A Journal of the MAP AND GEOGRAPHY ROUND TABLE of the AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION No.1 1989 Table of Contents

America's First Federal Map Library 3 By Richard W. Stephenson Where the Land Meets the Sea, America Charts Its Coasts, 17 By Barbara B. McCorkle Research Note Pre-Twentieth Century Women Mapmakers 29 By Alice C. Hudson

The History of Cartography, Vol.I, Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean 37 The Population Atlas of China 39 World Mapping Today 41 Access America: An Atlas and Guide to the National Parks for Visitors with Disabilities 43 Map Librarianship: an Introduction 45 Scholar's Guide to Washington, D.C. for Cartography and Remote Sensing Imagery 46 A Social and Economic Atlas of India 48 Historical Atlas of Canada, VoLl: From the Beginning to 1800 49 The Cartography of North America 1500-1800 50

Selected Publications of Note 33

Editorial 2

Index to Advertisers 35

Information for Contributors 53 From the editor . ••

F or several years, man}' ~ t ap and Geography Round Table officers and Publications Committee members have planned for a refereed MERIDI N journal in the field of map librarianship as a companion to ~ I AG ERT ' s successful newsletter. base line. This inaugural issue of Jfen'dian is the result of that planning-and more recent work by its staff. Editorial Board, consulting editors. and contributors. It is my hope that the articles , research note. and reviews contained herein will be EDITOR interesting and useful contributions to the broad field of map Philir Hoehn tibrarianship. The Univ ~rsity 0 Cabfonua, Berkele y One might get the mistake n impression from issue number one PRODUCTION ~A.'lAGER that Meridian is exclusively (or research in the historical aspects of Donn. P. Koepp cartography and map Iibrarianship. Although that is one aspect, U ni \'~ rs ll y of Kansas articles which advance the organization and dissemination of SCBSC RIPTIONS ~(A.'lA GER cartographic. geographic and re mote sensing col lections and iruorma­ Peter L, Stark lion. and describe and document the major trends and issues in the Univ~ rsity of Or~ 1/OII professional development of cartographic and geographic bbrarianship AD'tERTISL'lG MA."iAGER It your that D.rid A, Cobb are most welcome. is editor's hope papers covering this UIUV~rs i ly of Illinois entice range of topics will appear in forthcoming issues of .\-feridian. REVIEW EDITOR Our readers are encouraged to submit articles. " Information for Brent Alli son Contributors." appearing elsewhere in this issue, provides details Uni v~rs i ty of :\linne$OU about Jleridian •s editorial policy. Also welcome are letters to the editor and comments (critical or otherwise) on Jteridian. its papers, EDITO RIAl BOA RD research notes. and reviews. Contributions considered to be of Ralph E. Ehrenberg general interes t will be considered for publication. In addition, Library of Ccngress persons wishing to review materials for the journal are invited to Alice C. Hudson N~w York Public Library write the review editor. ) Iary L . L. n gord I would like to formally thank all those people. including our U ni v ~" it y of California. Santa Barbara advertisers. who have made this debut possible, ROMrt S. )f lll1.in Louisiana Stal ~ U niv ~ rsity Philip Hoehn C h iU' l~ s A, ~,v~1 U ni v~ rsity 01Arizona REVIEWS Stan l~y D. Ste'l'Us U niv~l'5i ty of California. 5.ita Cruz Publishers are invited to send review copies of their books. maps and other items to the review editor. Brent Allison, "lap Library. S76 0 ."1. Wilson Library, University of "1innesota. "1inneapolis. CONSULTING EDITORS Minnesota 55455, Manuscripts of reviews should be addressed to the Hl'll'nJ. ne Arm.trone . U niv ~ rsi ty of f10rilb review editor, Readers wishing to review materials for Meridian are Tony CampM lI, invited to write the review editor indicating their special areas of The BritishLibrary interest and qualifications. Larry Carv er, Ur uve rsnv of California , Santa Barbara Michael P, Conzen, ADVE RTISING STATEMENT The Unive rs ity of Chicago Men'dian accepts advertising of products or services as it improves Edwar d H. Dahl. National Arch ives of Canada communication between vendor and buyer. Men'dian will adhere to Larry Cruse. all ethical and commonly accepted advertising practices and reserves Uni v ~" ity of California, San DieoJtO the right to reject any advertisement deemed not relevant or John B, GiU"'I'l'r, Jr.. consistent with the goals of the Map and Geography Round Table. N<6:lnaJ Geogr3phic Sociely Enquiries should be addressed to David A. Cobb. Advertising Franci s Herbert , Roy. ~""" Soci«y "1anager. "tap & Geography Library, University of Illinois, 1408 Robert W. g arrow. Jr., West Gregory Drive, Urbana, Illinois 61801. Phone 217 3J3.0827. The N~~rry Library Gfl) rg~ F. )f cClu ry. ir.. U nj,,' ~ rsily of Kansa5 SUBSCRI PTIONS B.rbara B. M ~ Co r k l e . Meridian is published twice yearly. To subscribe, or to change an YaJ~ Univ~ rsit y Jo hn T. Monckton , address. please write to Peter L. Stark, Subscription Manager, Map J,T. :\Ioncklon Ltd., ChicaltO Library. University of Oregon, 165 Condon Hall . Eugene. Oregon Gary W, ~ o rt h . 97403-1 299, Subscription rates are $20,00 for individual. ($25.00 United Stares Geological Survey foreign); $25.00 for an institution,($30.00 foreign). Individuals must Nancy J, Pru ett, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque prepay. institutions may be bill ed. All foreign subscriptions must be Norm. n J .W. Thrower , paid in U.S . dollars. Make your check payable to ALAfMAGERT. Univ~n ity of California. Los AnI(eJes Alberta Auringer Wood, ~ E RID I AJ'

2 .merica's First Federal Map Library By Richard W. Stephenson

ith the reorganization of the Li­ his successor Simeon De Witt, are now Wbrary of Congress in 1897. the preserved in the New York Historical Hall of Maps and Chart s (now the Society. Geography and Map Division) was estab­ In the early days of our Republic. lished under the dynamic leadership of maps made by and for Government Philip Lee Phillips. This paper examines departments for the purposes of de­ the need for a Federal repository for fense , war. and commerce were kept by Th e creation. 081', and maps , atlase s and related materials and these agencies as long as they were of collecting of maps by the creation and early development of current value in carrying out their varied officials of the Ameri ­ such a center wi thin the administrative missions. A few agencies . such as the ca n governme nt is as framework of the Library of Congress. General Land Office, maintained excel­ old as th e nation itself. lent collections, but generally the Durin g the t ryin g Nee d fo r Maps number of maps in government offices t imes of the American The creation. use, and collecting of was small. being kept rolled . flat in Revclunon when the maps by officials of the American gov­ portfolios, or bound as atlases. T here eountrys very exist­ ernment IS as old as the nation itself. was no government-wide policy concern­ 11,' 0 1:(' .....as held together During the trying times of the American b~' a thread, Genera l ing what to keep and what to discard . Geor ge Washin gton Revolution when the country's very Obsolete official maps, suc h as those of st ruggled to obtain existence was held together by a thread, Erskine and De Witt , were either sufficient maps t o a id General George Washington stru ggled to destroyed or passed into the hands of a him in safe!)' moving obtain sufficient maps to aid him in safely private individual or a public institution. his er mv a nd in fight­ moving his army and in fighting the Map collections found in Federal age n­ ing the enemy. enemy. Despite having been a licens ed cies were so few and their holdings so surveyor since his youth , the General inadequate that in 1842, Sec retary of found himself unable to lead an army and State Daniel Webster, while negotiating also to personally provide himself with the northeastern boundary of the United the needed maps. Washington wrote to States with Lord Ashburt on of England, the President of the Continental Con­ was forced to borrow large numbers of gress on January 26, 1777, that " The maps from the Harv ard College Library want of accurate Maps of the Country map collection (Badger 1891 , 74). which has hitherto been the Sce ne of the A few agencies. such War, has been a great disadvantage to Need fo r a Fed eral Map Li brary as the General Land me. I have in vain endeavoured to By the mid-19th centu ry, there was a Office. maintained ex­ growing aware ness among a few edu­ celle nt collections, but procure them, and have been obliged to gene rally' th e num ber make shift. with such Sketches, as I cated persons within and without the of map s in gover nment could trace out from my own Observa­ Federal Government, that a need existe d offices was small •.• tions and that of Gentlemen arou nd me " for a centr al repository for curr ent and Obsolete official maps (Washington 1932, 65). Later General obsolete maps , atlases and related pub­ . .. were either de­ Washington recommended and Congres s lications. The first to call attention to the stroyed or passed into approved the appointment of Robert need and to propose a solution was the hands of a prrvate Erskine to be Geographer and Surveyor Lieut. Edward B. Hunt, a brilliant Army individual or public in­ General of the Continental Arm y. Many engineer and physicist then on assign­ stitution. of the maps eventually made by Erskine, ment with the United States Coast the nation's first official Geographer, and Survey. eiIt MERIDIAN I 3 Edward B. Hunt after the disastrous Cluistmas Eve fire a Hunt was born in Portage. New York year and a h.alf earlier when more than Hunt . in t h ~ course of on June 15. 1822. Graduating second in 35.000 volumes were destroyed. includ­ ~I ili tary hia ~oaa tal ~o grap h, Iris class from the United States ing nearly the entire map col lection. a t ud i ~a at t h ~ COall t Academy in 1845, he was commissioned After carefully developing his though.ts S U "~, in 1853. " found in the Corps of Engineers , rising in rank on the need for a geographical library it a matler of gnat to ~ajor in March 1863. Later in that and its contents Hunt presented his plan difficult, to ecllate t h~ same year. Hunt work ed with the Navy to the members of the American Asso­ ,"u ioul authorities Department in developing an underwater ciation for the Advancement of Science bearing t h~ r ~ n , and torpedo which he called the "sea­ at their annual meeting held in atill more di ffi cult to miner." Tragically. Hunt was critically Cleveland, Ohio. from July 28 to August mak ~ lI u r~ that I had injured during a test of his invention and 2, 1853. not o m i tt~ d l o m~ lIuch died as a result of his injuries on A resolution in support of this pro­ au t h o ri t i ~8 . poss ible of t he first impor tance." October 2. 1863 at the age of 41 posal was passed by the Association and (Barnard 1895. 31·41; U.S. Coast Sur­ a special committee was appointe d to vey 1864 , 17· 18. 207·208). memorialize Congress concerning the Hunt, in the cou rse of his coastal establish.ment and funding of a Gee­ geography studies at the Coas t Survey in graphical Department. (American Asso­ 1853. " found it a matt er of great ciation for the Advancement of Science. difficulty to collate the various authorities 1853. 275) In addition to Hunt. the bearing the reon. and still more difficult committee consisted of such distin­ H ~ came to the realiza­ to make sure that [ had not omitted guished gentlemen as Professor Alex­ tion that what t he f ed­ some such authorities. possibly of the ander D. Bache. Superintendent. U.S. eral Gon r n m~ nt first importance " (Ame rican Association Coast Survey; General Joseph G. Tot ­ needed W all " a com­ for the Advancement of Science. 1853, ten. U.S. Anny; Col. J.J. Abert. Chief plete and lIPf!Cial glW­ 172). Hunt first tried to solve his needs Engineer, U.S. Army: Lieut. Metthew F. graphkal library. not by the "collection and methodizing of ~faury. Superintendent of the Naval onl, of material. on information relative to maps and charts. Observatory ; Lieut. C.H . Davis. Super­ the United Sta res sea ­ and of the localities where they may be intendent of the Nautical Almanac; Peter COall t. but of those re­ found" (American Association for the Force, historian and former ~ I ayor of lating to the whole Advancement of Science. 1853 , 172). Washington , D.C.; and Prof. Arnold country. to America at large. a nd to the whole Although. this helped. the majority of the Guyot. the distinguished physical geog· world." maps and charts remained dispersed. rapber. " To remedy this in part," Hunt noted . In the fall of 1853. the Committee met " some traci ngs and printed copies were and dre w up a memorial urging Congress added to the Coast Survey col lection, to es tablis h. a Geographical Departmen t though. the limited means thus applicable in their Library, The Committee reo prevented anything borde ring on com­ marked that " There is not. in the United pleteness. even in regard to our own States. nor on this Continent. a single sea-coast " (American Association for the collection of geographical materials which. Advanceme nt of Science . 1853. 172). He is eve n tolerably complete. The Harv ard came to the realization th.at what the collection. the collection of the State There i. not, in the Federal Government needed was " a Department. the Hydrographic Office. United States, nor on complete and special geographical library, the Topographical and Engineer Bu­ this Co ntinent, a single not only of materials on the United reaus , the Coast Survey. the Smithso­ collection of geograph· States sea-coast. but of those relating to nian Institution, and those of Libraries. ical materiall whie h ill the whole country, to America at large. Colleges. Societies . and scholars gen­ ~. en tolerabl, com­ and to the whole w'or ld .. (American eraUy throughout our country. have been pteee." Association for the Advancement of formed for some special and limited Science. 1853 . 172). Hunt believed that purpose, and hence. all are at present the Library of Congress would be the very imperfect. None rises to the rank place for the geogra phical library he of a true Geographical Library. in which. envisioned and that the timing of such a sh.ould be found the means of investigat­ venture was probably ideal beca use ing all geographical Questions . both. of Congress was then re building its Library sea and land. at h.ome and abroad"

4 ~E:RlDlAS I ~ (Norton's Literary Gazette 1854,189). America. In deviating from Edward The memorial was presented to the Hunt 's plan for a comprehensive geo­ United States Senate on March 30, 1854 graphical department, Kohl remarked by Senator Edward Everett of Messa­ that " American maps are what is wanted chusetts and then referred to the Com­ the most. not only here but everywhere. mittee on the Library for its because the}' have been until now the consideration. Here it seems to have worst provided for. At a later period we died a peaceful death. might try to include the whole world; but such a work is too enormous to be Johann Georg Kohl undertaken at once" (Kohl 1856, 143). Three years later, in the winter of Kohl also suggested that the Char­ 1856-1857, the Gennan scholar Johann tographical Depot include an auxiliary Kohl IIrgrd tht' Arnt'ri· Georg Kohl delivered a lecture at the hbrar}' containing " historical works and can people to ntablish Smithsonian Institution concerning the books of travels from which we have a rnap library"or, as he need for " a collection of the charts and taken maps , and which are necessary to called it , "a char ­ maps of America" (Kohl 1856), Kohl explain these maps. Further, it should tographical depot.,. was a distinguished geographer who had contain all important works on the that would (ocus first on dt'l"t'loping a lign ifi­ work ed and travelled in the United subject of American discovery. geogra­ rant eulleerien of maps States since 1854. Prior to his arrival in phy and history. and at least some good of Arnt'rica. this country he had combed important dictionaries of those languages in which European libraries for infonnation rela­ the legends on the maps have been tive to the exploration of the New written ; always , however. keeping in World. In the course of his extensive view the subordinate character of the research, he had made a large collection collection, and restricting it to what is of hand drawn tracings of the important clearl}' indispen sable" (Kohl 1856. 13i). maps of America preserved in European He stressed that maps "should be put libraries. Many of the maps in his forward as the principal thing. that they collection were virtually unknown to should not be mixed up wi th the books scholars then working on this side of the on the shelves. or be deposited in Atlantic Ocean (Wolter 1981; Wood comers of the library, as is their usual 1976). fate; but that they should stand before In his public lecture at the Smithsonian the eye as the prominent and independ­ Institution, he remarked on the tragic ent object of the collection" (Kohl 1856, loss in Europe over the years of 137). significant maps of America due largely Kohl concluded his lecture with the to ignorance and disinterest. " When following warning: " If the United States another new map appeared the old one would not be found inclined to give life Rt'gtt'ttabIJ. neither disappeared from kingly palaces, and to the plan proposed here, then there Kohl'. nor Hun t' . u ll from the academies , and was laid aside would be left as little hope for its for the utabli. hrnent to be forgotten, Or no-not laid aside ; realization as Columbus would have had of a Fed eral rnap li­ for if this had been done. if the old maps for the carrying out of his project had brary wu prornptly had been carefully preserved in archives Ferdinand and Isabella refused him their heeded b,. a Congrellll and libraries, that would have been all assistance" (Kohl 1856, 146). and Go'"em rnent that see n found themselves we wanted. But the se old and precious Regrettably, neither Kohl's nor Hunt's " Telllling wi th the fi­ documents were allowed to perish; they call for the establishment of a Federal nanri al pan ic of 1857 were either never more heard of. or if map library was promptly heeded by a and the lengtheninr recollected and spoken of still, it was Congress and Government that soon llhadow," of a corning only with contempt and to upbraid them found themselves wrestling with the rivil war. for their 'ridiculous ' blunders" (Kohl financial panic of 1857 and the lengthen­ 1856, 95). ing shadows of a coming civil war. Kohl urged the American people to es tablish a map library or. as he called it. " 3 chartographical depot " (Kohl 1856. Dan iel Coit Gilman 143), that would focus first on develop­ On January 31st. 1871. Daniel Coit ing a significant collection of maps of Gilman. then professor of physical and

