutory requirements. Appendix F of the BOPRPS provides criteria for assessing matters of national importance in the Bay of Plenty including Historic Heritage (Set 5). The following assessments utilise Set 5 of the BOPRPS framework. It should be noted that an assessment of cultural significance might not necessarily correlate with an assessment of archaeological significance. An assessment of Maori culture and traditions (Set 4) is this is strictly the domain of tangata whenua.

Significance levels are given as High, Medium or Low. These levels may be expanded once further field assessments have been completed. For example the Auckland Unitary Plan employs the significance levels: none, little, moderate, considerable, exceptional which may be more accommodating for the variables encountered in the Te Tumu study area.

It should also be noted that the assessments in this appendix are necessarily preliminary as the majority of sites have not been inspected since the 1999 – 2000 Gumbley and Phillips survey and we still have little detailed information about the antiquity, extent and complexity of most sites within the study area. Consequently the following significance assessments should not be used to guide future management of archaeological resources or accompany applications to Heritage New Zealand authority applications until further refinement is carried out.

New Zealand Archaeological Association site record forms for the sites within the study area have not been included in the appendix as they a typically very brief. They can be viewed online by registered users at www.archsite.org.nz.

RECOGNITION OR PROTECTION All sites within the study area, with the exception of those sites described as destroyed, are provided legal protection by the following legislation. An archaeological site, as defined by the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 6(a), is any place in New Zealand, including any building or structure (or part of a building or structure), that (i) was associated with human activity that occurred before 1900 or is the site of the wreck of any vessel where the wreck occurred before 1900 and (ii) provides or may provide, through investigation by archaeological methods, evidence relating to the history of New Zealand. Archaeological sites cannot be modified or destroyed unless an authority is granted under section 48, 56(1) (b), or 62 in respect of an archaeological site, no person may modify or destroy, or cause to be modified or destroyed, the whole or any part of that site if that person knows, or ought reasonably to have suspected, that the site is an archaeological site. The RMA 1991 recognises as matters of national importance: ‘the protection of historic heritage from inappropriate subdivision, use, and development’ (S6(f). Territorial authorities are required under Section 6 of the RMA to recognise and provide for these matters of national importance when ‘managing the use, development and protection of natural and physical resources’. Historic heritage is defined as ‘those natural and physical resources that contribute to an understanding and appreciation of New Zealand’s history and cultures, deriving from any of the following qualities: (i) archaeological; (ii) architectural; (iii) cultural; (iv) historic; (v) scientific; (vi) technological’. Historic heritage includes: ‘(i) historic sites, structures, places, and areas; (ii) archaeological sites; (iii) sites of significance to Maori, including wahi tapu; (iv) surroundings associated with the natural and physical resources’. U14/220 Te Kopua Pa Background:

Te Kopua was first recorded as an archaeological site by Ken Moore in 1974. He writes that the site was a pa and was occupied in the early 1830s, however, he does not reference the source of his information. Moore did not visit or relocate the site at this time but probably determined the general location of the site from survey plans ML 2046 and or ML 1916. The site is not described as a pa on either plan.

The site is again referred to as a pa in a report prepared by Kahotea for the Tauranga Eastern Arterial project (Kahotea 1999). Kahotea writes that ‘The cultural values for the site are as a pa, Te Kopua, and as an important boundary location for Waitaha and it also has historic significance as the site of a flax mill’. In Percy Smiths account of the Battle of Te Tumu he writes that ‘The Te Arawa taua then advanced by way of Kainga-pakura, near Papamoa hills, and so by the Tauranga or western side of the pa. By sunset they had reached Te Kopua where the taua was aspersed with water by the tohunga Te Kahawai…’ While the location of place names on survey plans are often indicative the majority of early plans including ML 1916 and ML 3995 place Te Kopua to the west of the apex of the great bend. This location is supported by Kahotea and subsequent archaeological assessments by Phillips. The location of the Kopua Flax Mill is also well established in this location. An early 20th century flax mill and associated huts were situated in the vicinity of Te Kopua Pa and it is probable that a mill building was situated on the pa although no archival information was found to support this claim. Several mill buildings are depicted on early survey plans and buildings that may have been associated with the flax mill are visible on an aerial photo taken in 1950.

Archaeological Site Description:

During his field examination of the site in 1998 Kahotea identified ‘exposed cultural layers (30-50cm) in section containing charcoal, cultural soil layers, shell fragments, fire burnt stones in drain walls following an old boundary from the river..

The site was inspected again in 2005 by Phillips. The cultural layers and machinery identified by Kahotea in 1998 were not relocated at this time. Phillips carried out further analysis of aerial photography indicating extensive modification had occurred in the vicinity of the probable site of U14/220 as outlined by Kahotea. The most recent damage has occurred during the construction of flood control banks and alterations to the surrounding drainage network.

In summary the location of U14/220 is not obvious on early aerial photos and post 1950 earthwork in the immediate vicinity has made identification of the exact location and extent of the pa on the ground virtually impossible without extensive subsurface testing. The actual location of Te Kopua Pa may be anywhere within the area identified as archaeologically sensitive illustrated in Figure 1 below and while there remains a possibility that the pa has been largely destroyed it is equally possible that significant subsurface archaeological features associated with the pa survive in this area.

Recommendations:  That further subsurface archaeological investigation would be required to determine the exact location and condition of Te Kopua Pa.  Any future development proposals should be sympathetic to the context of this pa and appropriate buffer zones establish to encompass the surrounding natural landscape that defined its location and extent.

References: Kahotea, D 1999 Transit New Zealand Designation of State Highway 2 (Tauranga Eastern Arterial) and Tauranga District Council Bell Road Interchange. Unpublished report prepared by Bioresearches for Transit NZ & TDC. Smith, S Percy 1923 The Fall of Te Tumu Pa, Near Maketu, Bay of Plenty. Journal of the Polynesian Society. 32 (127): 121-130. Phillips, K.J.S. 2008 Archaeological survey and assessment of effects , Proposed Bell Road Storm Water Project, Papamoa. Unpublished report prepared for Tauranga City Council. Phillips, K.J.S. 2012 Preliminary Report – Archaeological monitoring and investigations, Areas A – I Tauranga Eastern Link Construction corridor. Unpublished report prepared for Beca. Phillips, K.J.S. 2014 Preliminary Archaeological assessment, Section 10 SO 458365, Section 11 SO 458365, Lot 3 DP 10111, & Lot 1 DPS 66482, Bell Road, Tauranga. Unpublished report prepared for NZ Transport Agency.

Archaeologically sensitive area

U14/220 Surface shell Te Kopua Pa scatters (Kahotea 1998)

Figure 1. Aerial photo showing the probable location of U14/220 and surface shell scatters identified by Phillips in 2005.

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: U14/220 General Values Criteria. Period: Medium There is limited information regarding the occupants and events that took place at Te Kopua. Available archives suggest that in 1836 the Te Arawa taua stopped and possibly spent the night at Te Kopua before advancing to Te Tumu the next day. It is possible that Te Kopua was established in the 1830s in response to the emerging flax industry. Rarity: High There are few surviving examples of river bank pa associated with the musket wars in the Bay of Plenty and even fewer pa built on dune environments. Consequently any remains of Te Kopua Pa would be considered very rare. Integrity: Low Earthworks associated with an horticultural venture in the 1980s and stop bank work along the left bank of the Kaituna River has likely had a significant effect on the archaeological integrity of Te Kopua Pa. There is little or no surface evidence to indicate its exact location and extent, however subsurface features may survive. Representativeness: Low There are few sites similar in age and geographic location to compare Te Kopua Pa with. Context or Group Value: High Te Kopua Pa is part of a network of settlement sites along the left bank of the Kaituna River established as a result of the surrounding flax industry including Te Te Tumu, Te Karaka and Paroa. It is also a significant component of the wider political landscape of the mid 1830s that included Maketu pa and inland settlements of Te Arawa where war parties assembled before the battle. Diversity: High Diversity is difficult to assess based on available information and should be considered high until further investigation. It has diverse historical and cultural values however while the geographic location is unique the diversity of the archaeological remains can only be established by archaeological investigation. Fragility and Vulnerability: High Archaeological sites within dune environments are typically more susceptible to erosion. Te Kopua Pa has already suffered significant damage from horticultural development and flood bank construction.

Archaeological Qualities Information: low Information potential from the site is limited due to late 20th Century ground disturbance. Any surviving archaeological evidence would, however, have the potential to add to our understanding of prehistoric and early historic occupation on the river bank. Research: Low Research potential is likely to be limited due to the extensive damage to the site by late 20th earthwork, however, subsurface investigation may prove otherwise.

U14/220 Te Kopua Flax Mill Background:

Flax of the Kaituna swamp lands was harvested and processed and traded by local Maori as early as the 1840s but demand declined rapidly in the 1850s. It wasn’t until the 1880s that steam powered mills enabled commercial scale operations to recommence in the area. The resource was significantly depleted by the mid-1920s due to over harvesting and frequent swamp fires. A flax mill constructed in the late 19th or early 20th century was situated in the vicinity of, or directly on, Te Kopua Pa (U14/220). Early survey plans illustrate the location of the mill and associated features. Survey plan DP 10096 shows the Mill building and four workers huts. Survey plan ML 11056 shows further houses / whare along a high dune to the north east of the mill complex that may have been associated manager and or workers dwellings. This plan also shows the canal extending from the apex of the river bend north west to the mill building. Survey Plan DP 16773 shows the service canal in more detail as well as the location of a store shed on sleds at the junction of the service canal and the Kaituna River. The mill appears to have operated from the early 1900s until approximately 1930. It was purchased by Broad and Ingram in 1917 after which the great bend in the Kaituna became known as Broads Bend. By the early 1930s depressed prices for the flax fibre saw the end of the industry in the Te Puke district. Archaeological Site Description:

Analysis of 20th century aerial photography indicated the location of the mill workers huts was extensively modified by earthwork in the 1980s. This was subsequently confirmed during archaeological monitoring of the Tauranga Eastern Link in 2012. Spade test pitting near the probable location of the mill in 2012 did reveal deposits of coke likely used by mill machinery and the immediate area may still contain intact archaeological remains of the mill complex.

