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What Does It Mean to Be a Montrealer?

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What Does It Mean to Be a Montrealer? What Does it Mean to be a Montrealer? Multiculturalism, Cosmopolitanism and Exclusion Identity from the Perspective of Montreal's Ethnocultural and Linguistic Minorities Andy Catalano A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in Political Studies School of Political Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Ottawa ©Andy Catalano, Ottawa, Canada, 2016 Abstract This thesis explores the meaning of the Montreal identity from the perspective of Montreal's ethnocultural and linguistic minorities. Generally speaking, it is commonplace for authors in the academic literature on Montreal to describe the city and its identity in terms of its multicultural and cosmopolitan sensibilities. While this forms part of what it means to be a Montrealer, this is not the only significance that this project accounts for. In examining the opinion sections of the Montreal Gazette from the period of September 4th, 2012 to the period of April 7th, 2014 this thesis reveals that the meaning of the Montreal identity is tied to both the aforementioned multicultural and cosmopolitan sensibilities, as well as a sentiment of exclusion rooted in an ethnic interpretation of the Québec nation. Accordingly, this research also shows how these aspects of Montrealness contribute to the building of a Montreal identity that is meant to be distinct and even opposed to Québec identity. ii Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank the University of Ottawa and the School of Political Studies for their generous financial support and for providing me with an enriching academic experience. I would also like to thank my supervisor, Professor Dimitrios Karmis for his guidance and honest advice. This thesis would not be possible without your expertise and insightful suggestions. I want to also take the opportunity to thank Professor Sophie Bourgault for her reassurance, calming influence and for always keeping her door open. I am grateful to my parents, Antonio and Liboria Catalano, and my brothers Anthony and Santino for their constant encouragement and unconditional support in my academic pursuits. I would also like to thank Adam, Devin, Poul and Madeleine for always being willing to share their thoughts with me and for making my two years in Ottawa feel like home. Lastly, I would like to give special thanks to Rosalie for always reminding me to keep things in perspective and for standing by my side every step of the way. iii Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................ iii General Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Conceptions of Montrealness and Research Foundations ................................... 8 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 The Montreal Identity as Cosmopolitan and Multicultural....................................................... 9 1.2 Montreal and Exclusion .......................................................................................................... 16 1.3 Research Question .................................................................................................................. 21 1.4 Hypothesis............................................................................................................................... 21 1.5 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................... 23 1.6 Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 28 1.6.1 Choice of materials..................................................................................................... 28 1.6.2 Period of Study ........................................................................................................... 31 1.6.3 Methodological Approach .......................................................................................... 33 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 37 Chapter 2 - The Development and Evolution of Québec Nationalism ................................... 39 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 39 2.1 French-Canadian Nationalism ................................................................................................ 42 2.2 The Post-War Period and The Montreal School ..................................................................... 45 2.3 The Quiet Revolution .............................................................................................................. 50 2.4 1970s and 1980s: Expanding the Boundaries of the Québec Nation ...................................... 52 2.5 The 1990's: A Civic Turn ........................................................................................................ 59 2.6 A Québec Citizenship ............................................................................................................. 62 2.7 Obstacles, Hiccups and Contentions in the Public Sphere ..................................................... 65 2.8 Academic and Intellectual Disagreements .............................................................................. 69 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 73 Ethnocultural and Linguistic Minorities and Expressions of Montrealness .... 74 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 74 3.1 Approach re-stated and Presentation of General Data ............................................................ 75 3.2 Minority Perceptions of Québec Identity and Nationalism .................................................... 79 3.2.1 Descriptions of the Sovereign Project/Independence Movement and the Proponents of Nationalism/Sovereignty ................................................................................................. 80 3.2.2 Who Constitutes a Quebecker and the Parameters of the Québec Identity? ............. 83 3.2.3 Descriptions of Québec and Québec Society .............................................................. 85 3.2.4 The Parti Québécois & the Representatives of Québec Nationalism ......................... 86 3.2.5 Tying Together the Responses .................................................................................... 89 iv 3.3 Minority Perceptions of Place and Belonging ........................................................................ 90 3.3.1 Sense of Place and Belonging .................................................................................... 90 3.3.2 Tying the Responses ................................................................................................... 94 3.4 Minority Perceptions of Montreal and Montrealness ............................................................. 95 3.4.1 Definitions and Descriptions of the City .................................................................... 96 3.4.2 Montreal Attachments ................................................................................................ 98 3.4.3 Montreal's Place In Québec ..................................................................................... 100 3.4.4 Tying the Responses Together .................................................................................. 102 3.5 Multiculturalism, Exclusive Nationalism and the Montreal Identity .................................... 104 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 111 General Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 113 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 119 Appendix A Meta and Sub-Questions ........................................................................................ 131 Appendix B Boroughs of Montreal............................................................................................. 132 Appendix C Location Tallies and Percentages ........................................................................... 133 v General Introduction Founded in 1642, the city of Montreal is not only the world's third largest francophone city after Paris and Kinshasa, but it is also "one of [its] very few genuinely bilingual major cities."1 In the Canadian context, Montreal is the only major metropolitan centre that functions "[predominantly] in a language other than English", that is to say, in French.2 It is also the city in Canada where knowledge of both official languages is at its highest3 this of course being owed to the historical rootedness of its two most influential linguistic communities,
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