~ MERIDIAN I 5 -

political geography at Yale University's accessible, like the books in the Library Sheffield Scientific School and later presi­ of Congress. or the books and models in dent. conse cutively, of two universities . the Patent Office, so that persons who delivered the annual address at a mee t­ have the right may make inquiry respect­ ing of the American Geographical Society ing them" (American Geogra phical Soci­ in New York City. I In his address ety 1872. 114-115). entitled "The Last Ten Years of Geo­ graphical Work in this Country, " Gilman Ainsworth R. Spo fford lashed out at the difficulty in obtaining When he sat down to prepare his current geographical information from annual report for the year 1872. more Federal agencies . " Where ar e their than likely Librarian of Congress results to be found." Gilman inquired ? Ainsworth Rand Spofford was unaware of " In the first place. we look for them in Professor Gilman's suggestion the year the government offices at Washington, in before that there can be created a the manuscript records, in the printed central repository for maps and charts.a documents, irregularly distributed. often Here in his re port. however. the Li­ very inaccessible to those who are most brarian of Congress recommended for des irous of obtaining their contents. The the first time that. when space permit­ extreme difficulty of ascertaining what ted . a map room should be established. there is in the various departments of As he envisioned it. the " map-roo m" the general go....ernment is only sur­ would be of "spacious dimensions. in passed by the difficulty of knowing how which the thousands of separate maps to get at it .. . Now it is very puzzling now accumulated and hereafter to accu­ to the geographical student. in conse­ mulate in the Library could be thor­ quence of the mode in which these oughly classified. catalogued. and utilized various papers are distributed , to know for refere nce at a moment 's notice " how to bring together. at anyone time. (U.S. Library of Congress 1872 . 10-11). the results of so many different investi­ Ainsworth Spofford . a former book­ gations. It sometimes appears as if these seller and newspaperman from Cincin­ departmen ts were not acquain ted with nati. Ohio. joined the staff of the Library each other 's work. and felt still less of of Congress in 1861 as Assistant Li­ interest in the work of savanltls who are brarian. assuming the position of Li­ " Th e ex tre me di flk ulty engaged in similar researches. Some of brarian of Congress in 1864 (Cole DCascertaining w hat these fact s may point to the incom­ 1971-72, 1975 . 1977). During his long t here ill in the warioll8 pletenes s of our civil se rvice : for while tenure as Librarian. lasting until 1897, depart me nts of t he we have so many able officers of the he was eminently successful in expand­ ge nera l govern ment is government engaged in inves tigations of ing and broadening the collec tions . as only surpassed by the well as in promoting the Library's unique difficul ty of knowin.l:' the highest value to mankind . much of how to gtl a t it...." their usefulness is impaired by the dual functions as a legislative library and defective arrangements for gathering up. the nation 's library. Within the first six presenting and distributing to the public years of his leadership. the collections the results thus ascertained" (American were significantly enlarged and enriched Geographical Socie ty 1872 . 113· 114). by the transfer of the 40,QOO.. volume In the se sentences. Gilman's condem­ Smithsonian Institution Library in 1865. nation of the problems faced in obtaining the purchase for $100 .000 in 1867 of the recent geographical information from the great Peter Force American history gove rnment comes through clearly. He library containing near ly 23.000 books . concluded his diatribe against the exist­ 40,000 pamphlets and over 1.200 maps ing conditions with a recomme ndation and views (Stephenson 1973, 184). and that the re be esta blished " in Washing­ the arrival in 1871 of nearly 20.000 ton, or elsewhere. as a de partment of items that had been deposited for the general government. a bureau of copyright. The latter was the result of maps and charts and geographical mem­ the new Copyright Act of 1870 in which oirs , where all these vast accu mulations registr ation and de posit was ce ntralized may be stored. classified and rendered in the Library of Congress.

6 The receipt of such a vast number of general question of the reorganization of items in such a short period of time the entire Library service," he wrote, virtually inundated the available space set " it may be gathered . . . that the aside for the Lihrary of Congres s in the following departments or divisions are Capitol Building. The situation was so deemed important: (I) printed books, (2) grave Spofford remarked that " with the periodicals, (3) manuscripts, (4) maps exception of one narrow reading-room in and charts, (5) works of art , (6) the north wing, capable of seating only catalogue department, (7) binding depart­ twenty readers , the entire Library of ment, (8) Copyright office and records, As the Librarian of Congress affords no place for the quiet (9) superintendence." The Librarian cau­ Congress conceived it, pursuit of study" (Library of Congress tioned Congress that "Each of these a separate fireproof lip 1872. 7). divisions should have a compete nt head, brarv building should A Separate Building and the salaries of those employed in not only provide the In his 1872 report to Congress, each should be graduated in proportion space required for the to experience, capacity, and responsibil­ expanding book collec­ Spoffo rd discussed two proposals to ity.. .." (U.S. Congress 1895, 14). tion and a central expand the Capitol Building to accommo­ reading room for the date the Library and a third proposal to " The large and rich collection of use of the public. but build a separate building adjacent to the maps, numbering over twenty thousand, also suitable space for Capitol Grounds. It was the latter which the Library has accumulated," five se parate apart­ proposal that he urged Congress to Spofford pointed out in his special report ments housing copy­ adopt because it would provide the space to Congress, "will require one of the right records. maps. needed for a library worthy of the large halls in the new building for their fine arts , periodicals. nation. Spofford reminded Congress that proper classification and arrangement. and a packing room. the Library had twice doubled in size Many of these are original manuscript within 12 years and he predicted that in maps and plans of the Revolutionary approximately 100 years (1975), the period, drawn by British, French, and Library would reach 2.500,000 volumes American engineers. .. . The engraved (Library of Congress. 1872, 9).' As the maps, from the early period of settle­ Librarian of Congress conceived it a ment in America, to the most modern separate fireproof library building should examples, form a most valuable series, not only provide the space required for illustrating the boundaries and topogra­ the expanding book collection and a phy of the country in every part . . . and central reading room for the use of the when arrange d in progressive series and public, but also suitable space for five systematic geographical order, their util­ separate apartments housing copyright ity will be immeasurably increased" records, maps, fine arts, periodicals, and (U.S. Congress 1895, 7). a packing room. As the time approached for the Although it looked like a separate completion of the new building, Con­ "The large and rich building would become a reality in a gress authorized the Joint Committee on collecti on of maps. relatively short time, disputes soon rose the Library to hold hearings "for the numbering over tw enty over architectural style, size and loca­ purpose of inquiring into the condition of thousand , whi ch the tion- disputes that succeeded in delaying the Library of Congress, and . .. also to Library has accumu­ the completion of the building until 1897. report a plan for the organization, lated , will require one custody, and management of the new of the large hall s in A Map Room in the Library of Library building and the Library of the new buildin g for Congress Congress " (U.S. Congress 1897, I). their proper classifica­ Through the long years of arguing for, Bernard R. Green, Superinte ndent of tion and arrange­ planning, and waiting for the completion the new library building, Librarian of ment." of the new building, the Librarian of Congress Spofford, and several distin­ Congress never wavered in his desire to guished American librarians of the time establish a map library. In his special were called before the committee. In his report received in the Senate on Decem­ lengthy testimony Spofford did not fail to ber 3, 1895, Spofford discussed at length mention the maps in his custody. He the needs of the Library including its reminded the members of the " very organization and staff. " Respecting the large and important collection of maps, e\iO MERIDIAN I 7 00

;:: m "s Fig. 1. "Sc ene in the Old Congress ional Library . .. Showing Present Congested Condition. " Photograph of drawing by W. Bengough, Harpe r's ~ I -e e kly. z February 27. 1897. Photograph courtesy Library of Congress. ~ mostly, but by no means all, acquired by into the twentieth century. Young, a copyright. They largely exceed 40,000 in newspaperman and diplomat well-known number. Among them are a great many and liked in Washington, D.C. political illustrative of the Revolutionary cam­ circles, was immediately endorsed by the paigns. Those are originals: that is to Senate on June 30, 1897. say, uniques [sic]. They were acquired at various times during the last forty years Phillips Appointed Map Librarian and almost every camp or battlefield The new Librarian quickly set about from Newport down to Yorktown is the important task of filling the key there represented. There are originals supervisory positions created by Act of by British, French, Hessian, and Ameri­ Congre ss. There is some evidence that can engineers, They should be very he first considered hiring James B. carefully guarded and exhibited, in my Harmer as Superintendent of Maps and Among man)" other judgement , because they are among the Charts (Mearns 1947, 143). Probably on things . this Act of most valuable historical materials, mili­ the advice of Spofford, however, Young Congress for the first tary history being one of the divisions of looked to his own staff and wi sely chose time authorized the to promote the gifted and hard-working creation of a map li­ history now most cultivated and effec­ Philip Lee Phillips to the new post. bra ry and earmarked tively treated by leading historians" funds for hiring a "su­ (U.S. Congress 1897, 58). Phillips was the son of Philip Phillips, perintendent of hall of then a successful Washington lawyer and maps and charts . .. Map Library Autho r ized a former pre Civil War representative and two assistants. After debating the issues in Decem­ from Alabama. After finding the study of ber, January and early February. the two law not to his liking, Philip Lee Phillips houses of Congress finall y came to found employment in 1876 with the agreement and passed the necessary Library of Congress.More than likely legislation reorganizing the Library and the position was secured through the appropriating the necessary funds. Presi­ influence of his father who, unknown to dent Grover Cleveland signed the act on his son, secretly paid his salary for February 19, 1897. Among many other nearly four years (Ristow 1971, 96). things, this Act of Congress for the first From this inauspicious beginning, how­ time authorized the creation of a map ever, emerged a dedicated employee library and earmark ed funds for hiring a who was to serve the Library faithfully " superintendent of hall of maps and for 48 years . charts, [at] two thousand dollars; [and] Although offic ially assigned the duties two assistants, at nine hundred dollars of a book cataloger, Phillips early in his After finding the study each" (Statutes at Large 1895-1897, career became interested in the maps of law not to his lik­ 544). Although not seeming to be very and atlases then scattered helter-skelter ing, Philip Lee Phillips large by today's standards, the salary in the Capitol building. In fact, he found employment in designated for the superintendent of the became so knowledgeable, that it was to 1876 with the Library hall of maps and chart s was exceeded Phillips the Librarian turned when ques­ of Congress . Although only by six positions in the Library,- tions were raised concerning the Li­ officiall)'" assigned the duties of a book cata­ With the building complete, the appro­ brary 's cartographic materials. Perhaps loger. Phillips ea rly in priations and reorganization act passed , to improve his knowledge of the mate­ his career became in­ and the staff poised to begin the move rials, in 1878 he began to prepare terested in the maps from the Capitol Building, Ainsworth bibliographical citations to American and atlases then scat­ Rand Spofford, now 72 years of age, maps found separately and in publications tered helter-skel te r in graciously stepped down and assumed in the Library. Still extant are the hand the capitol building. the position of Chief Assistant Librarian, written author cards Phillips prepared a position he was to hold with distinction indicating the maker of the map, title, under two Librarians of Congress until imprint, as well as the date he recorded his death in 1908. To replace the the information. Eventually this simple venerable Spofford, President William fil e was to become a massive 15,000­ McKinley selected John Russell Young of entry cartobibliography. In see king funds Pennsylvania to lead the greatly ex­ to publish it "as the first printed panded legislative and national library catalogue of the Map Departm ent ," he eGt MERIDIAN 1 9 and a multitude of maps, prints, and other objects-800 tons in all-began two days later. Laborers hired for the occasion, working under the direction of the regular staff, began the diflicult undertaking of removing the materials from the overfilled fireproof rooms de­ signed for the old library, as well as from 18 separate storage areas in isolated locations in the Capitol building. The laborers placed the books on hand barrows and open trays, and carried them to the waiting horse-drawn wagons which then transported the materials the short distance to the new building facing the east front of the Capitol. Upon arrival the books and other materials were quickly dispersed by hand and by elevator to their preassigned locations. Fortunately, the weather re mained good and "as a result of the care, foresight, and industry of the staff, the whole Library, with its manifold and various treasures , was removed in ten weeks" Fig. 2. Philip Lee Phillips. first superintendent of the Hall of (U.S. Library of Congress 1897, 6) . Maps and Charts. 1897·1924, Photograph courtesy Library of Maps and atlases as they were identified Congress. were carried to the north curtain on the building's second floor where, as Phillips put it, " they were dumped ... in noted that " It is the product of twenty absolute confusion"(Mearns 1947, 160). years of labor in the old library in Phillips hastily estimated, when re ­ ransacking through hidden sources, a quested, that he had received from the work which is original in its idea and old library some 25,000 sheet maps, which will be a valuable assistance to the 1,200 atlases, 700 pocket maps, and 800 Library and to students, , ,." (Phillips roller maps (U.S. Library of Congress 1899, 11), Phillips was succes sful in 1897, 25). By September, 1898, how­ getting the support of the Librarian of ever, he was able to report that " A Congress. Accordingly, in 1901, his careful count" showed that the collec­ 1137-page bibliography was published by tions in fact included 47,042 sheet maps, the Government Printing Office under 1,180 atlases, 410 school atlases, and the title AList of Maps of America in the 1,563 pocket maps for a grand total of Library of Congress, Preceded by a List of 50,195 items (U.S. Library of Congress Works Relating to Cartography, Despite 1898, 25). the passing of some 87 years since it Before beginning the task of sorting was issued, it remains a well-used and arranging this mass of cartographic bibliography, not only in the Library of materials, Phillips visited several libraries Congress, but elsewhere, "to find out if any system of class ifica­ tion and treatment was used which Library Moves to New Building would be a precedent to follow in With the conclusion to the session of arranging our collection. " To his dismay, Congress on July 24th, plans were put he reported to the Librarian that he into operation for the long awaited move " found them all in a very primitive of the Library, The old library closed on condition in regard to their maps and July 31st and the transfer of the more awaiting this Library to take the ini­ than 787,715 books, 218,340 pamphlet s tiative" (Annual Report 1898, 2).

10 MERIDIAN 1 eot Fig. 3. The Hall of Maps and Charts in its temporary quarters in the north curtain. second floor of the Library of Congress, October 1898. Seated at the desk in the center of the photograph is Philip Lee Phillips. Photograph courtesy Library of Congress.

Early Development of Map Library arranged by continent under the world, Finding no pre-existing system worthy and alphabetically by country under each of emulation, therefore, Phillips and his continent. Each country had five subdivi­ two assistants , Anita Stevens and sions, namely: 1) special maps arranged Charles W. Wells, pitched into the alphabetically by subject; 2) the country seemingly insurmountable task of sort­ as a whole arrang ed chronologically; 3) ing, cleaning, mending and placing the the counties or provinces. arranged maps in Manila folders. In the upper left alphabetically; 4) the cities and towns, corner of each, Phillips wrote the area, arranged alphabetically; and 5) mis­ date and author so that " in this manner cellaneous maps, i.e., non-political maps. much time and trouble in opening maps The subarrangemen t was always chron­ is saved and also wear and tear" ological" (Le Gear 1969, 22). For want (Annual Report 1897, 2). The maps of map cases, Phillips and his staff were then arranged in a geographical­ arranged the maps according to his chronological-alphabetical classification class ification scheme in piles on tables so system designed by Phillips. Clara Egli that they could be easily found if needed. Le Gear, long-time employee of the In one year, Phillips was able to report Geography and Map Division and who to the Librarian that his system of worked for Phillips during his final classifying maps by area and date had decade, wrote that " The maps were been a success. " That it is a good one,"

~ MERllJlAN 1 11 ~

~ ~ The anticipated move ~ = of the Hall of )I apli and Charts from its I t. temporary quarters on -, the second door to per­ manent facilities on the first floor occurred on )1ay 28. 1900.

Fig. 4. The Hall of Maps and Charts shortly after moving into its permanen t quarters in the north curtain. first floor of the Library of Congress on May 28. 1900. Some of the first map cases obtained by the Libraryare in the background. Photograph courtesy Library of Congress.

he noted, " has been exemplified by the Move of Map Lihrary to Permanent readiness with which repeated calls for Quarters maps etc. have been met with a speedy The anticipated move of the Hall of response. From chaos this great collec­ Maps and Charts from its te mporary tion has been so systematized that within quarte rs on the second floor to perma­ a few minutes all maps and atlases are nent facilities on the first floor," north accessi ble" (Annual Report 1898, 4-5). curtain" occurred on May 28, 1900. The The most troublesome maps that Division was to occupy this site on the Phillips had to deal with were the 1,400 main floor of the Library of Congress for From chaos this great roller maps that had accumulated in the more than 50 years . In less then three collection has been so old library over many years. Maps years the Division had been transformed systematized that mounted on rods for hanging in parlors, from a mass of unorganized material to a wit hin a few minutes offices and schools were popular in the all maps and atlases well organized collection of cartographic are access ible. United States in the nineteenth century, materials with a well-appointed reading and as such, many were represented in room in which to consult them. The new the Library 's collections . " They re­ facility was equipped with a reference quire," Phillips commented , "when very counter, several readers tables, two numerous as is the case in the Library, "Jenkins rollers " containing frequently special furniture and eve n then are very used refere nce maps, atlas shelves , and difficult to handle. As most of the roller of special importance, 13 oak map cases maps are varnished, time see ms to especially designed for the Hall of Maps stiffen them in a way to be almost and Charts. " The cases already fur­ unmanageable. The text rubs off and the nished .. . ." Phillips wrote, "were size for purposes of examination is found sufficient to contain all the maps clumsy and difficult to consult" (Mearns relating to America and also a few 1947, 161). Phillips solved this vexing miscellaneous subjects; but not sufficient problem once and for all. He had the to contain the large number of maps maps removed from the rollers, cut into relating to other portions of the World. I parts according to size, and placed them would suggest the number of cases be in manila folders to fil e with the single doubled for this reason" (Annual Report sheet maps. 1900, 1).