The spade test pitting carried out in 2012 provided evidence of extensive modification that had occurred on the dune in the late 20th Century. This modification involved the bulldozing of the dune ridge in conjunction with the establishment of a horticultural block to the north. Some degree of cut and fill was evidenced by the presence of buried topsoil layers particularly in the vicinity of the former location of the flax mill houses. While no intact subsurface archaeological features were identified during the survey the limitations of spade test pitting must recognized and the prevalence of modified soils and cultural material indicted that intact archaeological features may have survived in areas buried during the bulldozing of the dune ridge in the late 1970s.

The stripping of topsoil during the formation of perimeter bunds for the TEL construction corridor provided an opportunity for more extensive subsurface examination of this area. The topsoil stripping revealed an extensively modified dune ridge with deposits of 20th Century farm rubbish buried in hollows during the 1970s bulldozing. In addition earlier domestic rubbish, probably associated with occupation of the mill houses, was found scattered across the dune by the bulldozing, however, no insitu deposits or formal rubbish pits dating to the operation of the flax mill were identified. While a number of artifacts found in this area were manufactured in the late 19th Century most dated to the early to mid 20th Century. During archaeological monitoring for the Bell Road storm water project a component part of a flax processing machine was recovered where the storm water pipe intersected with the Bell Road Drain.

The houses and whare shown on survey plan ML 11056 produced in 1918 when the mill was operating also correspond closely to a number of recorded midden sites

The Mill buildings and associated workers huts were located within Pt Section 1 Blk IV Te Tumu SD outside of the study area, however, the canal and store shed were located within Lot 1 DPS 66482 and further houses and whare’s possibly associated with the mill were located within Pt Tumu Kaituna 14 within the study area.

References: Burnett, Z 2012 Men of Fibre: The New Zealand Flax Industry and its Workers 1860 – 1939. MA (History) Thesis Auckland University. Ford, G 2008 Lower Kaituna River and Te Tumu: The Ford Family History from 1907 – 2 008. Unpublished document. Hart, R 2015 The Early Flax Industry on the Kaituna River. (in prep) Kahotea, D 1999 Transit New Zealand Designation of State Highway 2 (Tauranga Eastern Arterial) and Tauranga District Council Bell Road Interchange. Unpublished report prepared by Bioresearches for Transit NZ & TDC. Matheson, A. 2000 Early Maketu Storekeepers. Historical Review Volume 44 No. 2. Phillips, K.J.S. 2008 Archaeological survey and assessment of effects , Proposed Bell Road Storm Water Project, Papamoa. Unpublished report prepared for Tauranga City Council. Phillips, K.J.S. 2012 Preliminary Report – Archaeological monitoring and investigations, Areas A – I Tauranga Eastern Link Construction corridor. Unpublished report prepared for Beca. Phillips, K.J.S. 2014 Preliminary Archaeological assessment, Section 10 SO 458365, Section 11 SO 458365, Lot 3 DP 10111, & Lot 1 DPS 66482, Bell Road, Tauranga. Unpublished report prepared for NZ Transport Agency. Smith, S Percy 1923 The Fall of Te Tumu Pa, Near Maketu, Bay of Plenty. Journal of the Polynesian Society. 32 (127): 121-130. Stokes, E. 1980 A History of Tauranga County. Dunmore Press, Palmerston North.

Figure 1. Part survey plan DP 10096 produced in 1914 showing the location of the Te Kopua Flaxmill and associated workers huts.

Figure 2. View of Te Kopua Flax Mill. Photo: Tauranga Historical Society.

Figure 3. Survey Plan DP 16773 produced in 1923 showing TE Kopua Flax Mill canal and store shed.

Mill

Figure 4. Aerial photo with overlay of survey plan DP 16773 showing the location of the mill, mill canal and huts.

Figure 5. Survey Plan ML 11056 showing houses and whare along raised dune east of Te Kopua Mill.

Figure 6. Aerial photo with recorded archaeological sites and survey plan ML 11056 georeferenced overlays showing a correlation between houses and whares present in 1918 and recorded midden deposits indicted by red polygons.

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: U14/220 General Values Criteria. Period: High The establishment date for Te Kopua flax mill is unclear but likely commenced in the late 1890s. The early Te Kopua Pa may also have been established in the 1830s to accommodate local Maori involved in the emerging flax trade. The site potentially contains archaeological remains of the flax milling trade and industry spanning 100 years between 1830 and 1930. Rarity: High There are few surviving examples of flax mills nationally and few have been recorded as archaeological sites. The Paroa and Te Kopua Mills are currently recorded by virtue of their location on earlier pa sites. They are particularly rare as they potentially encompass archaeological remains associated with the industry spanning 100 years. Integrity: Low The site has been extensively damaged by modern earthwork. Representativeness: High There are few early flax mill sites recorded as archaeological sites or Scheduled in Bay of Plenty District or Regional Planning documents, however, based on our understanding of the industry in the 19th and early twentieth century the Te Kopua Mill likely represents a typical mill complex of the period situated adjacent to the natural flax resource and on a river bank that provides water for processing and a ready means of transporting the products from the mill. Context or Group Value: High The Paroa Mill is one of at least three mills that operated on the Kaituna River in the late 19th and early 20th Century and forms part of a expansive historic industrial / commercial landscape. Diversity: High Intra site diversity potentially includes many aspects of activity associated with a flax mill complex including built structures, industrial archaeological remains and domestic archaeological remains associated with management and worker dwellings. The Mill is also the site of an earlier Maori settlement (Te Kopua Pa) that was established in the 1830s to accommodate locals involved in harvesting flax from surrounding wetlands. Fragility and Vulnerability: High Archaeological sites within dune and wetland environments are typically more susceptible to damage and erosion. Te Kopua has already suffered significant damage from modern earthwork. Archaeological Qualities Information: medium The extent to which archaeology relating to the flax mill has survived remains unknown however any remains associated with the mill activity has the potential to address research questions presented below. Research: medium Given the significant social and economic impact the flax mill industry had on local Maori populations and the wider economy our understanding of the industry is surprisingly limited. This is in part due to the mobile nature of flax milling plants which, during the formative period of the industry, were moved frequently to be close to the natural flax resource leaving limited archaeological footprints. Larger commercial operations in the late 1900s and early 20th century were focused on flax planation’s resulting in larger more permanent mills with associated workers accommodation as is the case with Te Kopua and Paroa mills on the Kaituna. The flax milling industry along the Kaituna changed the settlement distribution of Maori populations and was a catalyst for intertribal conflict, The research potential of the archaeology of these sites lies both in the little understood technology employed in processing the flax and the conditions of workers employed at the mill, many of whom were local Maori. Flax processing machinery was initially imported and later developed for local conditions and improved efficiency by local engineering firms. Few examples of this technology survive. Power plants were reallocated to alternate industries following the demise of the flax milling industry while specialised machinery was likely sold for scrap or dumped in the adjacent wetlands and buildings used for other purposes, demolished or left to decay. The archaeology of the workers dwelling at the Te Kopua mill were likely destroyed during earthwork associated with horticultural development in the 1980s. The site of the mill proper, while modified by mid to late 20th century drainage works may still have left significant archaeological remains that may assist in answering technological, economic and social questions about the late 19th and early 20th century flax milling industry on the Kaituna River.

U14/221 PAPANUI PA Background:

The location of Papanui was first recorded as an archaeological site by Ken Moore in 1974. Moore incorrectly identified the location as Te Karaka and this error was carried through by Gumbley and Phillips 2000 and is now corrected in this report. The location, on hard ground, next to a prominent bend in the river is typical of pa and settlement sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. Consequently it would not surprising to find evidence of settlement at Papanui.

Archaeological Site Description:

No archaeological features have been identified at this location, however efforts to date have been minimal and further investigation may indeed find tangible evidence of Papanui. Recommendations:  That further subsurface archaeological investigation would be required to determine if intact subsurface archaeological features are present at this location. It is currently not possible to assess the significance of this site without further archaeological investigation.  That further research is required in order to determine the nature of Papanui, i.e. whether the name refers to a settlement, fishing spot, geographical feature etc. 

Figure 7. Part Survey plan ML 1916 produced in 1889 showing the place name Papanui (Rapanui?) on the apex of a prominent oxbow.

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: U14/221 General Values Criteria. Period: low There is no information relating to the historical or archaeological significance of this site. Rarity: low It is not possible to establish rarity due to the lack of information for this site. Integrity: Low No archaeological features have been identified at this site. Representativeness: Low Not known. Context or Group Value: High Papanui may be part of a network of settlement sites along the left bank of the Kaituna River established as a result of the surrounding flax industry including Te Te Tumu, Te Karaka and Paroa. Diversity: low Diversity is difficult to assess based on available information Fragility and Vulnerability: High The site is located in an area affected by earthwork associated with drainage of surrounding land.

Archaeological Qualities Information: low There are no known archaeological features at this site to assess archaeological qualities however any surviving archaeological evidence would have the potential to add to our understanding of prehistoric and early historic occupation on the river bank. Recognition or Protection: U14/221 currently has limited protection as the location of the site has not been established.

U14/249 & U14/3358 FORE DUNE MIDDENS Background: This site was originally recorded by Cathleen Fletcher in 1976 and was updated during the 1999 - 2000 Gumbley and Phillips field survey. More recently Lynda Walters has recorded specific shell midden deposit (U14/3358) within and in the western end of U14/249. In addition a burial ground U14/1742 is located within the Polygon defining the boundaries of U14/249. Archaeological Site Description: U14/249 is comprised of numerous middens located along the entire length of the fore dunes between the end of Papamoa Beach Road and the Kaituna River mouth. The vast majority are deflated patches of shell and hangi stones. A few patches of intact midden remain, but most are less than 3m2. However, it is probable that buried middens and other occupation sites may remain intact within the dunes. In 2010 Lynda Walters recorded 9 midden sites on the fore dunes at the western end of the study area during a fore dune conservation project. These middens fall within the U14/249 polygon but were given a separate site record number (U143358). A burial ground located in the vicinity of the boundary of the Te Tumu 7B and 14 blocks recorded as site U14/1742 is also located within the site extent of U14/249. Recommendations That the for dune midden sites are accurately mapped to assist in future management and conservation of the fore dune environment.