12 MERIDIAN 1 eGt 1

Fig. 5. Tbe Hall of Maps and Charb, CiI . 1915-1917. A feo'" year.; earlier. additional steel map case s had been installed in 1....'0 levels . Philip Lee Phillips is shown second from the k-ft. Photograph courtesy Library 01 Congress.

requested to deposit their map produc­ Development or the Collection tion in the Library, as well as any Six additional cases arriv ed in 1901 obsolete cartographic items no longer and seven years later. specially con­ needed for their curr ent work . structed metal cases were installed in Phillips was especially pleased with 1"" 0 levels . virtually filling from floor to the transfer from the Department of ceiling the ar ea designated for the Hall of State on July 17. 1903. of the 474 hand Map and Chans. With the equipmen t dra....'n copies of maps that made up the needed to house a map library arriving Johann Georg Kohl collection of early or in place. and with a small but maps of America . In his first annual . . • Phillips turned his dedicated staff to ass ist him. Phillips repo rt submitted on Septe mber 22. attention to improvi ng turned his attention to impro ving and 1897. Phillips had advocated the transfer and l':lpand ing th e col. expanding the collections in a logical of this valuable collec tion to the Library lection in a logical fashion. He set about acquiring as many of Congress as being " mos t appropri ­ fash ion. maps of America as possible, so me ate" (Annual Report 1897. 6). Congress foreign charts and topographic se ries. had appropriated $6.000 in 1856 for Kohl recent maps of foreign countries. and to make copies of the maps that he had modem and antiquarian atlase s.In addi­ found in European archives and libraries tion. Federal government agencies were before coming to the United States. Kohl

13 further enhanced the maps with marginal " dumped ... in absolute confusion" notes explaining the location of the and organized it into a usable collection. original. its contents . and its importan ce. Under his guidance the cartographic To make the collection more widely holdings of the Library grew to 524.000 known and used. the Library of Con­ pieces ranging in date from the earlie st gress iss ued in 1904. a reprint of Justin examples of maps and atlases to the Winsor's bibliogra phy of the collection. most recent. In lamenting the loss of his with autho r and general indices prepared trus ted expert . Librarian of Congress by Phillips added to it (Winsor 19(4). Herbe rt Putnam said that Phillips's " En­ tire absorptio n in his collection-its Publication of Cartobibli ogra phies developme nt and its interpretation-had Phillips' s great love was bibliography brought him to a precision of knowledge and in the first two decades of the regarding its contents which constituted twentieth century he focused his efforts hima recognized autho rity. without Phillip s's gnat loye on the compilation and publication of recourse to whom conclusions in Ameri­ bi b lio ~a p h,. was and cartobibliographies on a variety of tope s. can cartograp hy would be unsafe " (tlS. in the 6n t two dee ­ His greatest undertaking was the prepa­ Library of Congress 1924 , 6). ad ts of tile twen tiet h ration of the monumental e.atalog entitled With the administrati ve support of u n tllry he fOl:u Hd hi. A List of Geographical Atlases in the etrorts on the compila· Librarians of Congress Spofford. Young Library of Congress. This work. describ­ tio n and publica tion of and Putnam. and 27 years of direction by c:artobibliogt>a phie. on ing in detail 4.324 atlases dating from the Philip Lee Phillips. the first Federal map a vaTiet,. of tepies. middle ages to 1919 and including tables library was established on a sound of contents and bibliographical notes for footing. Six geographers have led the many of the older items. was published map library in the 64 years since by the Library of Congress in four Phillips's death, each contributing signir i­ volumes between 1909 and 1920. Some cantly through their own personalities . years later. Clara Egli Le Gear. who had interests and specializations in shaping assisted Phillips on volume four. re ­ today's Geography and Map Divisicn.! sumed work on the atlas list. Volumes five thr ough eight describing atlases received since 1920 were published by the Library betwee n 1958 and 1974, and Richard W. Stephenson is the Spe­ a ninth volume consisting of a combined cialist in American Cartograp hic History author index to the previously issued in the Geogra phy and .\'tap Division, volumes has bee n completed and will be Library of Congress . The paper is a published in the future. revision of a presentation he gave at the meet ing of the Middle Atlantic Division. Death of P hill ip s Association of American Geographers . On January 4 . 1924. Philip Lee Phillips April 1988. The .\'tS submitted in August died while still on active service with the 1988. This article is not protected by Library. Through his tireless efforts he copyright. had salvaged from the old library some 50.000 maps and atlases that had bee n -

~(fPtogp(fpllep, Ill. c2;m;/;eJ6 J;l;ons 1001 9 Fairfax Court , N. W. Albuque rque , New Me xico USA 81114 (505) 898·6905 Robert E. Lyons America's First Federal Map Library _

NOTES Library of Congress. 1872. Annual Report of the 1. GiIman ",.lIS Professor of Ph ~"S ical and Pobtical G~graphy 011 Yale, Librarian of Congress. Washington: Government 1863-1872; President, Uni\'enit), of California. Berkeley. Printing Office. 1872· 1875: ~ Pr6 ident . johns Hopkins Uni\'enit)", 1875-1901. --. 1897. Report of the Librarian of Congress. 2. Ahhough G~man orall~' ISelin·red his addr65 on Jmlm)' 31. 1871, Washington: Government Printing Office. and it was ~ III voIu~ thr ee (1872) of the jou rNll of the Amerian (;wJmlphic.al Sociel)', it aetuaDy was TIOl praned until --. 1898. Report of the Librarian of Congress. 1873. Washington: Government Printing Office. 3. By 1915, tho: Librar}' had actuall)' reached 17,500.000 volumes - - . 1924. Report of the Librarian of Congress . boused in two buikbngs and ~ve~ annexes. lIIi lh a third buikhng Washington: Government Printing Office. then under oonsltLlctlon on Cap tol HiD. 4. In 1897. the Wary ol w Supermlendent of the HaD 01 M iI ~ and Mearns , David C. 1947. Tht Stor)' Up to Nou:: The Clwts ....as tK~ onI)' tJ,.. tlw Librarian of Congr6 S. 55.000; Llbrar)' of Congress. 1800-1946. Washington: Library the Supermler*nl of the Library Buikbng and Grounds. $5.000: of Congress. Chief Assistant Librmm. $4.000; Assistant Librarian (Superin­ Norton's Literary' Gazette. 1854. New series 1 (April tendent of the Reading Room), $3 .000 ; RegISter of Copyrights. $3.000: and Chiefof the CaWogmg Deputment. $3.000. A IS). "CompantJve' ub!e " published ..-llh the neanngs 00 the Phillips. Philip L. 1899. "Memorandum from the Maps CrMdflWrr oftM LibFa" ~'Umgms (1897) revealed thai. thE' bead & Charts Department, to the Librarian of Congress. 01the "hip Room in the Bnti$h Museum e~ a s.abr)" of July 26. 1899: - S2.25O. 5. Lawrence !'olaron . 1924·1944; Roben S. Pbtt. 1944·1946; Bunon Ristow. Walter W. 1971. " Philip Lee Phillips. Car­ W. Adkinson. 1947· 1949; Arch C. Gffbch. 1950-196 7; Waher W. tobibliographer.·· In: Karten in Bibliothtktn ; Fes­ Risto... 1965-1978; ;md john A. Woner. 1978-. tgaMfur Hnnrnn Kromm rur l-ollendung seines 65. Lebensjahres, p. 95-109. Bonn-Bad Godesberg. The Statutes at Large of the United States of America. LITERATURE CITED 1895-1897. Washington: Government Printing Office, American Association for the Advancement of Science. 1897. Vol, 29, 1853. Procudings 7 QuIy). Stephenson, Richard W. 1973. " Maps from the Peter American Geographical Society 1872. journal Force Collection. " Quarterly journal of the Library' 3:111-133. of Congress 30 QuIy):l83-204. [Annual Report of the Hall of Maps and Charts, U.S. Coast Survey. 1864. Report of the Superintenthnt Library of Congress. 1897] Unpublished report . of the Coast Sun't)', shoui ng tht Progress of the [Annual Report of the Hall of Maps and Charts, Survey during tht Year 1863. Washington: Govern­ Library of Congress. 18981 Unpublished report . ment Printing Office. {Annual Report of the Hall of Maps and Chart . Library U.S. Congress. Joint Committee on the Librarv 1896. of Congress. 1900] Unpublished report. Special Report of the Librarian of Congress December Badger, Henry C. 1891. " How We Keep Unbound 3, 1895. 54th Cong., 1st Sess., S. Doc. 7. Maps: Harvard College Library," Library journal 16 --. 1897. Condition of the Library of Congress, (March):73-74. Hearings held from Nov, 16 to Dec. 7, 1896 S. Barnard. F.A.P. "Memoir of Edward B. Hunt. Rept . 1573 , 1822-1863. Read before the National Academy, Washington , George 1932. The Writings of Geo rge August 1864." National Academy of Sciences, Washington. John C. Fitzpatrick, ed. 39 vela. Biographical Memoirs 3;31-41. Washington: Government Printing Office. Vol.7. Cole. John Y. 1971-1972. " A National Monument for a Winsor, Justin, 1904. The Kohl Collection (now in the National Library: Ainsworth Rand Spofford and the Library' of Congress) of Maps Relating to America. New Library of Congress , 1871-1897." Records of With Index by Philip Lee Phillips. Washington: the Columbia Historical Society of Washington, D.C. Government Printing Office. 48:468-507. Wolter, John A. 1981. " Johann George Kohl and --. 1975.Ainsworth Rand Spoffo rd: Bookman and America." The Map Collector 17 (December): Librarian . Littleton. Colo.: Libraries Unlimited, lnc. 10-14. --. 1977. "Ain sworth Rand Spofford: The Valiant Wood. Fergus J . 1976. "].G . Kohl and the ' Lost and Persistent Librarian of Congress." In: ls­ Maps' of the American Coast. " The American brarians of Congress, 1802-1974. p. 119-141 Wash­ Cartographer 3 (October):107-1l5. ~ ington: Library of Congress . Kohl, Johann G. 1856." Substance of a Lecture Delivered at the Smithsonian Institution on a Collection of the Charts and Maps of America." Smithsonian InstiJution Annual Report for 1856. p. 93-146. Reprinted in Acta Cartographica. 1968. 3:185-238. Le Gear, Clara Egli. 1969." Early Years in the Map Division. Library of Congress. "In: Federal Govem­ ment Map Collecting: A Brief History. Richard W. Stephenson, ed.• p. 20-28. Washington: Washington. D.C. Chanter, Special Libraries Association. e

Tht- offi Cl,,1clu ff of th ~ Durch Wtlf IndIa Com~ny . V"n Kr"ln'. c. 16llO rr -p" nflni of Bl.uu', no longu r n anl 1621 ...flU"".

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16 MERIDIAN I ~ here the Land Meets the Sea America Charts Its Coasts By Barbara B. McCorkle

he charting of America's coastline first areas of the New World to be Thas a long but little-told history, mapped with any fidelity, appearing most of which remains locked up in the frequently on maps and charts. The annual reports of the Superindendent of French, Spanish and English charted it; the Coast Survey. Although the Survey perhaps the best known being Thomas was founded by an Act of Congress in Jefferys' 1775 chart, " Coast of West 1807, its substantive work did not begin Florida and Louisiana." Before the Rev­ until 1832, and the first officially pub­ olution, while the colonies that were to The Gulf was one of lished chart only appeared in 1844. Over become the United States were under the first areas of the time, what began as the Coast Survey British rule, very little map publication New World to be changed its name and the numbering took place on this side of the Atlantic. mapped with any system of its charts several times , Sea-going men relied on British charts. fidelity, appearing fre­ complicating the story of its develop­ Independence brought change, as quently on maps and ment. This article discusses the chart Americans began to map and chart their charts. history of a small part of a vast coastline, own country themselves. At first, their the area of the Mississippi Delta, as maps and charts were produced by the illustrative of the developmental history private sector, and among chart makers of official American coastal surveying. were Capt. Paul Pinkham, Mathew Last year a celebratory symposium Clark, and Edmund Blunt, the most was held to commemorate that day, 180 prolific of the early commercial chart years ago, February 10, 1807, when publishers. None of these had the Congress approved " An Act to provide resources necessary for truly thorough, for surveying the coasts of the United scientific surveys, and by the first years Independence brought States. "1 of the nineteenth century charts were so change. as Americans The story of the survey of the coast is few and imperfect that the thousands of began to map and one of the least well known in the vessels plying the coastal waters of the chart their own coun­ history of cartography. There have been United States ran grave risks and try themselves. few articles, and the most recent treat­ suffered heavy losses every year ment (Guthorn 1984, 17-22) devotes (Roberts 1957, 221). Mariners had to only a few pages to the tale, most of the rely on whatever charts were available­ book being given over to chart reproduc­ old sheets of Des Barres' Atlantic tions. The full, fascinating story is still to Neptune, or of Southack's New England be written. Much of it is in the annual Coast Pilot, Mathew Clark or Blunt reports of the Superintendent of the charts. The problem was of concern to Coast Survey, where its progress can be many, including leading members of the followed year by year. The reports are American Philosophical Society, and with rich veins which I have barely scratched their support President Thomas Jeffer­ for this account; someday they will be son urged the formation of a survey of The Coast Survey was fully mined. the coast, which resulted in the afore­ not the earliest Ameri­ A short paper can do no more than mentioned Act. can effort to chart the examine a small geographic area, as an The Coast Survey was not the earliest Gulf. example of the work of the Survey. Our American effort to chart the Gulf. The focus here is the Gulf of Mexico, and necessity for accurate charts of the area more specifically the area of the Mis­ had long been recognized. In May of sissippi Delta. The Gulf was one of the 1806 Congress had ordered a survey of evt MERIDIAN 1 17 the "Coast of the territory of Orleans . been formally opened only in 1802 and from the mouth of the Mississippi the latter was still far in the future . as it westward ... not executed trig­ was not founded until 1845. Hassler had D ~ f~" s ~ was a major onometrically. which would consume to go to Europe in 1811 to obtain proper eo neern: du r ing t h~ more time and be more expensive ... instruments and books . The hostilities War ..f 1812 t h~r~ were but showing its bearings. bays and inlets between England and the United States ~ o lll p l a i n ts from Ihe ... (Survey of the coast of Louisiana in the war of 1812. and some personal r ~ gi on t hat th e E n!tlish 1806. 839). Instructions explicitly in­ business. delayed his re turn until 1815. had bet ter chart8 th an cluded a survey of Bayou Teche and the and the first actual work on the Survey any th ey were Iur­ Atchafalaya River. In 1811 Secretary of began in 1816 (U.S. Treasury Dept. ni sh~d fro m Wash ing­ the Treasury Albert Gallatin reported to 1818. 8-21). But after only two years' to n. the Senate that the orde r had been work. the Survey was halted abruptl y in carried out . and plats. i.e. charts. had 1818 because of congressional inter­ been deposited in his office (Le tter of ference. Not for fourteen years. until Albert Gallatin . 1811. 839). But these Hassler 's reappointment in 1832. did the surveys were neve r published. Again. in Survey really get under way (An Act 1839 John Wheeler surveyed the coast 1832. 570-71). under " An Act to provide for a surve y When work was finally resumed. of the Mississippi Coas t"(Wheeler contrary to some expectations. finished The Survey ~ t oft' to a 1840). The call for such surve ys was charts were not immediately forthcom­ slow d art. Ferdina nd indicative of a perceived need, and of a ing. Hassler was committed to scientific Hass ler. t he firs t diree­ sense that. compared to the Atlantic accuracy. and would not be hurried . Base tor. was a Swisa-bom coast. the Gulf coast was defe nseless lines were measured and remeasured. en!tineer wh"" e com­ and unprepared. Defense was a major and a network of triangles slowly spread p re h~ns i .·~ plan for the concern: during the War of 1812 the re from Long Island (the location of the o ~ r a l io n of t he See- were complaints from the region that the original baseline) north to New England •.~y had bee n selected English had better charts than any they and south toward Chesapeake Bay. bj- Congress. were furnished from Washington (Mis­ Hassler considered these meticulous sur­ sissippi Legislature 1840. 2). veys absolutely es sential foundations . There was a gap of thirty-seven years after which accurate charts could be between the day when Jefferson's pro­ drawn. Congress. with which Hassler posal was officiall)' enacted and the first still had a very prickly relationship (his magnificent chart slipped off the press: annual reports were often fuUof com­ the six-sheet chart of New York harbor. plaints about his pay; and a defense of lIasMler was t"ommitted published in 1844

IS proud of its progress and mentioned it in sance. making a general plan and deter­ his last report (U.S. Coast Survey mining futur e stations : 2) Triangulation. 1844a). He died in 1843. and it came out both primary and secondary': 3) Astro­ the follow;ng year. Nor did he see the nomical observat ions: 4) Topographical surveys reach the Gulf Coas t. His 1843 work; 5) Hydrographical work: and 6) report noted that triangulation now ex­ Magnetic observations (u. S. Coast Sur­ isted from the east end of Rhode Island vey 1847. 6). In Section VIII . a base line to Chesapeake Bay and Cape ~1a y: the was measured on Dauphin Island. after Gulf was still out of sight. which steps 1-6 could be followed for It was only a matte r of time before each area chartered. the survey would reach the Gulf. Follow­ Through Bache 's reports we can ing an initial order which was both logical follow the course of the Survey in and historical. as it was the order of the Section VIII . Bet ween 1846-1853 tri­ Des Barres chart s and of the organiaa­ angulation crept along the Gulf coast, Alexander Dallas tion of Jefferys' American Atlas. the westward fro m Florida, finally reaching Bache. great-grandson sequence of chart s ran from the Maine­ New Orleans , Work on the Delta charts of Benjamin f ranklin Canada border, down the Atlantic Coast. was going on at the same time, A . ..• sueeeeded lIal>lIl er u director of foll owed the Florida peninsula into the preliminary' chart of the Delta was the S U n' r ~' . • • Bache Gulf and swept around it to the Texas­ finished in 1853 (U.S . Coast Survey brought not {) n l ~- a Mexico border then. leaping across the 1853, 82). From this time onward, there good r nginl'rr ing back­ continent. ran from southern California was constant activity in the section. The groun d but abo su ~· to the farthest north coast of Washing­ progress report s, .... hich were included in rior administ r. ti"l' ton, covering territories not imagined at annual report s of the Survey, graphically skills . the inception of the Survey in 1807. record the extension of the triangulation Alexander Dallas Bache. great-grand­ network during the active period of son of Benjamin Franklin, a West Point 1851-1881. The chan for 1851, for graduate. scholar and educator. suc­ example, shows that the Surve y had not ceeded Hassler as director of the Sur­ yet reached New Orleans. nor were vey. Where Hassler had brought to the there any sun..e)'S on the Delta (U_S. Survey a firm foundation based on rigid Coast Survey 1851). By 1859 primary scientific principles. Bache brought not lines have been run around New Or­ only a good engineering background but leans. and there are many triangulation also superior administrative skill s. In his sites on the Delta

~ MF. RlUIAS l 19 any charts from Section VIII available to mac River. The first edition of the chart the general public. Commercial pub­ as published for sale, also in 1874 (and lishers, of course, had access to the still marked as chart 94), is virtually charts in the annual reports to use as a identical to that in the annual report. As basis for their work. chart 194 it went through 15 editions Once publication for sale commenced , between 1874 and 1924, or a new difficulties for map librarians began. edition every thre e years. The number Tracing the publication history of the was changed in 1925, and as chart 1272 charts is complicated. The Survey has it was issued in 33 editions from 1925 to changed both its name and chart num­ 1974, or a new edition every 18 months . bering system several times. It began as The chart changed number again in 1974 the Coast Survey. In 1878 the name was and became chart 11361-its present changed to Coast and Geodetic Survey, number, but maybe not its last?-and to reflect an extended charge, for at that from 1975-1981 it went through 11 time the Survey added work on land to editions, or a new edition every seven its coastal duties and became responsible and a half months! We find a similar, for setting up a triangulation network though not identical rate of change on across the entire country (Roberts 1957, other chart s of the area, attesting to the The Mississippi Delta 222). In 1970 the name was changed increasing thoroughness and care given is a geomorpho­ again, to National Ocean Survey, and in by the National Ocean Service to its logically dynamic re­ 1980 to National Ocean Service (NOS), charts. gion. Charts freeze the name by which it is known today. It is of course understandable that in a changes on paper, and Tracing the name changes is less region undergoing constant change there are an invaluable docu­ difficult than trying to follow changes in would be a need for frequent chart mentary source for tracing the Delta's his­ the number assigned to a particular revision. The Mississippi Delta is a tory. chart. There have been at least three geomorphologically dynamic region. It is major numerical sequences. The last two steadily building out into the Gulf; passes can be tracked through a conversion silt over; hurricanes breach old islands table available from NOS, the Nautical and create new ones . Charts freeze Chart Number Conversion Table (1977?). these changes on paper, and are an This table ignores the earliest set of invaluable documentary source for trac­ charts, what might be called series I, ing the Delta's history. perhaps because few still exist and for all Change on the charts has not been practical purposes can be left out of limited just to change of issuing agency consideration. There is, however, a set name or chart number. Techniques have of 45 microfiches which trace the history changed, too. The early charts, Series I, of every chart , and every plate," and were engraved, and were fine examples through this the sequence for a few of the art , with delicate lines and charts in the area of the Delta and New shading. Topographical details are shown Orleans can be worked out. It is for several miles inland, usually to the instructive to look at their publishing first parallel road (Guthorn 1984, 21). record , which will give one an idea of The Delta area has few roads, and is so Once publication for the frequency with which the charts are low-lying that there are few distinguish­ sale commenced, diffi­ revised and updated. It is no wonder that ing landmarks to be pointed out, but culties for map li­ Americans and others, from novice charts of many other areas usually brarians began. holiday sailors to captains on large, included coastal profiles which enabled Tracing the publication commercial vessels, rely on them. sailors to identify the coast they were history of the charts is One of the earliest was a chart of the approaching through delineation of hills, complicated. The Sur­ vey has changed both Mississippi River Delta which initially steeples , headlands, etc. By the time its name and chart appeared in the annual report for 1874. the second series of charts began to be numbering system sev­ (Fig. 1) Note that it is marked chart 94. published, the United States Geological eral times. When it was finally published for sale, it Survey had been established, thereby eventually became chart 194, the desig­ creating an agency one of whose pur­ nation "chart 94" henceforth being poses was to map the topography of the given to a reconnaissance of the Poto- country. As a result, and influenced by

20 MERIDIAN! ~ Fig. 1. 1874 chart of the Mississippi Delta. Courtesy Yale University Library.

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complaints from Congress about the same chart, adds new cultural features, costs of engraving, topographical details for oil was discovered in the Gulf, and dropped off the charts. For navigators, platforms and oil rigs, particularly in East the charts lost none of their utility, but Bay and nort h of Pass a Loutre, make aesthetically they lost a great deal of their appearance. Garden Bay is even their charm. Chart 195. " Mississippi more filled in. River from Grand Prairie to New Or­ While there are exceptions, in general leans ." was published in 1892. Figure 2 the Surve y used three scales for its shows an electrotype print of chart 195 charts (Guthorn 1984, 20). L 80,OOO was taken from a copper engraved plate. The common and is the scale used in Figures engraving is elegant. Note the fine detail 1-5. For surveys of larger areas the along the river. clearly distinguishing usual scale was 1:400 ,000. These smaU­ between field. woods . and marsh land. scale charts were not intended to be The chart became 1271 in 1925. (being used for close sailing, and indeed sound­ apparently not in much demand . since ings are indicated only on a narrow strip only three issues of the 1884 original are close to the coast on charts of this scale recorded), and Figure 3 shows a 1929 showing the Gulf area. edition. The delicate detail achieved in At the present time the area of the the earlier engraving has been replaced Mississippi Delta is covered by 11 by a coars er line in the lithographed charts, ranging in scale from one of the edition. This is not to say that delicacy entire area of the Gulf of Mexico at and elegance cannot be achieved by 1:2,750,000 to a harbor chart of New lithography. They can. But a simpler Orleans at L I5,000. These 11 charts At the presen t time the type of execution was followed by the are only a fraction of the numerous area or the Mississippi Coast and Geodetic Surve y. There is still charts which cover the coasts of the Delta is ~ o v e r e d by 11 some indication of topography; mar­ United States . They are contemporary eharts, shlands are clearly distinguishable here , examples of a grand tradition. ~ but little else. From a historical perspec­ tive, it is interesting to watch changes on the Delta. In Figure 4, a 1929 edition of chart 1272, "The Mississippi River Barbara B. McCorkle is Map Curator Delta," Southwest Pass has lengthened, at the Yale University Library. This is a Garden Island Bay is now almost filled revision of a paper she presented at the in, and there are enormous changes MAGERT annual conference in July north of Pass a Loutre . As time went 1988. The MS submitted August 1988. on the technique became yet more simplified to the style we find on charts today, in which topography is shown only by color. Figure 5, a 1962 edition of the

• li; ; • ijj OJ tim $." CHRONOLOGY OF CHARTS OF THE D ELTA REGION Chart Title Scale Dates I 94 Mississippi River from the Passes "80,000 1873-1879 to Grand Prairie . Louisiana 194 Passes of the Mississippi , ,80,000 1855-1925 195 Mississippi River, Grand Prairie , ,80,000 1884-1924 to New Orleans 1271 Mississippi River, Buras to 1080,000 1925-1974 New Orleans I 1272 Mississippi River Delta ' ,80,000 1925-1974 11361 Mississippi River Delta ' ,80,000 1974- I I I • ., ~- •

26 MERIDIAN l ~ WORLD MAPPING TODAY R.B. Parry; Map Curator, Department of Geography, University of Reading, UK C.R. Perkins; Map Curator, University of Manchester, UK

NK - 54 f'-- ~ (~ .. This book is perhaps the best single map reference volum e 2J rtt7 prepared to date. It provides a systematic listing ofvirtually all 30 " 24 18 types of series maps available in 122 graphic indexes f rom world scale to the smallest country . Seven introductory chapters outline 25 1~ ,.3 h mapping techniques, proceduresfor obtaining maps, m ethods 26 20 1 for evaluating the information shown on maps, and a review ofthe research required to produce the r.H 33 21 ~ volume. .. .Highly recommended ~ 8 2-2 nNJ - 54 for all public, college, and NJ - 52 NJ - 53 11 r:t 5 35 29 23 university libraries." - Choice ~ 3 0 12 6 :Hi 30 f2 'r e eve 31 r- 25 7 1 31 1

N e ova 2 32 26 20 8 2 32 26 20 " This is a well produced §l5 9 33 2 21 15 9 3 33 ~ book, with clear type and NI - 52 clean, neat diagrams." 1.6 1 34 28 22" ~ 10 n!J28 Nl54 - Canadian Surveyor 23 1 5 35 29 NI - 53 2fl '" 2'(- 18 1 6"

13 1 World Mapping Today is the most comprehensive and up-to-date reference (~ . . it is recommended as a tool for anyone involved in maps and basic referencef or every NH - 52 mapping. It provides a unique library with a sizable map combination of text, graphic indexes, collection .', cartobibliography and source information - base line in one easy-to-use volume. Listings of current topographic and resource mapping are arranged alphabetically by country, with additional sections on the oceans and polar regions. Two hundred specially drawn , black-and-white indexes of major map series will enable librarians to easily and conveniently plot their holdings. The organization and structure of mapping activities in each country, including the progress of topographic mapping, resource surveying, new programs and technical development are described . World Mapping Today is a valuable tool for map librarians as well as non-specialist librarians and information managers. 1987 620pp. 200 Line Drawings 408-02850-5 $195.00 &J Butterworths 80 Montvale Avenue, Stoneham , MA 02180

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~ MERIDIAN I 27 Where the Land Meets the Sea NOTES 1. U1Dlt6 Slala St4h

• ANTIQUE MAPS • AMERICANA • WESTERN EXPLORATION • ANTIQUE PRINTS .' I Catalogues Issued , \I\. , ' '::' tJ 1...I~ ART SOURCE INT ERNATI ONAL 1 .1 r ~ 1655 W aln ut . Sui re 200 IN TERNA TIONAi.. Ro"IJ " , CO 8010Z (lOll 44 4-4080

'" Pre-Twentieth Century VJ0men Mapmakers By Alice C. Hudson

omen have made important contri­ widow. mapseller Mary Cooper ran a Wbutions to the male-dominated business for 21 years afte r her hus­ field of cartography. From the seven­ band's death (Chubb 1927, 428). And teen th century to the present. women Charles Bricker (1968 . 78) states the have been cartographers. engravers. Van Keulen " firm's prosperity and Ion­ mapsellers. publishers and colorists . De­ gevity was as much owing to the Van spite their overwhelming absence from Keulen .....omen as to the men: many the literature of the field. some 150 were longer-lived, and as widows man­ women 's names (and sometimes ex­ aged to carry on the family business as tended biographical data) have been efficiently as their husbands had." Other found in a long-term resear ch project individuals. especially Mary Ritalin. con­ focusing on pre-twentieth century tributed names for the project. women in cart ography. We plunged ahea d, registering our project in the International Directoryof Penny Barckle y, formerl y map li­ Current Research in the History of brarian at the State Univers ity of New Cartography, and even hearing from " Wh al about th. York, and I began our investigation of Ronald vere Tooley of The Map Collector wome n?" !Ih . Colt' re­ women mapmakers in 1977. and specu­ early on. Feeling .....e didn't have much, apondr d . ·'M .A. lated that we might discover perhaps five we did not respond, and Tooley printed Rocque:' From that to 10 pre-twentieth cen tury individuals. a list of 64 .....omen mapmakers in 1978. ttlittu illl: Iittle elee We happi ly lake cred it for inspiring the t ht' n uuc: h proj ect During a long paper session at the ~ r:.n . Seve nth International Conference on the Tooley article. History of Cartogra phy in Washington, D.C., Ms . BarckJer inquired of Maud Cole, then Curator of Rare Books at Method ol ogy New York Public Library (h'YPL), " What Over a three-year period , we about the women?" Ms. Cole re­ searched indexes and looked at individual sponded. " M.A. Rocque." From that plates in monographs and atlases in the glittering little clue the research project Map Division of the !\l 'PL . We exam­ began. We were both " map ladies." ined personal name indexes of some map curators. and were interested in the 1.100 volumes on the history' of car­ heritage women might have left to the tography. For example, we read through field we ourselves had chosen: cartogra­ both the personal name and publisher phy. in its ....-dest sense. When we indexes in the eight volume Phillips­ mentioned the project to others...... e LeGear List of Geographical AtlaMs in received mixed reactions, including the Libra",01 Congress, and there found bemused support . Others were ope nly many names and citations. For every' Toolc-y printed I list of hostile, commenting that it doesn 't take new name found. we re chec ked basic 64 women mapmaken much for a woman to stand out in this resources for furth er information. The in 1978. We happily field, or it's easy to be one of the greats Library' of Congress, Geography and tab credit lor inspir­ w hen there .....ere so few women in­ Map Division's Bibliograph)' 01 Castogra­ ing the Too ley article. volved. However, we were n't looking for phy and various printed book catalogs of greats- just .....orkers in the vineyard. major research libraries were invaluable. Others said, " T hey were only widows. We recorded on worksheets each . . . .. Yet. for example. while only a woman's name, specialization, dates.