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: U14/249 & U14/3358 Note that the following assessment of significance refers only to the archaeological site and not the burial ground (U14/1742) the significance of which can only be assessed by tangata whenua. General Values Criteria. Period: Medium These sites have not been radiocarbon dated. However, on the basis of limited investigations it is thought that the fore dunes were probably used throughout the duration of the prehistoric period. Rarity: Low Midden sites are the most common feature in the fore dune area. Integrity: Low The majority of middens that make up U14/249 are deflated with only a handful of sites with intact deposits and these are typically less than 5 m². The integrity of the sites that comprise U14/249 is therefore low. Representativeness: High The fore dune middens within the study area are typically of sites along the Papamoa fore dune and similar to those found on Matakana island to the north Context or Group Value: Medium Middens of the fore dunes are a distinct components of the wider archaeological landscape representing short term events carried out by adjacent populations within the Inland and Kaituna River site complexes. Diversity: Low The fore dune middens are typically simple in composition with limited stratigraphy and content Fragility and Vulnerability: High The fore dune middens are predominantly deflated due to wind erosion and continue to be affected by ongoing erosion particularly where coastal vegetation is limited.

Archaeological Qualities: Information: Medium While erosion damage to the fore dune sites has significantly affected there archaeological integrity they retain import archaeological information that can be recovered using archaeological method of site recording and investigation. Research: Medium There are a number of important research questions that the fore dune sites can potentially address. These include site and species distribution and harvest strategies, shell fish processing strategy variations and the nature and quantity introduced resources including hangi stones and hearth fuel.

U14/1735, 1736, 1737, 1741 & 1744 MIDDENS Background

These four sites were recorded by Bristow and Wood in 1984 but have not subsequently been relocated and are considered likely to be destroyed by sand quarrying or farm activity. Consequently these sites cannot be assessed for archaeological significance.

U14/1738 TE KARAKA PA Background

Te Karaka Pa is marked on a number of early survey plans most notably ML 2046 produced in 1870 which describes it as an ‘Old Pa’ and ML 3995 produced in 1889. It was first recorded as an archaeological site by Wood and Bristow in 1983. Te Karaka appears to have been a well-known location on the Kaituna River in prehistoric times.1 It is situated on the apex of a sharp northern bend in the river at which point the dunes provide one of the few solid landing areas in an otherwise riverine wetland where access to the dunes and the beach to the north can be had. A well warn track extended north to the beach (U14/1741) and a track accessing Te karaka from the west is noted a several early survey plans. A whare, located a short distance to the west of Te Karaka, is marked on ML 11056 produced in 1918.

Te Karaka Pa appears to have been established in the late 1820s or early 1830s by local Maori in response to a demand for flax by European traders (specifically Hans Tapsell) that provided a means for obtaining muskets. Te Arawa, having suffered under Hongi Hika in 1823, also saw the potential of trading flax for muskets. In response Ngati He and Ngapotiki established themselves first at Te Paroa and Te Karaka Pa on the Kaituna River to keep a presence in the area and then set up Te Tumu as a fighting pa.2 Occupation of the pa may have spanned a ten year period during the 1820s and 1830s but was likley a settlement in prehistoirc times.

Archaeological Site Description

When Wood and Bristow recorded Te Karaka Pa in 1983 bulldozing had occurred on the site exposing a large midden deposit visible over a 200m² area. Charcoal stained soils and fire cracked hangi stone were also noted along with a well warn track extending from Te Karaka north to the beach (U14/1741). In 1999 Gumbley and Phillips described the site as a platform by the river bank with a possible defensive ditch. Site extent The current polygon defining the boundary of U14/1738 includes an area of raised ground immediately adjacent to the river bank. This polygon encompasses the location the shell midden identified by Wood and Bristow and the raised platform described by Gumbley and Phillips.

1 Tarakawa 1893:244 2 Kahotea 2014 References: Kahotea, D. 2014 Te Tumu Pa Hearing – Evidence in Chief. Tarakawa, T 1893 The Coming of Te Arawa and Tainui Canoes from Hawaiki to New Zealand. Translated by S. Percy Smith. Journal of the Polynesian Society Vol 2.

Figure 8. Part survey plan ML 2046 produced in 1870 showing Te Karaka described as ‘Old Pa’.

Figure 2. Part ML 3995 illustrating the location and possible extent of Te Karaka.

Te Karaka Pa U14/1738

Figure 9. Aerial photo showing polygons currently defining extent of site U14/1738 on Tauranga City Council GIS.

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: U14/1738 General Values Criteria. Period: High Te Karaka Pa is one of a number of similar settlement sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. They are generally thought to have been established by local Maori to control and or harvest local flax resources for trade in the 1830s. They represent a specific period in the early historic period brought about the presence of a European trader at Maketu, the ability of local Maori to trade flax for muskets and countered further invasions from northern iwi. Rarity: High Te Karaka Pa and associated pa on the lower left bank of the Kaituna River represent a unique group of settlement sites established for very specific reasons and occupied for a relatively short period in the early historic period. They are therefore extremely rare. Integrity: High The integrity of Te Karaka Pa can only be established by archaeological investigation. Features and activities that may have affected the integrity of the pa include bulldozing of unknown purpose on the pa in 1983. Representativeness: High Te Karaka Pa is unique and can only be compared to adjacent sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River, however it must be considered representative of these pa. Context or Group Value: High Te Karaka Pa is an important component of the group of unique settlements along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. Diversity: High Intra site diversity potentially includes many aspects of activity associated with the 1830s settlement as well as earlier prehistoric settlement. Fragility and Vulnerability: High Components of the site on the high dune to the north and on the river bank to the south have likely suffered from erosion and the previously mentioned bulldozing. Further threats may include intensification of land use on surrounding properties. Archaeological Qualities Information: High Te Karaka Pa has high potential to provide archaeological information relating to the 1830s settlement. Research: High Given the significant social and economic impact the flax mill industry had on local Maori and the unique nature of the Kaituna River Pa research potential must be considered high. Archaeological remains may provide information relating to the early contact period including the impact European traders had had on material culture, the nature of settlement architecture compared to similar prehistoric settlements, subsistence economies etc.

U14/1739 MIDDEN Background: This site was originally recorded in 1983 and was updated during the 2000 Gumbley and Phillips field survey. U14/1739 is characterised as an inland site, which along with several others represents a continuation of the Papamoa Dune Plain settlement pattern of occupation, albeit the eastern extent of it. These sites form a significant band of occupation sites approximately half a kilometre wide straddling the ancient paleo-channel and about 300-400m inland of the shore. As the eastern extent of this group of sites, the site density is lower and the sites themselves are more discreet than they are to the west. Archaeological Site Description U14/1739 is a midden site located immediately south of the seaward inter-dune channel at the top of the slope approximately 1.6km east of the end of Papamoa Beach Road. The site is situated partly within pine plantation and is exposed in bank of an old farm track and around a barn. The midden deposit comprises predominately tuatua with some ostrich foot.

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: U14/1739

General Values Criteria. Period: Medium This site has not been radiocarbon dated, however, research has determined that inland sites on the Papamoa dune plain typically date to between 1400- 1700. Rarity: Medium Midden sites are the most common features within the inland site complex, however many have been destroyed by residential development to the west of the study area. Integrity: Low Midden site U14/1739 has been historically modified by the paleo channel track a barn and planation forestry. More recently, the site has been further modified by the formation of a new access road to the Te Tumu 7B and Ford Blocks. The integrity of site U14/1739 is therefore low. Representativeness: High U14/1739 is typical of sites within the inland site complex. Context or Group Value: High The site is part of the extensive settlement and activity sites on the Papamoa Dune Plain. Diversity: Medium Sites within the eastern extent of the Inland Site Complex are well understood and typical comprise occupation, food processing and cultivation areas. Fragility and Vulnerability: High Components of the site on the high dune to the north and on the river bank to the south have likely suffered from erosion and the previously mentioned bulldozing. Further threats include residential development. Archaeological Qualities Information: Medium Sites within the eastern extent of the Inland Site Complex are well understood, however, sites at the eastern extent may still provide new information about this activity zone. Research: Medium The site retains archaeological research values particularly with regard to reasons why the Inland site complex concluded at this point.

U14/1740 TERRACES MIDDEN Background

U14/1740 is part of a group of sites located on the Kaituna River Margins. The 1999 - 2000 field survey identified a number of sites in this area including pa along the river, a number of occupation sites on high dunes adjacent to the river margins and a series of river bank middens that are likely associated with terraces on the high dunes. Wooden artefacts have been recovered along the river including canoes, many of which were exposed in the course of river works. There are currently no archaeological investigations of these sites on which to draw to characterise the settlement activities or to date these sites. There is historical and traditional evidence that pa such as Te Karaka, Paroa Whakararauhe and Kopua along the river were established in the 1830s, but they may have been occupied prehistorically. However, there is currently no information regarding the depth of time that these sites represent although a pattern similar to that of the fore dunes may be expected, i.e., throughout the prehistoric and early historic period. U14/1740 was first recorded as an archaeological site by Bristow and Wood in 1984 and revisited by Gumbley and Phillips in 1999. It is located on a prominent high dune ridge between Paroa and Whakararauhe.

Archaeological Site Description

Archaeological Site U14/1740 is located along a high dune ridge immediately north of the Kaituna River. This site comprises a series of midden and terraces which extend onto the river flat adjacent to an old ox-bow. Bristow and Wood recorded U14/1740 in 1983 as a single area of midden. However this midden was found to form the eastern end of a series of terraces and middens beginning 250m east of U14/3051. This site is very large covering 7- 8 hectares at the end of an old meander of the Kaituna River where it comes to the base of the dunes. On the east side there is a knoll that has been levelled and may have had a defensive ditch separating it from the remainder of the dune. The site extends onto the river flat adjacent to the east side of the meander where there is a series of approximately five shell midden mounds. Shell species found in these exposures include both open beach and estuarine sources (with tuatua and ostrich foot dominate but with inclusions of pipi, triangle shell, cockle, dosinia, whelk, and cooks turban). Site extent The current polygon defining the boundary of U14/1740 includes the extent of visible archaeological features identified by Gumbley and Phillips. Further refinement of the extent of the site may be achieved by subsurface testing.

Recommendations  That further archaeological investigation is required to determine the exact extent of the site and its relationship to adjacent sites especially U14/3039, 3040 & 3041.  That further archival research is required to better understand the age and function of the site. Figure 1. Aerial photo showing polygons currently defining extent of site U14/1740 and adjacent sites that may have formed a single occupation area. (Tauranga City Council GIS).

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: U14/1740 General Values Criteria. Period: High U14/1740 is one of a number of similar sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. The site has not been radiocarbon dated, however, it is likely that the Kaituna River sites were occupied throughout the prehistoric and early historic period. Rarity: High U14/1740 and neighbouring sites represent a unique group of settlement sites established on the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. They may have been established for very specific reasons and occupied for a relatively short period in the early historic period. They may have also been occupied in the prehistoric period and are considered a very rare site type. Integrity: High The integrity of U14/1740 can only be established by archaeological investigation. Activities that may have affected the integrity of the site include erosion and farm activities as well as future pine harvest. Representativeness: High U14/1740 can only be compared to adjacent sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River, however, it must be considered representative of these sites. Context or Group Value: High U14/1740 is an important component of the group of unique settlements and activity areas along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. Diversity: High Intra site diversity can only be established by subsurface archaeological investigation but may potentially include aspects of activity associated with the 1830s settlement as well as earlier prehistoric settlement. Fragility and Vulnerability: High Components of the site on the river bank have likely suffered from erosion and farm activity. Further threats include intensification of land use.

Archaeological Qualities Information: High U14/1740 has potential to provide archaeological information relating to prehistoric and early historic occupation and activity on the lower Kaituna River environment.

Research: High Archaeological remains associated with U14/1740 may provide information relating to the early contact period including the impact European traders had on material culture, the nature of settlement architecture compared to similar prehistoric and early historic settlements, subsistence economies etc.

U14/1743 PAROA FLAX MILL Background

Flax of the Kaituna swamp lands was harvested and processed on a commercial scale by local Maori as early as the 1840s but demand declined rapidly in the 1850s. It wasn’t until the 1880s that steam powered mills enabled extensive operations to recommence in the area. The resource was significantly depleted by the mid 1920s due to over harvest and frequent swamp fires.3 A flax mill constructed in the late 19th century was situated in the vicinity of, or directly on, a former pa site known as Paroa. Early survey plans illustrate the location of the mill and associated features. A detailed history of the Paroa Mill is yet to be compiled. It appears to have operated from 1890 and changed hands several times before closing around 1930. Notable owners or lessee’s included William Rogers who leased the mill from 1892. A descendant of Tamatekapua he was a leading chief of the Arawa tribe who married a granddaughter of Te Waharoa. Rogers also owned stores at Maketu and Te Puke and built and ran for a time the Geyser Hotel at Whakarewarewa, Rotorua. The Mill was later purchased by E.L. Broad in 1920 who also owned the Te Kopua Mill to the west. By the early 1930s depressed prices for the flax fibre saw the end of the industry in the Te Puke district.

Archaeological Site Description

Early survey plans and photographs indicate the Paroa Mill comprised a complex of buildings including two mill buildings, managers’ house and workers huts. Some of these structures may date to the establishment of the Mill in 1890 while others may relate to later expansion. Both extant Mill buildings were likely constructed in the 1890s and are depicted on survey plans produced in 1902 and 1903. According to Geoffrey Ford other buildings included a Managers House and Foreman’s House, storage sheds and drying racks.4 The completed Mill complex is depicted in an oblique aerial probably taken in the 1920s. In addition to buildings facility’s comprising a loading platform on the river bank likely serviced the various vessels used for delivering supplies and transporting the processed flax. The Mill complex including extant buildings and subsurface remains constitutes an archaeological site under the definition provided by both the RMA and the HNZPA. The subsurface and built structure archaeological resource at Paroa has the potential to add significantly to our understanding of the early flax industry on the Kaituna River. Site extent The current polygons defining the boundary of U14/1743 include a single point with a 50m radius buffer and a polygon defined by Gumbley and Phillips in 2000. The 50m radius should be removed from planning maps, however, the single point should be retained as it defines the

3 Stokes 1980:260 4 Ford 2008:8 New Zealand Archaeological Association grid coordinate for the site. The polygon defined in 2000 requires correcting to better include the historic Flax Mill complex in its entirety.

Further Information: A history of the Flax Milling industry on the Kaituna is being prepared by Richard Hart (Tauranga Historical Society) based on research carried out by the late Allister Matheson. Zarah Burnett has recently competed an MA thesis on the flax industry in New Zealand Between 1860 and 1939. Recommendations:  That the extent of the site is established by subsurface testing  That the extant buildings are assessed and recorded using built heritage criteria.

Figure 10. The ketch Victory at the Paroa flaxmill c. 1910. Photo: Whakatane Museum.

Figure 2. Oblique aerial view of Paroa Flax Mill in the 1920s. Photo: Tauranga Historical Society.

Figure 3. One of the original Paroa Flax Mill buildings still standing.

Figure 4. Survey plan SO 13465 produced in 1903 superimposed onto a modern aerial showing the location of Paroa Mill buildings including workers huts. Note the second extant building to the west is not depicted however it does appear on SO 12541A produce din 1902 indicating both extant buildings had been erected by this time.

Figure 11. Aerial photo showing polygons currently defining extent of site U14/1743 on Tauranga City Council GIS.

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: U14/1743 PAROA FLAX MILL General Values Criteria. Period: High The flax milling industry commenced on the Kaituna River as early as the 1830s. The Paroa Mill site encompasses part of an early Maori settlement involved in flax harvesting in the 1830s as well as the Mill complex associated with the final industrial scale exploitation of the flax resource involving new technologies designed to improve production. The site potentially contains archaeological remains of the flax milling industry spanning 100 years between 1830 and 1930. Rarity: High There are few surviving examples of Flax mills nationally and few have been recorded as archaeological sites. The Paroa and Te Kopua Mills are currently recorded by virtue of their location on earlier pa sites. The Paroa Mill is particularly rare as it potentially encompasses archaeological remains spanning 100 years. Integrity: High The Paroa Flax Mill has relatively high integrity compared to other similar sites by virtue of the surviving mill buildings and the relatively unmodified condition of land surrounding the mill property where associated buildings and activity areas were once located. The site also likely contains subsurface archaeological remains of the earlier 1830s settlement known as Paroa Pa. Representativeness: High There are few recorded flax mill sites recorded as archaeological sites or Scheduled in Bay of Plenty District or Regional Planning documents, however, based on our understanding of the industry in the 19th and early twentieth century the Paroa Mill likely represents a typical mill complex of the period situated adjacent to the natural flax resource and on a river bank that provides water for processing and a ready means of transporting the products from the mill. Context or Group Value: High The Paroa Mill is one of at least three mills that operated on the Kaituna River in the late 19th and early 20th Century. Diversity: High Intra site diversity potentially includes many aspects of activity associated with a flax mill complex including built structures, industrial archaeological remains and domestic archaeological remains associated with management and worker dwellings. The Mill is also the site of an earlier Maori settlement (Paroa Pa) that was established in the 1830s or earlier to accommodate locals involved in harvesting flax from surrounding wetlands.

Fragility and Vulnerability: High The Paroa Flax Mill buildings and archaeological site are currently relatively stable however the extant buildings are dilapidated and the archaeological resource is threatened by current farm activity and future residential subdivision proposals.

Archaeological Qualities Information: High The Paroa Flax mill site has high potential to provide archaeological information relating to the flax mill industry on the Kaituna River. The extent of the subsurface archaeological component can only be established by excavation, however, the site is largely unmodified and consequently there is reasonable cause to suspect that archaeology relating to the 1890 – 1930 mill complex survives. The extant buildings associated with the mill provide additional architectural and built structure archaeological information than may enhance our understanding of the technology employed. Research: High Given the significant social and economic impact the flax mill industry had on local Maori populations and the wider economy our understanding of the industry is surprisingly limited. This is in part due to the mobile nature of flax milling plants which, during the formative period of the industry, were moved frequently to be close to the natural flax resource leaving limited archaeological footprints. The industry was also susceptible to boom and bust periods during which mills and machinery were abandoned or moved. Larger commercial operations in the late 1900s and early 20th century were focused on flax planation’s resulting in larger more permanent mills with associated workers accommodation as is the case with Te Kopua and Paroa mills on the Kaituna. The flax milling industry along the Kaituna changed the settlement distribution of Maori populations, was the catalyst for intertribal conflict in the 1930s and influenced land values and ownership for land otherwise considered unsuitable for traditional European agricultural ventures. This was often incongruous with traditional Maori values for riverine and wetland environments. The research potential of the archaeology of these sites lies both in the little understood technology employed in processing the flax and the conditions of workers employed at the mill, many of whom were local Maori. Flax processing machinery was initially imported and later developed for local conditions and improved efficiency by local engineering firms. Few examples of this technology survive. Power plants were reallocated to alternate industries following the demise of the flax milling industry while specialised machinery was likely sold for scrap or dumped in adjacent wetlands and buildings used for other purposes, demolished or left to decay. Archaeology analysis of the pre 1900 extant mill buildings at Paroa provides a unique opportunity to may assist in answering technological, economic and social questions about late 19th and early 29th century flax milling industry on the Kaituna River.

U14/1743 PAROA PA Background:

Paroa Pa was first recorded as an archaeological site by Ken Moore in 1974. Moore did not visit the site but appears to have based his assessment on early survey plans. Paroa Pa is marked on a number of survey plans most notably ML 2046 produced in 1870, ML 1916 produced in 1889 and ML 3995 also produced in 1889. Paroa Pa appears to have been established in the late 1820s or early 1830s by local Maori in response to a demand for flax by European traders (specifically Hans Tapsell) that provided a means for obtaining muskets. Te Arawa, having suffered under Hongi Hika in 1823, also saw the potential of trading flax for muskets. In response Ngati He and Ngapotiki established themselves first at Te Paroa and Te Karaka Pa on the Kaituna River to keep a presence in the area and then set up Te Tumu as a fighting pa.5 Occupation of the pa may have spanned a ten year period during the 1820s and 1830s and was later reoccupied in the 1890s when a commercial flax milling operation began at Te Paroa that would last 40 years.

In 1831 the missionary H. Williams visted Te Paroa pa and commented that it was a beautiful spot and extenisve view.6 We may cautiously infer from this statement that part of the pa was elevated which would suggest the the high dune to the north formed part of Te Paroa Pa where terrace and pit features were identified during the 2000 archaeological survey (U14/3051). This would signifcantly enlarge the current GIS polygon defining the site, however further research and archaeological investigation is required to determine the actual location and extent of the pa.