29 place o( publication. affiliations . publica­ guildrights. Surely the prudent women tions and associated family names, where prepared for this. found. Not all these ceregc nes of infor­ Sixty-three wer e publishers or malion were found for eve ry e ntry, printe rs. and nine were mapsel lers . These are some what fuzzy distinctions, but we have tried to follow the te rmi­ F ind ing s nology used by the women the mselves, Instead of the expected five to 10 as de scribed on the maps or title page s names. we found some I SO pre-twen­ of books . tieth century women mapsellera, en ­ T wenty-three are more clearly de­ gravers. publishers, cartographers and scribed as mapmakers or cartographe rs. colorists. The categories overlapped as and of these, almost all were nineteenth some women were involved in mor e ce ntury women . Most produced ge ogra­ than one area of specialization. We phies or atlases, but one published a obviously only scratched the surface. as handbook on globes. This pattern may we, by necessity. conce ntra ted our reflect the opening up of the educational efforts in one library and its original systems to girls, as ),Iadame Coinde source mate rials. To be clear. we have implies in her introduction to the 1813 I SO named women. )'l any more remain English translation o( Las Casas's unnamed, or hidden behind initials or leSage's Historical, Genealogical, Chron­ unsigned. unattributed work s. To para­ ological, and Geographical AlIas. In phrase Virginia Woolf (1958. 51) . describing one of the maps she de signed " Anonymous" was ofte n a woman. (or the atlas. she says." ... T his map f or so many wome n, ve ry little . .. is particularly adapted for the use of information could be found . This problem young ladies, into whose hands very fe w To paraphrasf' Virginia is not unusual in cartography. as stated books on (mythology) can be put with Woo lr, "Anonymoul " in Tooter's Dictionaryof Jfapmakers proprie ty: and. without some know ledge wu oCtf'n a wo man. Supplement (1985. v): "The re is of this branch of history, how could they scarcely any biographical information on e njoy the reading or theatrical represen­ the greater numbe r of the names re­ tations of the best authors and poets corded .. . One of the main aims ot this ... , either ancien t or mode m . which ....'crk was to place a name ....rithin a give n by the assistance of this map. will period. where possible with the date s of become clear. amusing and instructive ?" birth or death or, alte rnately. the date s of Madame Coinde says she has worked the first and last publication . . . Unfor­ with Las Casas when he visited England tunately. a high percentage are known and designed SLX additional maps for his from only a single entry." We couldn' t atlas. Madame Coinde labelled herself . have said it better ourselves. the editor of this atlas, and she also was The I SO women part icipated in all one of 25 agents for its sale. aspects of mapmaking . Surprisingly, 21 were engrave rs- and most of these were eightee nth century French wome n. Unlike the stereotype of women and P roblems a nd P itfalls twelve -year old childre n coloring maps First. we had to be aware of male by the yard . only 10 of the named name s masquerading as female, such as women were colorists. Hyacinthe . ),Iay, Andrea , Maria. Felice. f ifty-five wome n took ove r their Joyce and so forth. Seco nd. the use o( husband's. brother's or father's business initials to mask identity- and perhaps and ran them for a fe w month s to lend authority- was best illustrated by several decades. We concluded that in 5 .5. Cornell . a major nineteenth ce ntury many cases the women must have been atlas des igner for Appleton; her name part of the business before their hus­ was Sarah. as evidenced in four pages of band's death in orde r to have enabled citations in the National Union Catalog them to carry on the business. some­ Pn-1956 Imprints. M.A.(Mary Ann) times for decades. In England , the Rocque is anothe r example. Third. in­ women inherited their husbands ' dex es in major histories ot cartography

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" n _.. ·.L.." , IT CO XTF:l'.~ ...... _...... __ ...... w, ..u . __ u . •" Ctw fpl l'/e U n i l'pr l nt .411«6. -...... -.....-..-..­ . . - ... ~~.:: :::::- _ ",_ ",,,,,, ,_ _ H. " ·••••• _- ::....-...... _.. -...... __ . __ ._. _-_ , , .....-.." ...•-.,,' ~.. _ ... . _..-.-.. ,..._..... ' - - ..."",,,t.." ...n,..""" ~ " " ' " '' '' ' ' -_. .. ._._ _, ...... - ...... "_...,.. . _ _' _."", ,,- ,-'....- "-- -_._. TO III ~ novar. II lf m N "~ TIll<: 'n u x ..: OF m .OUCDiT Elt .. ." , .. ._._.""..,, ..-._ -.. :.:-- ~ ~ .... ""' " , .. . ~ ...... " ...... '_ ,.. 11>",.... . T 'B L" •. TT" . ..·...... ~·.. _, ·-_...-...... ·.. ·..... -...- ...... 1---··.. " '....- .. · " ·- h _" ...... ' "' UU' "" II. ll'IC"~ IT, .UIlO..'.T...n ....T. r • .,uDl!'u-'QUU _ ..~ ,_ " '- , ~._ . .... _ '...... _-." ' ''' ,.." ~ ...... ".. ::":'~'. ' :=- ... _ .._ ~ _ .. - -...... ::.:-:-""==:: ...... __ , -._.' : ~ =.: ..:.:.:.:-...:z:::...... :...._._. .. __-...... -...,. :.::... ~ -_ T (l U ~ "":7.":"': ....,_ "_ __ H'" ::":7:"..','::':" , ...... -.:...":'.:::.::.::.... ----_.._ .. 1· \' nl.l lI II E II 11 1' 11, Arrl,ETON a x n {·olll· .\'Io; 1'. H~ .\'( 1' 1I ~ 11110 Al 'W .\\' :-=.. ..-._-~ u._ ...... lltl. :.:"';~-: .. _ __. , : :-;.';.' .. •..._._--...... ~ - ~ _ ~- _ ._ . _ - _ ::';'~ _. '-_ ...... __...... :: :::::-,.:;, =:::..... - , _-::-:_:-:-::-:_,',_" .~.._u.....,....."._ ...·_ _ _-_ , -.,'" .~.. G.;...•.

" Fill· 1. Tl11l" P ~ I1" from all ~ . l"dil.'d an.d llo ld by MIT1f' . Co inde . Fill· 2. Tilk- JI'lIll" of an l R&t Sarah COnK'11alb•. that did not reflect contents about entry, biographical data, a list of pub­ women were a problem. Despite the fact lished works, professional affiliations, and that Mary Senex might have been citation to books, articles , and other mentioned in the text along with John, information about each woman. Separate often he would be indexed , and she from the data bank and from this would not. This happened over and over, research note, the list of women map­ and was discovered when we found text makers found to date will soon be about women, and in checking the index, published as an update and expansion of would not find it cited. A fourth problem the 1978 Tooley list. was the standard library practice of not There are 150 stories to follow up on. making catalog entries for all publishers, In some cases, little more will be found. engravers , dealers , and so forth. T hese but for others, much is to be written. particular persons become accessible We firmly believe there is more than only by handling original materials and enough women's history for a sheUload examining title pages, introductory es­ of monographs. We challenge the schol­ says. and every plate. And finally, be­ arly establishment in the history of cause we restricted our list to cartography, and researchers outside that professional mapmakers. those women establishment, to be inclusive in the whose only cartographic products were examination of the history of cartography. classroom assignments were eliminated. Much of the recent scholarship and We found several manuscript maps and eye-opening discoveries in women's his­ globes by women or girls, and some tory in the United States came after the were outstandingly good. Citations to same sort of exploration had occurred in such items were found at the American the field of Black history. There our eyes Geographical Society, Yale, and NYPL , have been opened to the complex and elsewhere.A typical example is the history of civilizations and culture s. and a charming map of the United States by whole proud history about which many of Euphemia Fenno at NYPL. us had been previously ignorant. The same perhaps is occurring in the study of the history of cart ography, where we Challenge for Further Research are seeing a growing literature by North We hope our work will spur other Americans and Europeans on the value researchers to open up the study of of non-Western mapping. Major portions women's contributions to the history of of the new multi-volume Historyof There are 150 stor ies cart ography. We suggest pursuing sev­ Cartography focus on non-Western map­ to fo llow up on. In eral specific areas of research: (l) ping, and P.D.A. Harvey's volume on some ca se s, little more Women engravers centered in eightee nth will be found , but fo r The History of Topographical Maps is century Paris;(2) The Van Keulen othe rs. much ill to be especially enlightening on Third World women; (3) A reexamin ation of Saca­ WTitten. mapping. jawea's contribution to Lewis and And now it's time, as Abigail Adams Clark 's exploration as evidenced in their wrote, "to remem ber the ladies." e\if . original journals and maps; (4) The rise of women in geography and atlas publish­ ing in nineteenth century America, and their virtual disappearance in the twen­ tieth; (5) Guildrights , marriage patterns, business operations and their interre­ Alice C. Hudson is Chief. Map Division, lationship. New York Public Library. She gave an The information we have collected will earlier version of the paper as a slide become the core of a data bank on pre­ presentation at the MAGERT annual twentieth century women cart ographers conference in July 1988. The MS sub­ to be maintained at NYPL's Map Divi­ mitted August 1988. sion for the support of scholarly re­ search. That unedited, raw data, now being input will be freely available on writte n request and will include for each

32 MERlDIA.>;I eGt PR E-TWENTI ETH CENTURY WOM EN SELECTED CARTOGRAPHERS: A QUICK LIST PUBLICATIONS [Abbreviations: 3M E Tooley's Maps and Mapmakm;; TB '" Thieme-Becker's DICtiO Mf)' 0/ encro''' rs; 56 '" LC' s Pre·56 imprints; TL '" Tooley's List in " Map Collector."] Aragon. Ann Alexa ndrine. b. 1798. Jt. author. with OF NOTE Madame Arist ide Michel Perrot. 1793-1879. of DicbollM lrr IllliVN'S ei tk I!tDgraphie modern. desul/JtwlI physique, pobtlqlle et historiqut Ik lous Its /u.. :c de la lem:. accOf'llP

e nglish .\lapping of America 1675-1715 .­ an Informal Selection of Printed and Jfanuscnpt .\laps Produced During the Fonnatit'e Years 0/ the English Map Trade. 1986 .(Publication No. 1. The Merceror Socie ty). :iew York: The ~ I ap Link Imports a nd d istributes maps from around the world New York Public Library. E:rplorah"ons in the History 0/ Canadian over -l6,OOO tides in stock .\tapping: a Collection 0/ Essays edited topographic series for over 60 nations by Barbara Farre n and Aileen De­ thousands of city plans sbarats. 1988 . Ottawa: Association of thematic maps. atlases. globes and related products Canadian Map Libraries and Archive s. Hyatt. Edward. 1988 . KfJ'gUuu to Infor· J UST PUBLISHED: mation Sources in Remotesensing. London; ~e w York; Mansell. IntenuztioNlI Directory0/ .\tap Dealers. -. 1988. Tring, He rt s. England: ~ la p '--. -- Collector Publications. Ltd. - Keates. }. S. 1988 . Canographi€ Design r ·' t and Production. 2nd ed . Sew York: f ! 3 t- Wiley. Kroessle r, Jeffrey A. 1988 . A Guide to Histon'cal .\lap Resources for Greater New York. (Occasional Pape r S o. 2. ~ I ap and Geography Round Table of the Americ an Library Association). Chicago: Speculum Orbis Press . Jlaps and .lJapping 0/ Africa edited by Patricia ~t. Larby. 1987. London: SCOL" tA in ass ociation with BRIC­ ~Il CS _ Martis. Kenn e th C. 1988. The Historical Atlas 0/Political Parties in the United THE WOR LD MA P DIRECTORY States Congress. 1789-1989. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 0·92959 1·00·3 Measuring A Vision: the .lJapping 0/ ISSN 1040-16 87 Chicago 's ~ l'a terUlay s edited by 529.95 Maureen Flanagan and Cheryl Hahn. This 278-pagc Directory lists over 10,000 maps currently in print 1988. Chicago: The Newberry Li­ and ava ilable in the United States. It identifies publishers. prices. brary. dates and scales for each map. The Directory is a complete. Middleton , Nick. 1989. Atlas 0/ Social up-to-date reference tool. updated ann ually. The Directory also Issues. New York; Fact s on File. serves as a catalog. Every map is in stock and available from Map ~I onmon i e r. Link. ).tark S. 1989. Maps in the Noes: the Deselopment 0/American CLI P O R CO PY T HIS AD AND REC EIVE A 20 % Journalistic Cartography. Chicago: Uni­ DISCO UNT ON YO UR O RDER. vers ity of Chicago Press. The New NatioNlf Atlas 0/ Cuba. 1989. Map Link Havana: Institute de Geografie . 529 State Street 1988 Directory o/ .Happing Sciences , Santa Barbara, CA 93101 1988. Falls Church. Va.: American (805) 965-&-:02 Society for Photogrammetry and Re­ mote Sensing. The Membersh ip of WAML extends Congratulations!

to The Map andGeography Round Table and The Staff ofT he Meridian

Western Association of Map Libraries

Semi-Annual Membership Meetings through out western North America

Inf ormation Bulletin three issues ea ch year

Occasional Papers a series of cartobibliographics twelve published since 1973 AZ WAML Celebrated its 20th Year in 1987

Thematic Mapping fro m Satellite l magny: "' . an lnternational R4XJrl edited by 1­ , arewe lost?" Denegre. 1988. London; S ew York: Published on behalf of the International Cartographic Association by Elsevier Applied Scie nce. Thompson. Morris Mordecai. 1988. Maps for American:Cartographic Products 0/ the U.S. Geological Survey and Others. 3rd ed. Reston, Va.: U.S. Geo logical Surv ey.

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS

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The History of edIy become a standard refer ence work. Cartography It is not " an easy read." As the editors tblumt one: note. " A project such as the Histor)' is Cartography in Pre­ achievable only through a division of labor. 1'\0 single scholar with the neces­ historic, Ancient, and sary breadth of linguistic and meth­ Medieval Europe and the odological skills and subject background Mediterranean, (and wi thout the commonly revealed B.v j. B Harley and David Woodward. nationalistic bias) has emerged to write it editors. alone " (p. xix). (One might too say that Chicago; London : University of Chicago reviewers of it should also be commis­ Press. 1987. 656 pages. sioned in batt alions). There are ten /SBN: 0·226-3/633-5 (d). $/00.00. authors and twenty-one major sec tions to the work. These latter are further subdivided into many parts. It is not This is the long-awaited first volume surprising that the planning of this book of a six-volume work chronicling the began a dozen years ago. The surprise • .. lIubs lanr t .bounds h istory of cartography from prehistoric is that the book appeared so soon! hut • .. the book ....i11 times to the t .....entieth century Tbe Volume one focuses on prehistoric, undollbttodly b«

~ MERIDIAN I 37 -

continues with a solid review of the Dilke provides both an introduction and a literature of the history of cartography to conclusion for this part of the book. the present time . which should be Dilke notes that the lack of surviving required reading for everyone interested maps from this period is one major Sm ith eites t heee qu al­ in the subject. problem for scholars. About Ptolemy, he iti u t o identify maps: Some chapters in Part One : " Car­ writes " Our review of Ptolemaic schol­ . •• all rathe.. new for togra phy in Prehistoric Europe and the ars hip offers nothing to revise the long­ most of us. Mediterranean" are difficult for those of held consensus that he is a key figure in us who have not worried much about the long-term development of scientific definitions of maps and are not so mapping" (p. 277). Dilke ends . as might familiar with rock art . In about fifty be a theme of all the writers. by calling pages , Catherine Delano Smith. with a for more research. little help from G. Malcolm Lewis , Far and away the most comforta ble introdu ces us to examples of maps found chapters of this work . for most of us. as pictographs and petroglyphs, plus will be the chapters in Part Three. maps on bone and metal artifacts. on "Cartography in ~ted ie val Europe and pottery and sculpture. Smith cites three the Mediterranean." This begins with Qualities to identify maps: " that the the sec tion by P.D.A. Harvey titled artist's intent was indeed to portray the ..Medieval Maps: an Intr oduction," relationship of objects in space; that all which is short and good. The same the constituent images are contempo­ problem of lack of surviving maps are raneous in execution; and that they are evident for the medieval period. The We need to stretch our cartographically appropriate" (p. 61). next section, David Woodward's " Medi­ minds. even if we have This is all rather new for most of us. eval Mappaemundi," is wonderful. It is to l?C'onsider our ideall She writes " ... when research for this confident. authoritative. informative, and abe ut earl,. map s. u a chapter was started. the number of a joy to read . The literature survey is result of t his C' ha pte r. topographical maps from the prehistoric very good and the commentary on period in the Old world referred to in writers such as Orosius and Isidore is recent histories of cartogra phy totaled excellent. Woodward's text is exciting four"(pp. 54-55). The list given here and thought-provoking. This section is includes over fifty maps . We need to worth the price of the book. offering stretch our minds. even if we have to new insights into making these maps . reconsider our ideas about early maps. especially in their projections and grid as a result of this chapter. system. as well as understanding them. • . • the lac k of sun- iv­ In Pan Two of the volume. " Cer­ Tony Campbell. in "Portolan Chart s inl( map s fr om this peA tcgraphy in Ancient Europe and the from the Late Thirtee nth Century to riod is one maj or prob lem for sc holan. Mediterranean." readers will be faced 1500." provides the reader with a with more familiar subjects . This deals superb discussi on of the subject. It is a with maps •'from the Babylonian itiner­ pleasure to read . and like other sections aries about 2500 B.C. to the Byzantine of this volume of the History. easily Greek reconstructions of Ptolemaic car­ displays the knowledge and researc h of tography in the thirteenth century A.D." the writer. The reader senses in this (p. 105). It begins with sec tions on the section a leap toward the modem world cartography of the ancient Near East. of cartography, to Columbus and the age Tht' reader s

38 Here the problem s of "Gaps and Dis­ the world, one that had undergone a continuities" ar e re cited again. to re­ rapid demographic transition since the mind the reader of the gaps in the second national census in 1964 . The Maps ca nnot be under­ re cords that we have to construct the book reviewed here is an atlas that stood apart from the history of cartography. A seco nd area of de picts the spatial distribution and organ­ society in which the)' note is the " Cognitive Transformations" ization of this large population . emerg ed . which is concerne d with the separate The atlas begins with a concise developmen t in several areas of the introduction and editorial notes. The making of maps. A third category, maps are grouped in 8 sec tions. The "Social Contexts," deals with maps as first consists of 10 " background maps" the product of the soc iety which formed that introduce the Chinese administrative it. Maps cannot be understood apart divisions, city locations, land and water, from the society in which they eme rged . and per capita industrial and agricultural Harley lind Woodw ar d This book is not perfect. Some outputs. In the following sections the . . . we re successful in sections are almost too well organized, foci are on population distribution (9 pr odu cing t his result , and in some cases the evidence simply is maps) , ethnicity (13 maps). sex and age Nice wor k! not available to make strong interpreta­ (1 5 maps), population change (15 maps). tions possible. And that is one of the educational level (12 maps). employment rea sons why this serie s is so important. (41 maps), and family, marriage, and Someone had to attempt to produce a fertility (22 maps). Appendix 1 contains compr ehensive history of mapping. J am 52 page s of statistics on main population delighted that Har ley and Woodward indicators by xian (county) and city. This decided to tackle the problem and that content allocation reflects the current they were successful in produ cing this concerns among scholars and Chinese result. It will stand as a benchmark and officials with the population grow th and as a reference work for many years to the transfer of rural labor to non-farm come. Nice work! jobs. Most maps in the atlas are national in Carol Urness. A ssi st ant Curator scales of 1:8,000,000 and 1:12,000.000. James Ford Bell L ibra ry The xian data are used in two-thirds of University of Minnesota the maps, many of which are the most Minneapolis . Minnesota detailed maps to date to have appeared outs ide China. Maps on population distribution show vividly the strong concentration of peo ple The Population Atlas of in ea st and south China. Thus 6 den se ly China populated regions in the eastern half of The Population Census OffiCi' of the State the country are mapped in much larger Council of the People's Republic of scales (varying from 1:500 ,000 to China and the Institute of Geography of 1:850,000); density is calculated from the Chinese Academy ofSciences, Com­ the data grid ranging from 5.9 to i .5 pilers and Editors . kme. Thes e maps are valuable for Hong Kong; New l'brk: Oxford University studying the urban-economic develop­ Press. 1987. 217 pages. men t of the regions . (Chinese edition: Beijing: Zhongguo The percentage of minority population Tongji Chuban She.) within the total population , and the ISBN , 0-19-584092-5. $195.00_ ethnic composition, occupation, and edu­ cation of the minorities are mapped. So too are the distributions of 54 different Maps Oil population distr ibuti oll show \'iv­ The publication in 1985 of the 1982 minorities. idly t he str ollg eonce n­ Population Census of China, the third The sex and age of the population t rat ion of people in census of the People 's Republic, was a receive ample attention. The maps show east and south China. significant event in demography and (a) distributions and (b) proportions in world affairs (Li 1987). It reported on the total population of the working-age the population of th e largest country in population and of both the young and old