Archaeological Site Description

Visible features associated with Paroa Pa include shell midden exposed in the river bank near the flax mill buildings. In 1983 Wood and Bristow identified a 40cm deep shell midden eroding from the river bank. The midden included hangi stone, fish bone and shell dominated by Tuatua. They speculated that the site covered approximate 4000m² and may have been defended by a ditch and bank. One artefact comprising a wooden paddle was also found at the site. The terrace and pit features on the high dune to the north (U14/3051) may also relate specifically to occupation of Paroa Pa. Site extent The current polygons defining the boundary of U14/1743 include an area of raised ground immediately adjacent to the river bank. This polygon encompasses the location the shell midden identified by Wood and Bristow as well as the extant buildings associated with the Paroa Flax Mill. Further analysis of U14/3051 may require an expansion of the U14/1743 polygon to encompass part of the high dune to the north.

5 Kahotea 2014 6 Williams H. 1961 References:

Kahotea, D. 2014 Te Tumu Pa Hearing – Evidence in Chief. Williams, H. 1961 The Early Journals of Henry Williams, Pegusus Press, Christchurch.

Figure 12. Part survey plan ML 2046 produced in 1870 showing Te Paroa described as ‘Old Pa’.

Figure 13. Part ML 1916 produce in 1889 showing Te Paroa situated on hard ground between the river bend and the high dune to the north.

Figure 14. Part ML 3995 illustrating the location and possible extent of Te Paroa.

Figure 15. Aerial photo showing polygons currently defining extent of site U14/1743 on Tauranga City Council GIS. The circle is an arbitrary 50m radius buffer surrounding the shell midden identified in 1983 and does not reflect the true extent of the site.

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: U14/1743

General Values Criteria. Period: High Paroa Pa is one of a number of similar settlement sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. They are generally thought to have been established by local Maori to control and or harvest local flax resources for trade in the 1830s. They represent a specific period in the early historic period brought about by the presence of a European trader at Maketu and the ability of local Maori to trade flax for muskets to countered further invasions from northern iwi. Rarity: High Paroa Pa and associated pa on the lower left bank of the Kaituna River represent a unique group of settlement sites established for very specific reasons and occupied for a relatively short period in the early historic period. They are therefore extremely rare. Integrity: High The integrity of Paroa Pa can only be established by archaeological investigation, however, there is reasonable cause to suspect that subsurface archaeological features survive in the area. Features and activities that may have affected the integrity of the pa include the establishment of Paroa Flax Mill that operated on the site between 1890 and 1930. More significantly the pine plantation on the high dune that may be a part of the pa may significantly damage this land form during future harvest activity. Representativeness: High Paroa Pa is unique and can only be compared to adjacent sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River, however Paroa Pa must be considered representative of these pa. Context or Group Value: High Paroa Pa is an important component of the group of unique settlements along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. Diversity: High Intra site diversity potentially includes many aspects of activity associated with the 1830s settlement and subsequent flax milling activity. Fragility and Vulnerability: High Components of the site on the high dune to the north and on the river bank to the south have likely suffered from erosion. Further threats include residential development and pine planation harvesting.

Archaeological Qualities Information: High Paroa Pa has high potential to provide archaeological information relating to the 1830s settlement. Research: High Given the significant social and economic impact the flax mill industry had on local Maori and the unique nature of the Kaituna River Pa research potential must be considered high. Archaeological remains may provide information relating to the early contact period including the impact European traders had had on material culture, the nature of settlement architecture compared to similar prehistoric settlements, subsistence economies etc.

U14/2848, 2849, 3045, 3048, 3049 & 3050 MIDDENS / CULTURAL SOILS Background:

These six sites fall within the inland dune complex and the emerging southern dune complex and form a continuation of the Papamoa Dune Plain settlement pattern of occupation, albeit the eastern extent of it. These sites form a significant band of occupation sites approximately half a kilometre wide straddling the ancient paleochanel and about 300-400m inland of the shore. As the eastern extent of this group of sites, the site density is lower and the sites themselves are more discreet than they are to the west.

Archaeological Site Description:

These site are characterised by shell midden deposits in association with areas of cultural soil indicative of prehistoric cultivations.

Recommendations:  That further subsurface archaeological investigation would be required to determine the extent, complexity and integrity of these sites.

Figure 16. Aerial photo showing the location of U14/2848, 2849, 3045, 3048, 3049 & 3050.

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: U14/2848, 2849, 3045, 3048, 3049 & 3050 General Values Criteria. Period: Medium The inland site complex typically dates to between 1400 and 1700 AD after which the greater part of this area appears to have been abandoned. Rarity: low Numerous examples of this site type have been recorded across the dune plain west to Domain Road. However, residential development has seen most of these sites destroyed and few remain intact. Integrity: medium The inland sites appear to be in relatively good condition although some have been damaged by ploughing and farm activity. Representativeness: high These six sites are typical of the inland dune complex. Context or Group Value: High These sites form the eastern extent of the inland dune complex. Diversity: High Diversity is difficult to assess based on available information and should be considered high until further investigation. Fragility and Vulnerability: High Archaeological sites within dune environments are typically more susceptible to erosion.

Archaeological Qualities Information: medium While we have gathered significant archaeological information from the investigation of similar site to the west the inland sites within the Te Tumu block may shed light on the apparent eastern conclusion of this site complex.

U14/ 3038 MIDDEN

Archaeological Site Description:

Archaeological Site Description U14/3038 comprises several midden deposits located on the ends of two dune tongues extending into the flat north of the old loop of the Kaituna River and immediately west of the stop bank. This site appears to be the remnants of a much larger site that was probably damaged during construction of the stop bank in the 1980s. U14/3038 is located in close proximity to U14/3043 (occupation/cultivated soils) and may form part of the same site. Survey plan ML 11056 produced in the early 20th century illustrates several were in close proximity to these middens and it is possible that the middens relate to activity associated with the Te Kopua Flax Mill however they may equally relate to prehistoric or early historic settlement in this area.

Recommendations Further archaeological investigation is required in order to determine the extent, antiquity and significance of this site.

Figure 1. Survey Plan ML 11056 showing houses and whare along raised dune immediately adjacent to middens recorded as U14/3038.

Figure 2. Aerial photo with recorded archaeological sites and survey plan ML 11056 georeferenced overlays showing a correlation between houses and whares present in 1918 and recorded midden deposits indicted by red polygons.

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: U14/3038 General Values Criteria. Period: Medium This site may relate to prehistoric settlement or possibly post 1900 activity associated with the Te Kopua flax mill. Rarity: medium Further archaeological investigation is required in order to establish rarity however it is likely similar to the many middens found on the eastern end of the dune plain. If it was formed during occupation of adjacent mill house it would be considered rare. Integrity: Low The site has been damaged by earthwork associated with the formation of stop banks and it is unclear if intact subsurface features survive. Representativeness: ? It is not possible to establish the representativeness of the site until further archaeological investigations have been completed. Context or Group Value: ? If the site is part of the Te Kopua Mill archaeological landscape it will have high group value however without further archaeological investigations it is not possible to assess. Diversity: ? It is not possible to establish the representativeness of the site until further archaeological investigations have been completed. Fragility and Vulnerability: High The site has been significantly damaged by stop bank earthwork.

Archaeological Qualities Information: medium The extent to which archaeology relating to the flax mill appears to be limited and remains associated with the mill activity has the potential to address research questions presented below. Research: medium Given the significant social and economic impact the flax mill industry had on local Maori populations and the wider economy our understanding of the industry is surprisingly limited. This is in part due to the mobile nature of flax milling plants which, during the formative period of the industry, were moved frequently to be close to the natural flax resource leaving limited archaeological footprints. Larger commercial operations in the late 1900s and early 20th century were focused on flax planation’s resulting in larger more permanent mills with associated workers accommodation as is the case with Te Kopua and Paroa mills on the Kaituna. The flax milling industry along the Kaituna changed the settlement distribution of Maori populations and was a catalyst for intertribal conflict, The research potential of the archaeology of these sites lies both in the little understood technology employed in processing the flax and the conditions of workers employed at the mill, many of whom were local Maori. The archaeology of most of the workers dwelling to the west of Te Kopua mill were likely destroyed during earthwork associated with horticultural development in the 1980s. Whare / house sites to the east may retain some archaeological integrity.

U14/3039 MIDDEN Background

This site was first recorded as an archaeological site U14/3039 by Gumbley and Phillips in 1999. It is located immediately east of the probable location of Te Whakararauhe Pa (U14/3041) and may form part of the settlement of Whakararauhe. U14/3039 is situated on a solid landing area in an otherwise riverine wetland where access to the dunes and the beach to the north can be had. It may have been occupied in the late 1820s or early 1830s by local Maori involved in flax harvesting.

Archaeological Site Description

The site is defined by an area of raised land surrounded by scarps and associated midden deposits adjacent to the Kaituna River. The scraps may suggest the site was defended or fenced.

Site extent The current polygon defining the boundary of U14/3039 includes an area of raised ground immediately adjacent to the river bank. This polygon encompasses the location the shell midden identified by Gumbley and Phillips.

References: Percy Smith, S. 1893 The Fall of Te Tumu Pa, near Maketu, Bay of Plenty New Zealand. In JPS Vol.32, No.127, pages 121 – 130.

U14/1740

U14/3040

U14/3039 Rototapu U14/3041

Figure 1. Aerial photo showing polygons currently defining extent of site U14/3039 and adjacent sites that may have formed a single occupation area. (Tauranga City Council GIS).

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: U14/3039 General Values Criteria. Period: High U14/3039 is one of a number of similar settlement sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. They are generally thought to have been established by local Maori to control and or harvest local flax resources for trade in the 1830s. They represent a specific episode of activity in the early historic period associated with the harvesting of surrounding resources. The site may also have been occupied in the prehistoric period. Rarity: High U14/3039 and neighbouring sites represent a unique group of settlement sites established on the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. They may have been established for very specific reasons and occupied for a relatively short period in the early historic period. They may have also been occupied in the prehistoric period and are considered a very rare site type. Integrity: High The integrity of U14/3039 can only be established by archaeological investigation. Activities that may have affected the integrity of the pa include recent ploughing of the river flats in the immediate vicinity. Representativeness: High U14/3039 is unique and can only be compared to adjacent sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River, however it must be considered representative of these sites. Context or Group Value: High U14/3039 is an important component of the group of unique settlements along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. Diversity: High Intra site diversity potentially includes many aspects of activity associated with the 1830s settlement as well as earlier prehistoric settlement. Fragility and Vulnerability: High Components of the site on the river bank have likely suffered from erosion and farm activity. Further threats include intensification of land use.