~ MERIDlAS 1 39 dependent populations. The proportion of the data units to facilitate the inte rpre ta­ women of child bearing age is also tion of the chorople th maps. The vast depicted. On the map of sex and age sparsely settled and uninhabited lands in structure by province (shown by pyra­ north and west China are shaded in gray mids), the effects of the reduction of (i.e.• left non-m apped), thus the like­ birth rate due to the Gr eat Le ap lihood of showing biased or nonsen sical Forward and to the recent birth contro l data on a chorople th map is eliminated. moveme nts are evident (p. 42). On a number of maps , the data of One critical aspect of the Chinese each province are depicted by a graphic population change is the growth: the Ie. g. . a histogram) placed within that average annual growth for the nation province. This presentation is effective from 1964-1982 'was 2.1 perce nt . The (e.g.• on pp. 42 and 152), but if the vital rates and the natural increase rate graphic is too complex, it is difficult to are mappe d.Unique in this section is the grasp the map content visually (e.g., pp. inclusion of 8 maps showing the popula­ 26 and 118). tion density and distribution in different The definition and de marcation of historic periods from 2 A.D. to the Chinese urban places have changed Unique ••. i5 the in­ 1930's. Conspicuo us ly abse nt in this frequently since 1949. as has the mean­ e1uBion of 8 map l atlas is the depic tion of population change ing of "urban population" (Ma and Cui Bhowing thl' population due to migration. The two maps showing urban denlit}' and dil1ribu­ 1987). ti on ill difrerent hi... The section on education presents the population distribution on page s 17 and to ric peri odl from 2 proportion of populatio n at: all le vels of 18 mus t be read critically. The 1982 A.D. 10 the 1930'1. education but e mphasizes tho se seg­ Population Census 01China is limited in ments that have comple ted or have had reporting urbanization and migration: so some college education. These maps too is this othe rwise fairly compre hen­ re veal the ge nerally low level of educa­ sive population atlas. tion among the citizenry. Th e aim of this atlas is to provide a The section on employment is the scientific summary and portrayal of the largest. It comprises four types of maps: main characteristics of China 's current (I) the characteris tics of the population population and its development process. that is employed. seeking e mployment in and to serve as an information tool for all urban areas , unemployed in urban areas , students in Chinese affairs. and for and non-employed: (2) co mposition and Chinese planne rs and policy makers. proportion of the population in 14 differ­ This aim has been admirably achieved. ent industrial categories; (3) cate gories Indeed , this volume should be added to of occupations , and the e ducation, sex, all libraries for students and interested and age structures of work ers within citizens . each occupation: and (4) the number of persons per 100,000 population in sci­ ence, health, engineering, commerce. teaching, and communication occupa­ LITERATURE CITED tions. Li, Chengrui. ed. 1987. A Ctnsus olOnt The last section of the atlas details Billion People. Hong Kong: Economic household size and type: marital status Informatio n Agency. by different age groups: and measures of Ma, Laurence J.C. and Gonghao Cui. The cartographic ex­ birth parity, fert ility, and average number 1987. " Adminis trative Changes and ecut ion of the at l.. il Urban Population in China," Annals of superb. Gene rall y, Ihe of live-born children by all wom en, and mapKare well designed by women grouped by differe nt ages , the Association of American Geog­ ill cla rity and th e education and occupation. raphers , 77:373-395. choke of color. The cartographic e xecution of the atlas is superb. Generally. the maps are wen ~ Iei -Li ng Hsu designed in clarity and the choice of Department or Geography, ~li n n e sota color. Insets are used ofte n and con­ University or ~lin ne apoli 8 . structively, e.g., to sho w the spatial )'linnesota details and the fre quency distnbution of

40 ~ E RJ DIA.'II l ~ World Mapping Today. and thematic, with the latter meaning By R. B. Pony and C. R. Perkins bathymetric, geological and geophysical, Lmtdtm: Buttmoorlhs. 1987. 583 pages. environmental. administrative, human ill .. index, and economic, and town maps); and ISBN: 0-408-028S().5. $195.00. monochrome graphic indexes. The listing of mapping concentrates on the material that a good general map collection. with For as long as there have been map a healthy acquisitions budget, might wish librarians, there have been lamentations to acquire. Specifically excluded are: concerning the lack of a cartographic road and tourist maps; imagery; detailed equivalent of Books in Print, While that planimetric and cadastral mapping; fac­ particular millenium has not yet arrived­ similes; digital data; and navigational at least not in the sense of an annual charts (with some few exceptions); publication- with nQrld mapping today specifically included, outside of the sheet (WM n . map librarians bave had their maps which are WAfT s focus. are appetites whetted. gazetteers and national atlases. or those WM r s purpose, as stated on page 1 items excluded, detailed mapping, digital of the "Introduction." is. " attempting to data, and important out-of-print or re­ put togethe r within one cover as much stricted publications are mentioned in the as possible of the various kinds of text. The primary sources for all infor­ infonnation needed for finding out about mation was publishers' catalogs. The and acquiring modern topographic and structure of each catalog entry is: thematic maps." It goes about this task line 1 Title, Scale, Series, Edition, • • • int rodurtory cha p­ via the following arrangement: list of Author. ters . .• giVt an OVtr· graphic indexes. 4 pages; introductory line 2 Place: Publisher, Date. vit w of eurrent chapters. 55 pages ; world-mapping sec­ line 3 Number of sheets in a series, mapping. the problema tion. 507 pages; glossary. 4 pages ; and number published. of map acquilition. and geographical index. 10 pages. The intro­ • symbol indicating if index tht i",pact of new ductory chapters (1 through 1) . whose is published. tKhnologiea . . . purpose is to give an overview of For example: current mapping. the problems of map Carta topografica d'italia 1:50,000 acquisition. and the impact of new Series M792 technologies, are "Introduction,"" The Firenze: IGMI. 1964· state of world mapping," "Map acquisi­ 636 sheets , ca. 230 published. • tion," " Map evaluation," " Maps and Unles s otherwise noted , all maps are remote sensing," "Digital mapping," colored. and "Future trends in digital mapping," As previously noted, foll owing the with each being approximately equal in body of the book is a four-page glossary, length. The body of the work, "World defining some map terms used in the mapping," is divided up by geographical text. e.g. . " formlines ," and a geograph­ area: World. 13 pages; Africa. 89 pages; ical index listing all the nation-states and North America, 39 pages; Central Amer­ other " mapping units" into which the ica. 12 pages; Caribbean. 22 pages; body is divided. plus some alternative Tht listing .. • conct n­ South America. 45 pages; Asia, 75 names and the name of sub-national tram on o.e mattrial pages; Australasia, 23 pages; Europe, areas (e.g.. Canadian provinces) that o.at a food ~ntnl 119 pages; Oceans, 47 pages; and Polar have separate discussions. All of the map collectio n ••. regions, 13 pages. The number of pages above is presented in an oversize mip t ",iah to acq uirt. dedicated to any one area is dictated by volume (30 em. high). wi th textual the amount of mapping in print. Each material in two columns per page, in a country unit has five elements: text small but dear print. (identities and describes principal map­ In order to give the most thorough ping agencies); key refere nces and pub­ and balanced review possible of a work lishers' catalogs; publishers' addresses; such as this, one would need to use it listing of current maps in print during daily for several months. In the interest approximately 1984·1986 (topographic of having the review out in some timely " fashion. what this reviewer has done is so the y are perfect for photocopying and to read other reviews . solicit comments subsequent library-housekeeping use­ from other map librarians. and read over are in some cases very difficult to obtain carefully those sections containing infor­ elsewhere: published sheets were not · .. especia lly no tab le mation with which the reviewer is most indicated on these indexes because the is the super b ta ble . familiar (e.g., the section on the United authors believed that this sort of infor­ " Pa tt erns of map avai l· States: tex t for continents). mation dates extremely rapidly. far more abili ty." .•• The seven introductory chapters are so than other map citations. In spite of all. without exception. excellent summa­ this last point. it does seem inconsistent ries of their topics; especially notable is not to have the in-print sheets indicated the superb table. "Patterns of map on the indexes. if the object of W.'\.fT is availability." (pp. 23-25) in Chapter 3. to be a listing of maps in print . This "Map acquisition." which for each coun­ reviewer was initially put olf by it being try gives information relating to what just that-a listing of only in-print work s. kinds of maps (e.g.• topographic: geo­ no matter how prominent an out-of-print logic) are available in what ways. or if at work (for exa mple, national atlase s) • • . why art' t hese u­ all. Each chapte r has a list of bibli­ might be: the situation is ameliorate d by says . . . here at a l1~ ographie sources that is wen selected such works being given in the text for and current. In almost every chapter the given country. Another point is that there are minor points ove r which one if there is a poss ibility of further might quibble (e .g. GeoCenter is not an editions. perhaps this should bave been in-print service. as page 18 would have issued in looseleaf so that it could be it. but rather an in-stock service). A relatively easily updated. And certainly much more importa nt point is. why are any map librarian who uses this will note these essays-other than the " lntroduc­ missing titles and series: it is important tion" - here at all ? All are well written. to remem ber that they may not be present important information. and de­ mentioned because they were out of serve to be published: but Chapters 5 scope. i.e.. not in print bet wee n about through 7 have no direct use for a work 1984 and 1986. T he glossary is nice but of this kind: and if they are to be here at not essential: the geographical index all. Chapter 6. " Digital mapping." and would have been more helpful if it had Chapter 1. "Future trends in digital included cross-references . e.g.• from old mapping." should be put together. and African country names to current ones. perhaps even merged with Chapter 5, A major point is. why publish such a "Maps and remote se nsing ," for a work at all. when the re are other chapter all on technology not covered by works- most notably Geo Katalog the listings. (1911- ), Allin (1982- ). and It is the body of the book-the Winch (1916)-which en masse or indi­ The grap hic ind ex.n listings-that is of most interest. and that vidually do approximately the same • .. are perfeet for merits our closest attention. Within the thing? This question is most likely to be pho loropying and sub­ limits of hardcopy publication deadline s. asked by map librarians in relatively Kque nt library·ho uw­ information seems to be quite current: large map collections (i.e.. over 200.000 kHping Ullt' • •. and the clearly written text portions sheets) who have much of the above should be required reading for map information already. albeit in a scatt ered librarians. Certainly there are errors . form. WJtT does put together the e.g., NCIC is not. as page 189 will have information in one volume-admittedly at it. a mapping organization: the USGS a fairly stiff price. which may put it out l:24.000-scale se ries is in 51.000, not of reach for the smaller libraries that 15.000. sheets (p. 193): it' s base line. need it most- and the majority of map not Baseline (pp. 22, 198): and speaking collections. and map buyers, do not have generally. accent marks are a sometime these resources. Large-collection map thing. The listings are not comprehen­ librarians need a comprehensive, annual sive. but the authors do not intend them (or. more se nsibly, online) work: yet to be. The graphic indexes-intentionaUy even the y will use it for its indexes. and done withaut published sheets marked. for a checklist of their collections . to fill