Archaeological Qualities Information: High U14/3039 has high potential to provide archaeological information relating to prehistoric and early historic occupation and activity on the lower Kaituna River environment.

Research: High Archaeological remains associated with U14/3039 may provide information relating to the early contact period including the impact European traders had on material culture, the nature of settlement architecture compared to similar prehistoric settlements, subsistence economies etc.

U14/3040 MIDDEN Background

This site was first recorded as an archaeological site U14/3040 by Gumbley and Phillips in 1999. It is located immediately east of the probable location of Te Whakararauhe Pa (U14/3041) and may form part of the settlement of Whakararauhe. U14/3040 is situated on a solid landing area in an otherwise riverine wetland where access to the dunes and the beach to the north can be had. It may have been occupied in the late 1820s or early 1830s by local Maori involved in flax harvesting.

Archaeological Site Description

The site is defined by 20m x 10m area of raised land with associated Ostrich Foot shell midden deposits adjacent to the Kaituna River. The raised area may have been defended or fenced at some point during its occupation.

Site extent The current polygon defining the boundary of U14/3040 includes an area of raised ground immediately adjacent to the river bank. This polygon encompasses the location the shell midden identified by Gumbley and Phillips.

U14/1740

U14/3040

U14/3039 Rototapu U14/3041

Figure 1. Aerial photo showing polygons currently defining extent of site U14/3040 and adjacent sites that may have formed a single occupation area. (Tauranga City Council GIS). ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: U14/3040 General Values Criteria. Period: High U14/3040 is one of a number of similar settlement sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. They represent a specific episode of activity in the early historic period associated with the harvesting of surrounding resources. The site may also have been occupied in the prehistoric period. Rarity: High U14/3040 and neighbouring sites represent a unique group of settlement sites established on the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. They may have been established for very specific reasons and occupied for a relatively short period in the early historic period. They may have also been occupied in the prehistoric period and are considered a very rare site type. Integrity: High The integrity of U14/3040 can only be established by archaeological investigation. Activities that may have affected the integrity of the pa include recent ploughing of the river flats in the immediate vicinity. Representativeness: High U14/3040 is unique and can only be compared to adjacent sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River, however it must be considered representative of these sites. Context or Group Value: High U14/3040 is an important component of the group of unique settlements along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. Diversity: High Intra site diversity potentially includes many aspects of activity associated with the 1830s settlement as well as earlier prehistoric settlement. Fragility and Vulnerability: High Components of the site on the river bank have likely suffered from erosion and farm activity. Further threats include intensification of land use.

Archaeological Qualities Information: High U14/3040 has high potential to provide archaeological information relating to prehistoric and early historic occupation and activity on the lower Kaituna River environment.

Research: High Archaeological remains associated with U14/3040 may provide information relating to the early contact period including the impact European traders had on material culture, the nature of settlement architecture compared to similar prehistoric and early historic settlements, subsistence economies etc.

U14/3041 WHAKARARAUHE (WHAKARAHUE) PA Background

Te Whakararauhe Pa is marked on a number of early survey plans most notably ML 2046 produced in 1870 which describes it as an ‘Old Pa’ on ML 3995 produced in 1889. The latter plan also identifies Rototapu, a small lakelet, immediately adjacent to the pa. It was first recorded as an archaeological site U14/3041 by Gumbley and Phillips in 1999. There is little information on Whakararauhe and Rototapu in available archives. The only identified published reference comes from Smith who writes that during the lead up to the battle of Te Tumu ‘the Arawa taua advanced from Te Kopua to Te Whakararauhe (about 30 chains from the Te Tumu Pa), and there the forces separated to the sides assigned to them at the three different points of assault.’7

Te Whakararauhe is situated on a solid landing area in an otherwise riverine wetland where access to the dunes and the beach to the north can be had. It may have been established in the late 1820s or early 1830s by local Maori in response to a demand for flax by European traders (specifically Hans Tapsell) that provided a means for obtaining muskets. Occupation of the pa may have spanned a ten year period during the 1820s and 1830s but may have been a settlement in prehistoric times.

Archaeological Site Description

The site is defined by an area of raised land adjacent to the Kaituna River with areas of exposed shell midden in the river bank.

Site extent The current polygon defining the boundary of U14/3041 includes an area of raised ground immediately adjacent to the river bank. This polygon encompasses the location the shell midden identified by Gumbley and Phillips.

Recommendations  That further archaeological investigation is required to determine the physical and temporal relationship between U14/3039, 3040, 3041 & 1740.  That further archival research is required to better understand the age and function of the site. References: Percy Smith, S. 1893 The Fall of Te Tumu Pa, near Maketu, Bay of Plenty New Zealand. In JPS Vol.32, No.127, pages 121 – 130.

7 Smith 1893:125

Figure 17. Part survey plan ML 2046 produced in 1870 showing Whakararauhe described as ‘Old Pa’.

Figure 2. Part ML 3995 illustrating the location and possible extent of Whakararauhe. This plan also illustrates Rototapu immediately north of Whakararauhe.

U14/1740

U14/3040

U14/3039 Rototapu U14/3041

Figure 18. Aerial photo showing polygons currently defining extent of site U14/3041 and adjacent sites that may have formed a single occupation area. (Tauranga City Council GIS).

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: U14/3041 General Values Criteria. Period: High Te Whakarahue Pa is one of a number of similar settlement sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. They are generally thought to have been established by local Maori to control and or harvest local flax resources for trade in the 1830s. They represent a specific period in the early historic period brought about the presence of a European trader at Maketu, the ability of local Maori to trade flax for muskets and countered further invasions from northern iwi. Rarity: High Te Whakaraue Pa and associated pa on the lower left bank of the Kaituna River represent a unique group of settlement sites established for very specific reasons and occupied for a relatively short period in the early historic period. They are therefore extremely rare. Integrity: High The integrity of Te Whakarauhe Pa can only be established by archaeological investigation. Activities that may have affected the integrity of the pa include recent ploughing of the river flats in the immediate vicinity of the pa. Representativeness: High Te Whakarahue Pa is unique and can only be compared to adjacent sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River, however it must be considered representative of these pa. Context or Group Value: High Te Karaka Pa is an important component of the group of unique settlements along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. Diversity: High Intra site diversity potentially includes many aspects of activity associated with the 1830s settlement as well as earlier prehistoric settlement. Fragility and Vulnerability: High Components of the site on the high dune to the north and on the river bank to the south have likely suffered from erosion and the previously mentioned bulldozing. Further threats include residential development.

Archaeological Qualities Information: High Te Karaka Pa has high potential to provide archaeological information relating to the 1830s settlement.

Research: High Given the significant social and economic impact the flax mill industry had on local Maori and the unique nature of the Kaituna River Pa research potential must be considered high. Archaeological remains may provide information relating to the early contact period including the impact European traders had had on material culture, the nature of settlement architecture compared to similar prehistoric settlements, subsistence economies etc.

U14/3042 TERRACES MIDDEN Background

U14/3042 is part of a group of sites located on the Kaituna River Margins. The 1999 - 2000 field survey identified a number of sites in this area including pa along the river, a number of occupation sites on high dunes adjacent to the river margins and a series of river bank middens that are likely associated with terraces on the high dunes. Wooden artefacts have been recovered along the river including canoes, many of which were exposed in the course of river works. There are currently no archaeological investigations of these sites on which to draw to characterise the settlement activities or to date these sites. There is historical and traditional evidence that pa such as Te Karaka, Te Paroa Whakararauhe and Te Kopua along the river were established in the 1830s, but they may have been occupied prehistorically. However, there is currently no information regarding the depth of time that these sites represent although a pattern similar to that of the fore dunes may be expected, i.e., throughout the prehistoric and early historic period. U14/3042 was first recorded as an archaeological site by Gumbley and Phillips in 1999. It is located on elevated dunes adjacent to the lower left bank of the Kaituna River.

Archaeological Site Description

Archaeological Site U14/3042 is located immediately adjacent to the swampy margins of the Kaituna River and extends for approximately 300m along the dune ridge. In addition to the midden deposits and flattened terrace areas, this site includes buried cultural soils mixed with shell and hangi stones evident in an erosion scar at the western extent of the site. At the eastern end of the site on a low flattened area there is a concentrated mound of ostrich foot and tuatua midden , with a concentrated charcoal rich soil layer apparent in the adjacent swale . It seems likely that U14/3042, V14/186 and V14/185 are associated and further investigation will likely demonstrate them to be parts of a single site that is larger than the area identified.

Site extent The current polygon defining the boundary of U14/3042 includes the extent of visible archaeological features identified by Gumbley and Phillips, however, the site may encompass adjacent archaeological features recorded as V14/185 and V14/186.

Recommendations  That further archaeological investigation is required to determine the physical and temporal relationship between U14/3042, V14/185 & V14/186.  That further archival research is required to better understand the age and function of the site. Figure 1. Aerial photo showing polygons currently defining extent of site U14/3042 and adjacent sites that may have formed a single occupation area. (Tauranga City Council GIS).

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: U14/3042 General Values Criteria. Period: High U14/3042 is one of a number of similar sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. The site has not been radiocarbon dated, however, it is likely that the Kaituna River sites were occupied throughout the prehistoric and early historic period. Rarity: High U14/3042 and neighbouring sites represent a unique group of settlement sites established on the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. They may have been established for very specific reasons and occupied for a relatively short period in the early historic period. They may have also been occupied in the prehistoric period and are considered a very rare site type. Integrity: High The integrity of U14/3042 can only be established by archaeological investigation. Activities that may have affected the integrity of the site erosion and farm activities. Representativeness: High U14/3042 can only be compared to adjacent sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River, however, it must be considered representative of these sites. Context or Group Value: High U14/3042 is an important component of the group of unique settlements and activity areas along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. Diversity: High Intra site diversity can only be established by subsurface archaeological investigation but may potentially include aspects of activity associated with the 1830s settlement as well as earlier prehistoric settlement. Fragility and Vulnerability: High Components of the site on the river bank have likely suffered from erosion and farm activity. Further threats include intensification of land use. Archaeological Qualities Information: High U14/3042 has potential to provide archaeological information relating to prehistoric and early historic occupation and activity on the lower Kaituna River environment. Research: High Archaeological remains associated with U14/3042 may provide information relating to the early contact period including the impact European traders had on material culture, the nature of settlement architecture compared to similar prehistoric and early historic settlements, subsistence economies etc. U14/ 3043 MIDDEN, CULTURAL SOILS

Archaeological Site Description:

Archaeological Site Description U14/3043 comprises several midden deposits and associated cultural soils indicative of prehistoric cultivations. It is located on a low dune ridge adjacent to an historic trail and in close proximity to several whare indicted on early 20th survey plans ML 11056).

Recommendations: Further archaeological investigation is required in order to determine the extent, antiquity and significance of this site.

Figure 1. Survey Plan ML 11056 showing houses and whare along raised dune immediately adjacent to middens recorded as U14/3043.

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: U14/3043 General Values Criteria. Period: Medium This site may relate to prehistoric settlement or possibly post 1900 activity associated with the Te Kopua flax mill. The modified soils are however more indicative of prehistoric cultivation. The site has not been radiocarbon dated. Rarity: medium Further archaeological investigation is required in order to establish rarity however it is likely similar to the many middens found on the eastern end of the dune plain. If it was formed during occupation of adjacent mill house it would be considered rare. Integrity: high The site was in relatively unmodified condition during the 1999 - 2000 archaeological survey, however some earthwork associated with flood protection gad occurred in the immediate area. . Representativeness: ? It is not possible to establish the representativeness of the site until further archaeological investigations have been completed.

Context or Group Value: ? If the site is part of the Te Kopua Mill archaeological landscape it will have high group value however without further archaeological investigations it is not possible to assess. Diversity: ? It is not possible to establish the representativeness of the site until further archaeological investigations have been completed. Fragility and Vulnerability: High The site has been significantly damaged by stop bank earthwork.

Archaeological Qualities Archaeological qualities can only be established following further archaeological assessment.

U14/3051 TERRACES MIDDEN Background

U14/3051 is part of a group of sites located on the Kaituna River Margins. The 1999 - 2000 field survey identified a number of sites in this area including pa along the river, a number of occupation sites on high dunes adjacent to the river margins and a series of river bank middens that are likely associated with terraces on the high dunes. Wooden artefacts have been recovered along the river including canoes, many of which were exposed in the course of river works. There are currently no archaeological investigations of these sites on which to draw to characterise the settlement activities or to date these sites. There is historical and traditional evidence that pa such as Te Karaka, Paroa Whakararauhe and Kopua along the river were established in the 1830s, but they may have been occupied prehistorically. However, there is currently no information regarding the depth of time that these sites represent although a pattern similar to that of the fore dunes may be expected, i.e., throughout the prehistoric and early historic period. U14/3051 was first recorded as an archaeological site by Gumbley and Phillips in 1999. It is located on elevated dunes immediately north of Te Paroa Pa (U14/1743) and may form part of the settlement of Paroa.

Archaeological Site Description

Archaeological Site U14/3051 is located along the crest of the high dune immediately north of the Kaituna River and Te Paroa Pa. It comprises a series of terraces on or close to the crest of the dune. The western end of the site features a large well preserved house terrace measuring approximately 7x9m located on the north east side of the dune crest.

Site extent The current polygon defining the boundary of U14/3051 includes the extent of visible archaeological features identified by Gumbley and Phillips.

Recommendations  That further archaeological investigation is required to determine the physical and temporal relationship between U14/3051, 3052, 3053 & 1743.  That further archival research is required to better understand the age and function of the site. Figure 1. Aerial photo showing polygons currently defining extent of site U14/3053 and adjacent sites that may have formed a single occupation area. (Tauranga City Council GIS).

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: U14/3051 General Values Criteria. Period: High U14/3051 is one of a number of similar sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. The site has not been radiocarbon dated, however, it is likely that the Kaituna River sites were occupied throughout the prehistoric and early historic period. Rarity: High U14/3051 and neighbouring sites represent a unique group of settlement sites established on the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. They may have been established for very specific reasons and occupied for a relatively short period in the early historic period. They may have also been occupied in the prehistoric period and are considered a very rare site type. Integrity: High The integrity of U14/3051 can only be established by archaeological investigation. Activities that may have affected the integrity of the site erosion and farm activities. Representativeness: High U14/3051 can only be compared to adjacent sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River, however, it must be considered representative of these sites. Context or Group Value: High U14/3051 is an important component of the group of unique settlements and activity areas along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. Diversity: High Intra site diversity can only be established by subsurface archaeological investigation but may potentially include aspects of activity associated with the 1830s settlement as well as earlier prehistoric settlement. Fragility and Vulnerability: High Components of the site on the river bank have likely suffered from erosion and farm activity. Further threats include intensification of land use.

Archaeological Qualities Information: High U14/3051 has potential to provide archaeological information relating to prehistoric and early historic occupation and activity on the lower Kaituna River environment. Research: High Archaeological remains associated with U14/3051 may provide information relating to the early contact period including the impact European traders had on material culture, the nature of settlement architecture compared to similar prehistoric and early historic settlements, subsistence economies etc.

U14/3052 MIDDEN Background

This site was first recorded as an archaeological site U14/3052 by Gumbley and Phillips in 1999. It is located immediately east of Te Paroa Pa (U14/1743) and may form part of the settlement of Paroa. U14/3052 is situated on a low tongue of land extending into the riverside wetlands. It may have been occupied in the late 1820s or early 1830s by local Maori involved in flax harvesting.

Archaeological Site Description

The site comprises shell midden on the raised area adjacent to the swamp.

Site extent The current polygon defining the boundary of U14/3052 includes the area of raised ground and the shell midden identified by Gumbley and Phillips.

Recommendations  That further archaeological investigation is required to determine the physical and temporal relationship between U14/3051, 3052 & 1743.  That further archival research is required to better understand the age and function of the site.

Figure 1. Aerial photo showing polygons currently defining extent of site U14/3052 and adjacent sites that may have formed a single occupation area. (Tauranga City Council GIS).

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: U14/3052 General Values Criteria. Period: High U14/3052 is one of a number of similar sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. They may represent a specific episode of activity in the early historic period associated with the harvesting of surrounding resources. The site may also have been occupied in the prehistoric period. Rarity: High U14/3052 and neighbouring sites represent a unique group of settlement sites established on the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. They may have been established for very specific reasons and occupied for a relatively short period in the early historic period. They may have also been occupied in the prehistoric period and are considered a very rare site type. Integrity: High The integrity of U14/3052 can only be established by archaeological investigation. Activities that may have affected the integrity of the site erosion and farm activities. Representativeness: High U14/3052 can only be compared to adjacent sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River, however, it must be considered representative of these sites. Context or Group Value: High U14/3052 is an important component of the group of unique settlements and activity areas along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. Diversity: High Intra site diversity can only be established by subsurface archaeological investigation but may potentially includes aspects of activity associated with the 1830s settlement as well as earlier prehistoric settlement. Fragility and Vulnerability: High Components of the site on the river bank have likely suffered from erosion and farm activity. Further threats include intensification of land use.

Archaeological Qualities Information: High U14/3052 has potential to provide archaeological information relating to prehistoric and early historic occupation and activity on the lower Kaituna River environment.

Research: High Archaeological remains associated with U14/3052 may provide information relating to the early contact period including the impact European traders had on material culture, the nature of settlement architecture compared to similar prehistoric and early historic settlements, subsistence economies etc.

U14/3053 MIDDEN Background

This site was first recorded as an archaeological site U14/3053 by Gumbley and Phillips in 1999. It is located immediately east of Te Paroa Pa (U14/1743) and may form part of the settlement of Paroa. U14/3053 is situated on a low tongue of land extending into the riverside wetlands. It may have been occupied in the late 1820s or early 1830s by local Maori involved in flax harvesting.

Archaeological Site Description

The site comprises shell midden on the raised area adjacent to the swamp.

Site extent The current polygon defining the boundary of U14/3053 includes the area of raised ground and the shell midden identified by Gumbley and Phillips.

Figure 1. Aerial photo showing polygons currently defining extent of site U14/3053 and adjacent sites that may have formed a single occupation area. (Tauranga City Council GIS).

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: U14/3053 General Values Criteria. Period: High U14/3053 is one of a number of similar sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. They may represent a specific episode of activity in the early historic period associated with the harvesting of surrounding resources. The site may also have been occupied in the prehistoric period. Rarity: High U14/3053 and neighbouring sites represent a unique group of settlement sites established on the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. They may have been established for very specific reasons and occupied for a relatively short period in the early historic period. They may have also been occupied in the prehistoric period and are considered a very rare site type. Integrity: High The integrity of U14/3053 can only be established by archaeological investigation. Activities that may have affected the integrity of the site erosion and farm activities. Representativeness: High U14/3053 can only be compared to adjacent sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River, however, it must be considered representative of these sites. Context or Group Value: High U14/3053 is an important component of the group of unique settlements and activity areas along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. Diversity: High Intra site diversity can only be established by subsurface archaeological investigation but may potentially includes aspects of activity associated with the 1830s settlement as well as earlier prehistoric settlement. Fragility and Vulnerability: High Components of the site on the river bank have likely suffered from erosion and farm activity. Further threats include intensification of land use.

Archaeological Qualities Information: High U14/3053 has potential to provide archaeological information relating to prehistoric and early historic occupation and activity on the lower Kaituna River environment.

Research: High Archaeological remains associated with U14/3053 may provide information relating to the early contact period including the impact European traders had on material culture, the nature of settlement architecture compared to similar prehistoric and early historic settlements, subsistence economies etc.

V14/40 TE TUMU PA

Background Te Tumu pa was first recorded as an archaeological site by Cecil Watt in 1970. Site information has subsequently been updated by Gumbley and Phillips in 2000 and Campbell in 2013. In 2013 Matthew Campbell carried out an exploratory archaeological investigation in an attempt to determine the extent of the site. Following this investigation an Environment Court decision determined a boundary and buffer zone around the likely extent of the pa. The site extent is shown as M81 on Planning Map R100 in the proposed Tauranga City Plan.

Archaeological Site Description A detailed description of surface and known subsurface archaeology associated with the site is presented in Campbell’s 2014 report.