MERlDIA.'1 1 ~ in as finances pe rmit. publisher. This is supplemented by infor­ WM'T is not the answer to the mation provided by park publications. by problem of finding curre nt citations for all disabled visitors , and by private conces­ in-print canograpbic material: but it is sionaires in or near the parks . This not intended to be. Its inte nt is to information is pre sented in considerable provide. in one rea sonably compact detail in both narrative and graphic form . volume. a listing of the various in-prin t To supplement the factual data , twelve (1984-1986) maps in which a good disabled park visitors contribute personal general collection would be interested, essays which illustrate and documen t and judged on that basis. it is a success. some of the ways in which the parks can The true proof of the pudding .....ill be be enjoyed by disabled persons . whether the copies of H--orJd Mapping The book contains thirty-seven chap­ Toda)' in various libraries fall apart from ters (one on each park covere d) . an frequent use. introduction. the twelve personal essays . a bibliography. and three appendices. LITERATURE CITED The park chapters have a consistent Allin . J. 1982- _.MapSources Direc- internal organization. The first informa ­ tory. Downsview, Ontario: York Uni­ tion given is the address and phone versity Libraries. number of that park office which is most GeoKatalog. 1977- . Stuttgart: Geo- directly responsible for accessibility con­ Cente r ILH. cerns. This is followed by a general Winch. K. L. 1976. International Maps description of the park. its history. and Atlases in Print. 2d ed. London: natural feature s, distinct ive fauna and Bowker. flora. and unique attractions. The first major subdivision. " Ge neral Informa­ ~I ar~' Lynnette Larsgaard tion." includes remarks on the park's ~lap and Imagery Laborato ry, climate and weather. safety concerns Library (e.g .• dangerous animals or terrain), the University of California location of medical and support services. Santa Barbara. California relevant pub1ications about the park ACCESS A.\ IERICA (disability-oriented or ge neral) , and the • •• il> ba ~ p r im ar i l ~­ availability of interprete rs and TOO on data provided b~­ devices for hearing impaired persons. pnwnn ~1 in t h irt~­ The second section." Progra ms." de ­ seven nat ional park" Access America: An scribes organized and self-guided pro­ grams offered in the park . and gives Atlas and Guide to the detailed information regarding their ac­ National Parks for cessibility to persons with mobility. Visitors with Disabilities. hearing. or visual impairme nts. The third section. " Visitor Centers." e valuates Burlington, Ft.: Northern Cartographic. the accessibility of each Visitor Center in 1988. 444 pages. the park , including such facilities as ISBN: 0-944187-00-5; spiral-bound, audnora. re strooms. e xhibit areas and $89.95 (2SCf discount for inditiduals bookstores. Next, "Campgrounds" dis­ and libraries u'hen ordered dired ), cusses the suitability of the park's To a u p p l~ m ~ n t t he campgrou nds for use by mobility-im­ data. twelve di nbl ~d Access An/m ea is both a compendium paired persons, noting which. if any. park " isitor" (ontr i­ of information about the accessibility of individual campsites have been designed b UI~ personal t' lI6 a~ 5 our national parks and an invitation to specifically for this population. Finally. persons with disabilities to experience " Supplementary Information" de scribes the natural beauty and sere nity offere d se rvices offered by local bus inesses . by the se parks. It is based primarily on such as hotels and lodges. shops, data provided by personnel in thirty­ transportation vendors. and a variety of seven national parks. responding to recreation/adventure outfitters. detailed questionnaires prepared by the This narrative presentation is supple- eiIe MERlDIA." I mented by a series of maps drawn to The only comparable work is Access progressively larger scales. each reveal­ National Parks (National Park Service ing more detail about the park than the 19i8). which describes some 300 parks, previous one. The first map depicts the historic sites, national monuments. and region surro unding the park . showing similar places. Although it includes many acces s by major highways. The next map more facilities - and is still useful for that shows the availability of medical and reason-it is badly in need of updating. It support services in nearby towns, using also provides much less information on letter symbols (e.g.. H for hospital). The the parks than does Access .-lmen·ca. last park map locates (using symbols) Although Access America succeeds admi­ and evaluates (using color coding) the rably in achieving its objectives. two accessibility to mobility-impaired persons suggestions for the next edition come to of all park facilities. Then. for each mind. The legend for interpreting the • .. of the three apprn' Visitor Center, a general floor plan is maps is printed at the beginning and end dteee ... ollr gi vrs the drawn. using the same color scheme of the book, making reference to it addres s and t elep hone (blue for total, red for partial, and black awkward when one is attem pting to read number of local inde­ for minimal accessibility) as in the a map somewhere in the middle of the prndrnt living eentera. previous park map. book. A detachable. laminated legend. whilr thr ot hrr lista Tw'n of the three appendices are which could be insert ed wherever one hOJipi tal" and d ial,.sis ee ntera nr ar each park. jerticutarty valuable. One gives the wants. would be helpful Secondly. I addres s and telephone number of local think the spiral binding and the soft front independent living centers , while the cover should be carefully evaluated. other lists hospitals and dialysis centers While the binding makes this book easy near each park. A bibliography of almost and convenient to use. I wonder if either fifty monographic and serial publications it or the front cover are stro ng enough related to recreation and travel oppor­ for heavy library use , or for extensive tunities for disabled persons is also personal use in the bustle of a famil y provided . vacation. The individuals at Northern Car­ I hope the rather high price does not tographic who collected and organized discourage disabled persons or the li­ the information in Access America-Peter braries which serve them from ordering Th e individuaJs a t Shea. Edward Antczak. and Laura this important and unique information :O;ort hern Cartographic Feaster-deserve a great deal of credit. source. It is attractive. carefully con­ ·. . d6e"e a gn-at They have obviously taken the time to ceived. well organized . clearly pre­ deaJ of cred it. understand the needs of person s with sented. and of great usefulne ss in various disabilities. particularly the need encouraging and assisting disabled per­ to know the degree of acces sibili ty of sons who would like to visit our national places to be visited before planning parks. one's trip. They have provided. in the text. an amount of detail sufficient to instill confidence that the places they LITER ATURE CITED describe as accessible will not present U.S. National Park Service. 19i8. unanticipated barriers. The maps. which Access National Parks: a Guide lor are clearly and creatively drawn. provide Hand~a~d l'isitort. Washington. an overview of park accessibility and D.C.: Governme nt Printing Office. guide the reader to accessible parking ACCESS AMERICA spaces. ramps, tr ails. restr ooms and • . • is attractive. care­ other park facilities. Although the infor­ full,. ee neereed , well mation presented in the maps is limited Richard E.Bopp orpnized. t!t'arl,. p~ primarily to concerns of mobility· University of Illin ois at Urbana­ H nted. and of great impaired persons (particularly whee lchair Champaign usefulne n . users), symbols in the margins of the Urbana. Illinois text help the reader locate sections which address the needs of those with visual or hearing impairments. = Map Librarianship: an the first edition's. The Library of Con­ Introduction. gres s G Schedule classification code is By Mary Lynette Larsgaa rd used to guide us through detailed de­ Littleton, Colo.: Libraries Unlimited. scriptions of the various types of maps, 1986. 2nd Ed. 382 pages. accompanied by many illustrations. ISBN: 0-87287-537-7. $43.50 U. S.: There is more information about globes , $52.50 elsewhere. relief models, atlase s, and remote sens­ ing imagery than in the last edition. There is also more emphasis on collec­ The first edition of Map Librana nship, tion development policies , with sample published in 1978, quickly became known policies appearing in Appendix A. as "the bible of map librarianship. " As The second chapter on classification the definitive text of current practices schemes is little changed. More alpha­ and procedures for librarians who deal numeric classification schemes are dis­ with cartographic materials in the U.S., it cussed than were in the first edition, but possibly did more than any other publica­ the advantages of the LC G schedule are tion to bring these materials out of the stiu strongly stressed. " benign neglect" status in libraries . Ms. The third chapter on cataloging and Larsgaard's delightful writing style had compute r applications has been thor­ · . . not unly did we much to do with this; not only did we oughly rewritten and updated to include gel the practical ad,'ice get the practical advice we needed. but AA CR2 and AACCCM, Ms. Larsgaard we needed. but also a also a book we thoroughly enjoyed points out improvements of AACR2 over book we thoroughl y reading. AAC RI, and includes much less informa­ enjoyed reading. Ms. Larsgaard has now given us a tion and fewer examples of unit and form second edition, written in the same card systems than in the first edition . informal prose, and offering the same The computer applications section con­ " hands-on" practical advice about all tinues where the same section in the aspects of map librarianship. She again first edition left off, covering develop­ gives us the " map's eye view" of ments since 1980. In the cataloging library procedures by discussing them in problems section, information on added the sequence of even ts a map travels entries and scale has been dropped, through during its life in the library. replaced with cataloging information on Selection and acquisition are first , fol­ foreign-language materials, map series , lowed by classification, cataloging. and shee ts containing more than one map, storage, care, and repair. Then, for the micro and macro reproductions, archival librarian who is the interface between materials and computer cartography.Ms. the cartographic materials and their Larsgaard's conclusion in the first edition users, there are chapters on reference recommended AACR/LC/ISBD(CM) cat­ serv ices , public relations and marketing, aloging; in this second edition, it is Ms. Larsgaard . . . and education. rewritten to more strongly recommend again gives us the The fundamental difference in this cataloging using AACR2/LCIISBD. "map's eye view" of second edition is the move from "map The chapter on map conservation has library' procedures . .. librarianship" to " cartographic materials been updated with information which librarianship." There is more than just a became available since the first edition. change in the words here; there is a Basically, though, Ms. Larsgaard retains difference in attitude. Atlases, aerial the basic information and prudent advice. photographs and globes are no longer The first edition's chapter on public "supportiog materials," but now have relations and reference services has their proper "cartographic materials" been divided into two chapters in the status. There is also a pervading attitude second edition. The new chapter on that cartographic materials have an equal reference services starts with an exten­ place in libraries with books and other sive discussion of cartographic materials materials. basics, such as scale and projection. The first chapter on selection and Information retained from the old edition acquisition is more than twice the size of deals wi th the reference interview, map era MERlDlAS 1 45 more professional look to it. There is an users. and types of reference questions. historical map on the outside cover. the The new chapter on public relations typeface is a bit larger. and the headings discusses publications. exhibits . presen­ are in a different. bold type face. tations. and user studies . as did the first Intellectually. " Is. Larsgaarcl reworded edition. but a section on map societies the text so that it has a more profes­ has been added , sional "sound"(e. g. "Once the patron's The last chapter is a new one. titled Question has been discovered. and this is " Education." Some of the topics in it, often the hardest part . and then trans­ In the hi.lory and such as continuing education and employ­ lated into library-ese ..... is now trai ni n ~ !lftt ion. t he ment outlook. were taken from the " Once the user' s information need has new ed ilion provides "Map Librarianship: a Brief Overview" been defined - as precisely as possible in mut h mon 8peci lk in­ chapter in the first edition. but you'd terms of area and subject-and then form ation on Illap li­ hardly recognize them. In the history brari an. hi p and much translated into libraryese . .. "). and training section. the new edition le n ge neral library Those librarians who deal with car­ provides much more spec ific information philneophy and aneieet tographic materials, and who have not on map l ib rarianship and much less hiltory ... yet acquired Map Librariansnip: an general library philosophy and ancient Introduction, are strongly encouraged to history ("2700 B.C. and all that"). do so. Every cartographic materials Those of you who. like myself, found librarian will leam something from this "Is. Larsgaard's appendices and bibti­ book. as I have in the course of ograpby to be about the best there are . reviewing it. will not be disappointed. The appendices The appenditl'll . .. in the second edition have been ex­ have bee n upanded panded and reorganized. The sample and rl!"Orl' an ized . acquisition policy has been replaced by UTERATURECITED collection development policies: spe­ Nichols. Harold. 1982. .Hap Li­ cialized bibliographies on such topics as brarianship. london: Bingley. cataloging, remote sensing materials. and pre -l900 materials have replaced lists of Jim Coombs . ~ I ap Li brar ia n state highway map sources. geological Southwest :\Iissouri Sta te map sources. and commercial map pub­ University lishers . A new appendix suggests a Springfield. :\lissouri syllabus for a cartographic materials librarianship course. Those who consult the databases to find literature about cartographic mate­ -- rials in libraries will undoubtedly find Scholar's Guide to reference to the second edition of Jlap Librarianship (Nichols 1982), and may Washington , D.C. for wonder if it will suffice. " Ir. Nichols Cartography and Remote book does contain much useful inforrna­ Sensing Imagery. tion and uses the same hands-on ap­ By Ralph E. Ehrenberg proach. but. since it was writt en in the Washington. D.C.: Smithsonian Institu­ U. K. and is geared towards map li­ tion Press. 1987. xx . 38S pages. brarianship there. for map librarians in ISBN: 0-87.JU-I06-7 (hardback) $29.95: the U.S.. it is not as useful as " Is. ().87.J74-J-7-5p (paperback). $15.00. Larsgaard's book. To say that "is. Larsgaard's second . .. ~h , Lan~d's edition of Jlap Librarianship is bigger The Woodrow Wilson International !lftond ed ilio n of Jfa~ and better than the first edition applies Center for Scholars has produced a WrtlnIJ...,Ir,P is bigger to the book physically as well as respected series of guides to research and better ... intellectually. Not only are there 52 more resources awaiting discovery in the pages in the second edition. they are 1/4 Greater Washington. D.C. area . In the inch taller and wider than those in the twelfth volume of this reference series. first edition. Moreover; the book has a Ralph E. Ehrenberg's Scholar's Guide to " 'ot ERJDIAS I eGf Washington, D.C. for Cartography and entry with number of volumes . scope, Remote Sensing Imager)', the Center and hours of service. Entries are acknowledges "the importance of car­ rounded out by brief collection histories, tographic materials for most projects desc riptions and histories of facilities pursued by [its] fellows and guest housing collections, highlights and foci of scholars ." special interest. or descriptions of serv­ Washington, D.C. serves as a focal ices' primary patrons. Events giving Washington. D.C. point for cartographic and remote sens­ flavor to research are also described, serves as a focal point ing collection, production. and distribu­ such as the three o'clock tea at the for eartographie and tion. National collections and resources Folger Shakes peare Library. Explicit in­ r emote s l." nsi ng collec­ are housed in, or administered from, the formation regarding resource access is t ion . produ cti on. and nation's capitol as a function of. and included: appointments req uired, proper distr ibu tion . support for. government activit y. Mr. identification or clearance neces sary. and Ehrenberg 's Guide enumerates 181 suggested advance arrangements due to sources of cartographic information with remote storage facilities. Cross re fer­ forms ranging from the traditional atlas ences eas ily lead the user through the and map to the latest in geographic morass of confusing organizational rela­ information systems and sate llite imagery tionships to the proper descriptive en­ analysis. To do so, Ehrenberg surveyed tries . Many entries include publication facilities in and around Washington. D.C. titles or tool names to aid in collection and collected information from catalogs, access and description. lists. and personal interviews. After Six appendixes follow the body of compilation, entries were returned to the descriptive entries . Three cover infor­ appropriate bodies for review: all infor­ mation especially important for the out­ mation is correct to March 1986. of-town scholar: " Map Stores," " Hous­ Mr. Ehrenberg has grouped his direc­ ing, Transportation. and other Serv­ tory entries into eleven sections, four ices," and " Federal Government listing re search collections and seven Holidays." Two of the remaining appen­ containing organizations, dependant upon dixes group map and remote sensing the nature of the collection or organiza­ imagery collections by size and the final tion. The collection sections are com­ appendix recaps entry formats for all posed of " Libraries," " Archives and eleven sections. A short bibliography is Manuscript Repositories,"" Museums followed by five indexes which. in this Descript ions of eollee­ and Galleries, " and " Data Banks." reviewer's opinion, increase the value of t ions and services go Organizations include " Research Centers this volume one hundredfold. Entries flIT beyond t he usual directo ry entl)' .. . and Referral Services," " Academic Pro­ may be accessed through personal grams and Departments," " United names, subjects , geographic headings States Government Agencies," "State (one index for remote sensing imagery and Local Government Agencies," and a second for maps). and names of " Embassies and International Organiza­ organizations and institutions. The per­ tions," " Associations and Societies," sonal name index does not include the and " Publishers , Publications, and Me­ names of those responsible for services dia." Each section follows a template or collections; it makes available the given at the sec tion's beginning in a names of cartographers, photographers . manner similar to World Directory 0/Map and many others who appear within the Collections (International Fede ration of bodies of entries. The organizations and Cross references eas i1~' Library Associations. Section of Geogra­ institutions index allows access through lead t he user t hro ugh phy and Map Libraries 1986). Unlike this names of organizations described and the mora1J5 of eonfus­ IFLA publication, Ehrenberg neatly side­ groups included as part of organizational ing organizational re­ steps the pitfall of cryptography by lat ionships . .. descriptions . presenting pertinent information through Mr. Ehrenberg furthers the Wilson intelligible phrases or complete sen­ Center 's self described " switchboard tences , not in code. function" of connecting scholars with Descriptions of collections and serv ­ resources through careful enumeration of ices go far beyond the usual directory collections and producers of cartographic

. 7 materials locate d within the political hub derived from the 1981 census or subse­ of the United States. His thoughtful quent national surveys. the reader is consideration of each resource will take given information as current as possible. some of the " guesswork" out of re­ Care to provide the user with mor e data search possibilities in Washington. D.C. has led to the provision of a bibliography and unique tidbits of informa tion give of additional sources with eac h map. an some of the facilities an increased air of extensive narrative text. as well as at uniqueness and encourage exploration. least one graph or similar statistical While specific details will become dated . compendium. While such accuracy will Scholiz,s Guide to ji'ashington. D.C. jor over time date the usefulne ss of the Carlographyand Remote Sensing Imagery atlas. one might assume future expanded will serve as a signpos t in regard to and updated editions will appear from accessibility. protocols. and procedure s. time to time. Scnotar's Guide to Uashington. D.C. If this assumption is correct. what /or Carlography and Remote Sensing changes might one want to find in such a Imagery should be found on the shelves future edition? While the color printing is of most map collections in the United unusually clear and distinctive. for many States. especially major collections and maps the gradient concept of color those in academic settings. It should also values was not used. Hence light and be available wherever research is cen­ dark hues of the same color are placed tered on cartographic products and geo­ randomly in ranking statistical values. graphic information or on the resources The reader thus can eas ily be confused of Washington. D.C. as to which shade or hue of a color is present on a map. the high value or the LITERAT UR E CITED low value. International Federation of Library Asso­ To this revie wer the re is a basic ciations. Section of Geography and Question which needs to be raised when ;"Iap Libraries. 1986. norld Directory prese nting extensive amounts of data. of .Hap Collections. 2nd ed. New York: Namely. what is the best format to be K. G. Sauer. used? Is the map format necessarily the best? Undoubtedly. the compilers of this J enny :\larie Johnson . )Iap Collec­ atlas faced the same ques tion. as is tion and Cartographic Informat ion indicated by the provision of statistical Service. University of Washington. tables and narrative text. The rela­ Seattle. Washingt on tionship of the three to each other. however. will sometimes confuse read­ ers. For example the map for telephones ----- tpp. 120-121) and their availability leads ASocial and Economic to confusion. The graph for telephones Atlas of India cites "District s" and " Circles." Gujarat Delhi: New }Ork: Orford University Circle has 144.000 telephones . The Press. 1987. 254 pages, District sec tion. however. cites ISBN , 10-562041-0. $65.00. Ahmedabad with 98.000 telephones. Surat 25.000 . Vadodara (Baroda) 22.000. and Rajkot 13.000. or a total of 158.000 The appearance of a social science­ te lephones. One has to read most · . . (or man)· map . th e oriented atlas for the world's most carefully to determine that the distri cts lITadient concept of populous democracy indeed is a welcome refer to urban areas. while the circles color ...)u u ...... no t event for scholars interested in having at are for all other portions of the state. used. the ir fingertips tremendous amounts of Further complicating perception of the needed information. Nine sections cover te lephone situation is the map itself: it the following topical areas:People. cli­ simply assigns one color to Guiarat . thus mate. natural resources. infrastructure. creating the impression of uniform tele­ produce. tourist visits. national economy; phone availability. and inte malional equation. By using data This does raise the problem of urban ve rsus rural de velopmen t in India. The atlas seldom take s note of the huge Historical Atlas of difference between urban and rural. thu s Canada. Volume I:From . •. I brid hil lor,- of creating the impression that such key the Beginning to 1800. clrt ogTaph ~ . I n I!'5n~' social indicators as availability of banks. B.,' R . Cole Harris. ed. and Geoff")'}. lh ~ on prod uct ion of education. individual income. industrial Mattheu·s. carlographn/designer. old map5 and I ahort development. non-w'orking population. Toronto: UnilV'Sil)' of Toronto Press. t"atiM on lh ~ u plora . power cons umption. or transport vehi­ ~orth Am ~ri u . 1987. 198 pages. tion of des are equally available in all parts of a .•• takl' but liftl"en ISBN : 0-8020-2495·5. Cdn $95.00. state. Needl ess to say. Maharasbtra. pagel to .c(omplillh. Tamil Nadu. and West Ben gal seem to be well developed states. But were one This magnificent first volume of a to delete the data for Bomba)'. M adras. projected three volume atlas of a car ­ and Calcutta. re spectively. would the tographic interpretation of the develop­ data show the thre e states to be so well ment of Canada has had a long gestation developed ? period. A te am of scholars generated the Similarly the re is the inconsiste ncy of Historical atlas of Canada project in 1970 treatme nt of topics. The map for ground­ and a major editorial grant was provided water (pp. 76-77) has uniform color in 1979 by the Social Sciences and shading for each state. which creates the Humanities Rese arch Council of Canada. The map for gTound · .... ter . • . c"a11'5 t hl' impre ssion of uniform availability of The atlas. published in fre nch and impreuion of unifor m water throughout the state . Inse t on the English editions. is chronological in ap­ I\' a il lbil i t ~ • .. map page is a considerably smaller map proach: volume I. " From the beginning th rough ..ut thl' ..ta te. citing " drought-prone districts ." This to 1800;" volume II. " The nineteenth inset is far more detailed and even century;" and volume III. " Addressing carries an appe nded note. "while inter­ the twen tieth century... In his fore word. preting this map. it should be noted that Wm. G. Dean indicates that the research generally only some blocks in a district for the atlas was done by individual are drought prone and not the whole authors. or tea ms of authors w ho are at district" (p. 77). One need s to ask why the forefront in their specific fields . This drought poten tial was important enough enormo us undertaking has involved to portray at the district level. while nearly 250 authors and research assis­ groundwater availability received state tant s from Canadian universities. depart­ level treatmen t. ments of federal and provincial T hese observations point out some governments. private organizations . and re servations about the organization and from unive rsities in the United States treatment of topics. They should alert and Europe. The contributions of the potential purchasers to the fact that major scholars are specified by R. Cole some difficulties will be en countered in Harri s in his preface. He also discusse s using the atlas. At the same time. it the inspiration that the work of Harold must be most forcibly stated that there A. Innis and Andrew H. Clark provided indeed is a wealth of data in the atlas and he points out that the volume is whkh will provide re aders with exten­ dedicated to them. sive information on a key thir d world The atlas provides a visual approach to country. the Canadian past wi th an emphasis on social and economic change. It has Don ald Clay Johnson . Ames L ibrary " maps on the nature and structure of Th l' . t l... arldom take5 of South As ia past societies. their patt erns of live­ notl' of thl' h ullt'1' dif· Uni ve rsity of Minnesota lihood. and their transformation of the fl'rence bet wee n urb.n Minneapolis . Mi nnesota landscape (that] present stimulating im­ and ru ral . .• ages of the lives of ordinary people ." (Foreword). The format of the atlas enhance s its usefulne ss as a refere nce document. The table of contents has six sections:

~ MF.RlnlAl'il 49 " Pre histo ry," " The Atlantic realm," arably associated with the maps, dia­ " Inland expansion," " T he St. Lawrence grams, plans, illustrations. etc., settle me nts ," " The northwest ." and providing a unique . thoroughly re­ "Canada in 1800." The numbers and searched view of the history of Canada. titles of the plates are lis ted in each It is a significant addition to the refe r­ section along w'ith the authorfs ) of plates ence work s on this country and in some and lists of titles of maps. graphs. Canadian unive rs ity libraries copies have illus tratio ns. plans, etc.• on each plate. been so heavily used that the spines are In the body of this work each of the splitting. The ed itors of subsequent six major sections is preced ed by an volumes in this series have the difficult informative essay by R. Cole Harris challenge of matching the fine quality of which provide s an ove rvie w of the plates volume 1. With funding for the comple­ that foUow. Each plate is a complex tion of the project assured. volumes II Each plate is a ee m­ document in its own right and is lite rally and III are awaited ea gerly. plex dMument in ita a mine of information on its specific own ril{ht .. . literally topic. Scales are provided for all maps . a mine of information plans. and diagrams. The maps are well Vivi en Cart mell executed with pleasing colors and clear Queen Elizabeth II Library. printing. Very occas ionally color grada­ :\oI emorial Un ive rsity of tions are a little difficult to distinguish . Newfoundland The arrange ment of the data . even on 51. John' s, Newfoundland extre mely complex plates, is not difficult to foUow: a truly laudable accomplish­ ment. The latter part of the atlas is devoted to notes on each plate as well as list s of primary and secondary sources for that The Cartography of plate. North America 1500-1800 There are many themes in this atlas By Pieriuigi Portinara and Franco comme ncing with contine ntal glaciation Knirsch and archaeo logical evidence of the move­ Nta.· York: Facts on File. Inc. 1987.320 ments. livelihoods. and culture of early pages. 180 col maps. 90 ill., selected people s of Canada. as well as e nviron­ biog. notes, index. mental aspects such as ecology and ISBN 0-8160-1586-.J. U.S. $80.00. climate. The significance of the fi shery, early se ttlement. de velopment. and cote­ nial effort s in the Atlantic provinces is This volume is a large, lavishly illus­ shown. The ex ploration. exploitation. and trated collection of maps and charts of se ttleme nt of the interior, primarily by North America from 1500 to 1800. It has the Fre nch. and the eventual conflict a minimal amount of text including a brief with English and American s is well history of cartography, an essay on the The uniqu e se ttlement documented. The unique settleme nt and production of old maps and a short and de¥elopment of the developme nt of the St. Lawrence valley treatise on the exploration of North St. Lawrence ulle,. by by the Fr ench is dealt with in detail. America. T hese take but fifteen pages to the Fren ch i, dealt Another important theme portrayed and accomplish. The rest of the text includes with in detail. de scribed is the northwest from Hudson a brief (abou t one page) introduction to Bay to the Pacific coast and the signifi­ each of the three ce nturia! sections into cance of the fur trade in this area . This which the volume is divided . There is a volume is neatly comple ted by a brief section of biographical not es on forty-five look at Canada in 1800 which reveals the map makers and a short, one-page emerging patt ern of modern Canada. index. The breakdown of the maps are This atlas is a far cry from the sixty captioned plates for the sixteenth simplistic dictionary definition of an atlas century, forty-two captioned plates for being a collection of maps. It is a the seve nteenth ce ntury and se venty­ complex docu ment with the te xt insep- one captioned plates for the eighteenth -

ce ntury. There are nine additional maps France where they first appeared in used in the introduction and ope ning 1744. As cartographic first s the re are essays . Some ninety illustrations of important differences. explorers. royalty, technical equi pment Because of its lack of text and and events are peppered through the see ming lack of direction to its maps the volume. Of note is the inclusion of a volume can hardly be called an au­ large numbe r (about 25%) of manuscript thoritative reference work nor is it a maps many of which logically appear in fascinating reading experience (except. the earlier sec tions of the book whe n of course, if your definition of fascinating or note is the in d usion these maps had conside rable importance. is that it is to be short). A stunning art of • large number .. . The book is largely arrange d chronologi­ book thoug h it is. Indeed it seems to be of manu st"ripl map s cally and attempts to connect the unfold­ more of a book for the general public ing story of the exploration and who may want a quick fix on the settlement of. and co mpetition for, the cartogra phy of North America rather continent of North Ame rica as told than an in-depth sunvey as found in such through its historical cartography wi th books as Schwanz and Ehrenberg the development of the art and science (980). Tooley (1985) and Cumming of map-making itself. It furt he r states (1971. 1974). Even as an art book it has that it is an authoritative reference work , some major flaws. The reproductions of a fascinating reading experience , and a se veral maps are quite blurry. A furthe r stu nning art book. With this in mind the frustration is the printing of maps on a authors state that the y made their two page spread and then tightly binding selection of maps based upon t heir the volume so as to leave a large portion historical significance, scie ntific merit and (and usually the one you want to see the beauty. most) buried in the gutt e r. J praise the In light of these stated goals, one inclusion of hard to find portolan charts really wenders about the selections but am disappointed in their often being made. ~1any seem to have no signifi­ hidden in the binding. At S80 it is ·• • one ~all:r ",Duden cance for the criteria stated. While those difficult to recommend this book. An about th" seledions that do, suffer from minimal captioning authoritative reference work it is not . mad e.. • . minimal ca p-­ which often fails to connect the map with but at the same time the full color, high l ioni nl: .•. !ails to its importance in either the history of quality paper. and reproductions of many eonn«t the map with North Ame rican cartography or the one-of-a-kind item s does make it tempt­ it. important"e • •. developme nt of cartography as an art ing. One • .• won ders wh ~' and science. With but a short introduc­ • lar ~ part of the tion to the above, it is to the reader eighteenth eent ury sec ­ left t ion sho uld be devoted to connec t the t.....o goals. The only to the map " of Anton io apparen t development is the gradual LITER ATURE CITED Zan a . • • change from manuscript maps to .....ood Schwartz, Seymour I. and Ralph E . block printing and ev e ntually largely Ehrenberg. 1980. The mapping of copperplate engraving, not a particularly America. New York : H. K Abram s. eanhshaking revelation. One also won­ Tooley, R. Y. 1985. Thl' mappingof ders why a large part of the eigh teenth America. London : Holland Pr ess. century section should be devoted to the Curruning, William Patters on, R. A. maps of Antonio latta without inclusion Skelton and D. B. Quinn . 1971. Th~ of john ~1il chell ' s map of 1755 upon disco m 'J of /'r;fJrlh Amen·ca. London : which they are based. In some cases, Elek. much later printings of maps are used Cumming, William Patterson , et. al. A alunning art book rathe r than the firs t edition, for no 1974. The exploration of North Amer­ ·. • it weems to bt- •• • appar ent reason. In point, Jean Nicolas ica. London: Elek. a quick fix on the car. Bellin's maps of North America used in tugr.ph,· of !'orth this volume are from Didot's Histaire Jon L. Walstrom . Map Curator Aml'ri ca . . . General des l'oyages published in 1757 Minne l>ota Historical Society and not from Charlevoix's Histoire et St. Paul. Minnesota Description Generate de la Nouf'tlfe

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52 information should be in the following INFORMATION FOR order: Author 's las t name , first name, second author (first name . last name). CONTRIBUTORS date of publication. title of the work, and is published semi-annually by Meridian (in the case of books) the place of the American Library Association's Map publication and publisher. or (in the case and Geography Round Table. It contains of period icals) the periodical title, volume article s which (l) advance the organiza­ number. and inclusive paging. For tion and dissemination of cartographic, example : geographic. and remote sens ing collec­ tions and information; and (2) describe Jones. Samuel. 1987. Maps /or E veryone. and document the major trends and Smithville, Calif.: Cartographic Publishing issues in the professional development of Works. cartographic and geographic librarianship Jones. Samuel and Cons tance Williams. in North America. 1979. Mapping for E veryone. Smithville, ALA members and other persons Calif.:Carto graphic Publishing Works. interested in the objectives of the Map -- 1980. " Mapping for Everyone in and Geography Round Table are invited New York State. " Maps Today to submit manuscripts to the Editorial 159,160-166. Board for cons ideration. Full-length man­ Cite referen ces in the text by gi\'ing uscripts (ge nerally not ex ceeding 7,500 the author's last namets). publication words) as well as s horter commentaries . date and any re levant information within re search note s and lett ers should be parenthe se s, e.g .. (Smith 1988) or Smith addressed to: Philip Hoehn, Library Map 1988, 299). When an author has more Room. u nivers ity of California. Berk e­ than one publication in a given year add a ley. California 94720. letter to the date to distinguish them, Format. Manuscripts should be sub­ e.g., (jones 1988a) Uones 1988b). AU mitted eithe r on a 5.25 inch floppy disk citations should be verified carefully. For with one paper print out . or in three further guidance on this and other paper copies. Papers should be type writ­ matte rs relating to manu script prepara­ ten or compute r-printed, double-spaced tion, refer to The Chicago Manual of on one side only of white 28 x 22 em. Style, 13th ed.. Unive rsity of Chicago (8.5 x 11 inch) paper with 3 em. (l inch) Press. or larger margin s on all sides. They Units of Measure. Authors should should be in the English language. Disks ordinarily use the International Syste m will be ret urned to the author. (metric); othe r units may be given in Abstracts. A typewritten , double­ parenthese s. spaced abstract of approximately 75 to Tables. While each table should be 100 words summarizing the main points discussed in the manuscript , its meaning of the paper should accompany each should be clear without reference to the article. text. Each table should be as signed an Endnotes. If needed, note s should be Arabic number (e.g . Table 1). and used sparingly and should be brief and should be typed double -spaced on a limited to explaining points in the manu­ separate sheet at the e nd of the text. script. They should not be combined Each should have a clear, concise title with citations to literature. which are to and column headings, be in a separate list. Endnote s should be lllustrations. Each illustration should be numbered, and should be submitted on a ass igned sequen tial Arabic numbers separate sheet, typed double-spaced. (e.g.. Fig. 1) and should be camera ­ and placed at the end of the text under read y. If an illustration is not ea sily the heading "Notes." understood indepe ndent of the text, it Literature Cited. All works cited should be accompanied by a caption, should be listed alphabetically by the first typed double-space d on a sheet at the author's last name in a se parate , double­ end of the manuscript. Photographs spaced list at the end of the manuscript, should be 8 x 10 inch glossy prints. following endnote s (if any) . Bibliographi c Illustrations should be professionally pre-

53 Expanded with New City and Canadian Maps! /' d-~~··". .'.... ~,. ii _~ < ....~ ..,., ...-- -- " ~- ~ ~ '''--- ~ MelPLihrllry- a - - -- Customize col lection o f dependa ble. Your M ap up-to-dare road maps ideal for library use-has now been Library to expanded ( 0 include two new Meet Your Needs packages: You can order the individ­ ual Bane or Cil\",Wup • City ,Hap Lihra , ~\' -37 luhrarics, com riel': your street maps of America n collec tion wuh the municipalities. ~ Canadia n S/lflfl lmlc'llt. • Canadian Supptement-« - ~ or customize your 12 Canadian city and Easy -to-Use ~ , _\ld{' Lihrurv by province maps. and Durable ordenng the combmcuon 01cny. vtute . province. or national map" The...e new sets meet the ..arne The WiI!>On BdSic' and Ciry l1up that meets your library", particular lsbranes are eac h self-contained Wilson ..tandards of quality: need... We ma ke ir ea..y for you 10 in handsome. durable ca-e .. that • Suitable for a variety o f .... 111 -,tand up to extensive patron replace 10"( o r damaged map... and 10 update yo ur .\ld{' Lihrarv on a reference purposes. use nne Canadian Supplt'ml'llr w ill regu lar basi!>. • Easy for patron s to use. Iii ea..ily into either ca-.el. Index div idee, within the case ma ke it • Simple for libra rians to ea..)" for patrons 10 idenufy and To Order or for maintain . remove indi... idual map... ~Iore Information. • Available from a reliab le TH E H.W. WILSON Call Toll-Free: central source of supply. Dl!.JI C O ~ IP A N Y (-800-367-6770 • Affordab le for any library 'JSO lJni\e"ily' Avenue [n x.Y .5. call I· XOO- -l 6 ~ · h()60; budge!. Bron x. "'e", YorJ.. lU4 5 ~ in Canada call collect ~ I ~ - 51111 ·11 -l0Cl . pared. Each photograph or illustration week s. the editor will notify the author. should be capable of legible reduction to Reviewers consider the style and con­ 7 x 9 inches. Only black-and-white tent of the manuscript . giving weight to illustrations can be accepted. The cos t of organization. writing style. originality. preparing illus trat ions is the responsi­ importa nce to the literature. meth odol­ bility of the author. Please protect ogy employed , and the author 's investi­ camera-ready copy when mailing the gative thoroughness. manuscri pt. All original. camera-ready Publication. If a manuscript is ac­ art will be returned to the authorts) after ce pted for publication. it v..ilI be pub­ publication. lished generally six to 12 months after Copyrighted ma terial, Permission to acceptance. depending upon the number include copyrighted material in the manu­ of accepted manuscripts. It may be script should be obtained by the author edited to confonn to the style of the from the copyright holde r. Articles pub­ journal . and the editor may recommend lished in steruuanare copyrighted by changes to the author. The author will the American Library Association. in­ have an opport unity to re view proofs to quiries for reprinting. photocopying. or insure accuracy. Ten offprints of the translating material should be addressed ankle will be supplied without cost to to the Office of Rights and Permissions. the author. American Library Association. 50 E. Huron St.. Chicago, It 606 11. All matenal in Meridian subject to copyright may be photocopied for the noncommer· ciaI purpose of scientific or educational advancement gra nted by Sections 107 and 108 of the Copyright Revision Act of 1976. Cot'er letter: Each manuscript sub­ mitted should be accompanied by a letter of transmittal. It should include names. titles, institutional affiliations and tele­ phone numbers of the authorts). and a statement that the material has not been published and is not under consideration (or publication e lsewhere . Authors should also include copies of any of their papers which are in press or under cons idera­ tion else where if they include informat ion which would be helpful in evaluating the work submitted to Meridian. Review 0/Manuscripts. Manuscripts received are given an initial rev iew by the editor. Th ose selected for further review are submitted to at least two readers. generally members of the Edi­ torial Board or the panel of consulting editors. Names of authors are removed from the manuscript and thus author nerners) should be on the first page of the manuscript only. Insofar as possible. other ite ms in the manuscript that identify the author are blocked out by the editor prior to submission for fonnal review. When the review is completed . a process generally taking six to eight THE SANUTO SIXTEENTH-CENTURY VENETIAN GLOBE GORES

A full-sized facsimile ofapparently the sole surviving copy of one of the largest printed globe-gore sets of th e sixteenth century mak- ing a globe 68.6 em in diam eter.

24 folio sheets 9 x 24 in. on Prairie mould­ m ade paper by Twin Rocker in an archival quality dr op-spine box.

Accompanied by a 24-page illustrated original monograph by David Woodward printed at The Juniper Press

Jointl y published by the Holzheimer Research and Publication Project and the Hermon Dunlap Smith Center for the History of Cartography Available through the Smith Center at THE N EWB ERRY LIBRARY 60 West Walton Street, Chicago, IL 60610

Edition limited to 150 copies . $395.00, Shipping $5.00 (312) 943-9090.