Further Information There is considerable traditional and archival information relating to the history, location and extent of V14/40 (Te Tumu Pa). Much of this information was presented and interpreted by expert witnesses during a recent environment court hearing specifically focused on the identification of the actual location and extent of Te Tumu pa. For an understanding of the history, location and extent of Te Tumu Pa, evidence presented in the hearing should be reviewed especially the evidence and rebuttals of Phillips, Kahotea and Campbell as well as the Summary Judgment (Decision No. [2014] NZEnvC 38) which provides a revised TTAMA boundary and scheduled TTSMA.

Site Extent The extent of V14/40 is presented in the environment court decision No. [2014] NZEnvC 38, however this must be considered provisional and the true extent of the site still requires clarification by further archaeological investigations.

Recommendations:  That Te Tumu Pa is preserved within a designated reserve.  That any earthwork / ground disturbance proposed in the immediate area surrounding the pa is carried out under the provisions of an HNZ authority. Conditions of such an authority should include monitoring of ground disturbance by a suitably qualified archaeologist.

References: Campbell, M. 2013 Section 18 investigation of Site V14/40, Te Tumu, Bay of Plenty. Unpublished report prepared for The New Zealand Historic Places Trust. Kahotea , D. 2014 Evidence in chief and rebuttal - (Decision No. [2014] NZEnvC 38) Phillips, K.J.S. 2014 Evidence in chief and rebuttal - (Decision No. [2014] NZEnvC 38)

Figure 19. Plan showing archaeological features exposed in test trenches during the Section 18 investigation of V14/40. Campbell 2013:Figure 13

Figure 20. Extent of site including buffer provided in Environment Court Decision No. [2014] NZEnvC 38 Annexure C.

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: V14/40 General Values Criteria. Period: High There is extensive archival information regarding events that occurred at Te Tumu pa before, during and after the Battle of Te Tumu in 1836. The Battle at Te Tumu was a significant event in the history of the Tauranga District. Rarity: High There are few surviving examples of defended pa associated with the musket wars in the Bay of Plenty and even fewer pa built on the coastal dunes. Consequently Te Tumu Pa is considered very rare. Integrity: Medium Information presented during the Environment court hearing (esp. Phillips, Kahotea and Campbell) would suggest that part of the pa was destroyed during the construction of the Kaituna River outlet in the 1950s. However, an archaeological investigation carried out by Campbell revealed extensive subsurface archaeological information relating to prehistoric activity at the site. Representativeness: High There are few sites similar in age, type and geographic location to compare Te Tumu Pa with, consequently Te Tumu Pa must be considered very representative of its type albeit poorly understood given the significant damage and the largely subsurface nature of the site. Context or Group Value: High Te Tumu Pa is part of a network of settlement sites along the left bank of the Kaituna River established partly as a result of the surrounding flax industry. Other settlements in the immediate vicinity include Te Kopua, Te Karaka and Paroa pa. Te Tumu is also a significant component of the wider political landscape of the mid 1830s that included Maketu pa and inland settlements of Te Arawa where war parties assembled before the Te Tumu battle in 1836. Diversity: High Diversity is difficult to assess based on available information. It has diverse historical and cultural values, however, while the geographic location is unique the diversity of the archaeological remains can only be established by archaeological investigation. Fragility and Vulnerability: Archaeological sites within dune environments can be more susceptible to erosion. Te Tumu Pa has already suffered significant damage from the Kaituna River realignment and subsequent fore dune erosion. Vegetation covering the site, including young pines, will cause ongoing damage to the subsurface archaeological resource.

Archaeological Qualities Information: High Information potential was unclear due to the subsurface nature of the resource and previous damage to the site however, the investigation carried out by Dr Campbell in 2014 has indicated relatively high information potential. The investigation provided one of the earliest radiocarbon dates yet obtained from a site on the Papamoa dune plain which indicates that early occupation occurred on the fore dunes prior to the construction of Te Tumu pa. Any surviving archaeological evidence of the gun fighter defences and occupancy of the pa leading up to the battle would have high information and research potential. Research: High Based on the results of the archaeological investigation carried out by Dr Campbell the site has the potential to add to our understanding of early prehistoric settlement on the dunes and early historic occupation associated with the flax industry and possibly the nature of gun fighter pa built on a sand dune environment.

V14/185 OVEN STONES Background

V14/185 is part of a group of sites located on the Kaituna River Margins. The 1999 - 2000 field survey identified a number of sites in this area including pa along the river, a number of occupation sites on high dunes adjacent to the river margins and a series of river bank middens that are likely associated with terraces on the high dunes. Wooden artefacts have been recovered along the river including canoes, many of which were exposed in the course of river works. There are currently no archaeological investigations of these sites on which to draw to characterise the settlement activities or to date these sites. There is historical and traditional evidence that pa such as Te Karaka, Te Paroa Whakararauhe and Te Kopua along the river were established in the 1830s, but they may have been occupied prehistorically. However, there is currently no information regarding the depth of time that these sites represent although a pattern similar to that of the fore dunes may be expected, i.e., throughout the prehistoric and early historic period. V14/185 was first recorded as an archaeological site by Gumbley and Phillips in 1999. It is located on elevated dunes adjacent to the lower left bank of the Kaituna River.

Archaeological Site Description

Archaeological Site V14/185 is located on the dune c100m north of the swampy margins of the Kaituna River. The site comprises a small group of Hangi stone. It seems likely that U14/3042 and V14/186 and V14/185 are associated and further investigation will likely demonstrate them to be parts of a single site that is larger than the area identified.

Site extent: The current polygon defining the boundary of V14/185 includes the extent of visible archaeological features identified by Gumbley and Phillips, however, the site may encompass adjacent archaeological features recorded as U14/3042, V14/185 and V14/186.

Recommendations  That further archaeological investigation is required to determine the physical and temporal relationship between U14/3042, V14/185 & V14/186.  That further archival research is required to better understand the age and function of the site. Figure 1. Aerial photo showing polygons currently defining extent of site V14/185 and adjacent sites that may have formed a single occupation area. (Tauranga City Council GIS).

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: V14/185 General Values Criteria. Period: High U14/3042 is one of a number of similar sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. The site has not been radiocarbon dated, however, it is likely that the Kaituna River sites were occupied throughout the prehistoric and early historic period. Rarity: Low While V14/185 and neighbouring sites represent a unique group of settlement sites established on the lower left bank of the Kaituna River, however, the hangi stones recorded as V14/185 represent an individual feature that is likely repeated throughout the site complex. Integrity: Medium The integrity of V14/185 can only be established by archaeological investigation. Activities that may have affected the integrity of the site erosion and farm activities. Representativeness: High V14/185 can only be compared to adjacent sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River, however, it must be considered representative of these sites. Context or Group Value: Low V14/185 is a small component of the group of unique settlements and activity areas along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River, however it represents an individual feature that is likely repeated throughout the site complex. Diversity: Low Intra site diversity can only be established by subsurface archaeological investigation but may potentially include aspects of activity associated with the 1830s settlement as well as earlier prehistoric settlement. Fragility and Vulnerability: medium The site on the river bank have likely suffered from erosion and farm activity. Further threats include intensification of land use. Archaeological Qualities Information: low V14/185 is a common site type along the lower Kaituna and elsewhere on the dune plain. Research: low V14/185 is a common site type along the lower Kaituna and elsewhere on the dune plain.

V14/186 MIDDENS Background

V14/186 is part of a group of sites located on the Kaituna River Margins. The 1999 - 2000 field survey identified a number of sites in this area including pa along the river, a number of occupation sites on high dunes adjacent to the river margins and a series of river bank middens that are likely associated with terraces on the high dunes. Wooden artefacts have been recovered along the river including canoes, many of which were exposed in the course of river works. There are currently no archaeological investigations of these sites on which to draw to characterise the settlement activities or to date these sites. There is historical and traditional evidence that pa such as Te Karaka, Te Paroa Whakararauhe and Te Kopua along the river were established in the 1830s, but they may have been occupied prehistorically. However, there is currently no information regarding the depth of time that these sites represent although a pattern similar to that of the fore dunes may be expected, i.e., throughout the prehistoric and early historic period. V14/186 was first recorded as an archaeological site by Gumbley and Phillips in 1999. It is located on elevated dunes adjacent to the lower left bank of the Kaituna River.

Archaeological Site Description

Archaeological Site V14/186 is located on the dune ridge immediately adjacent to the swampy margins of the Kaituna River. The site comprises a series of tuatua and ostrich foot middens, including a midden mound and a series of hangi stones. It seems likely that U14/3042 and V14/186 and V14/185 are associated and further investigation will likely demonstrate them to be parts of a single site that is larger than the area identified.

Site extent The current polygon defining the boundary of V14/186 includes the extent of visible archaeological features identified by Gumbley and Phillips, however, the site may encompass adjacent archaeological features recorded as U14/3042, V14/185 and V14/186.

Recommendations  That further archaeological investigation is required to determine the physical and temporal relationship between U14/3042, V14/185 & V14/186.  That further archival research is required to better understand the age and function of the site. Figure 1. Aerial photo showing polygons currently defining extent of site V14/186 and adjacent sites that may have formed a single occupation area. (Tauranga City Council GIS).

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: V14/186 General Values Criteria. Period: High V14/186 is one of a number of similar sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. The site has not been radiocarbon dated, however, it is likely that the Kaituna River sites were occupied throughout the prehistoric and early historic period. Rarity: High V14/186 and neighbouring sites represent a unique group of settlement sites established on the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. They may have been established for very specific reasons and occupied for a relatively short period in the early historic period. They may have also been occupied in the prehistoric period and are considered a very rare site type. Integrity: High The integrity of V14/186 can only be established by archaeological investigation. Activities that may have affected the integrity of the site erosion and farm activities. Representativeness: High V14/186 can only be compared to adjacent sites along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River, however, it must be considered representative of these sites. Context or Group Value: High V14/186 is an important component of the group of unique settlements and activity areas along the lower left bank of the Kaituna River. Diversity: High Intra site diversity can only be established by subsurface archaeological investigation but may potentially include aspects of activity associated with the 1830s settlement as well as earlier prehistoric settlement. Fragility and Vulnerability: High Components of the site on the river bank have likely suffered from erosion and farm activity. Further threats include intensification of land use.

Archaeological Qualities Information: High V14/186 has potential to provide archaeological information relating to prehistoric and early historic occupation and activity on the lower Kaituna River environment. Research: High Archaeological remains associated with V14/186 may provide information relating to the early contact period including the impact European traders had on material culture, the nature of settlement architecture compared to similar prehistoric and early historic settlements, subsistence economies etc.