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Chapter: Vi Religious Life and Cultural Life CHAPTER: VI RELIGIOUS LIFE AND CULTURAL LIFE Sr. No. Details Page No. 6.1 Introduction 524-525 6.2 Religion: its Meaning and Importance 525-530 6.3 Tendency for Worshipping Gods and Goddesses 530-532 6.4 Different Gods and Goddesses (Mother Goddess) 532-535 6.5 Worship of Nature 535-537 6.6 Worship of Ancestors 537-538 6.7 Religious Beliefs about Birds and Animals 538 6.8 Worship of Agricultural Tools 538-539 6.9 Religious and Worship in Different Aspects of Life 539-541 6.10 Cultural Traditions of Hinduism 541-547 6.11 Superstitions 547 6.12 Beliefs about Soul and Ghosts-Role of Magic and the 547-558 Bhuva (Exorcists) 6.13 Beliefs about Dreams 558-559 6.14 Beliefs Regarding Bad and Good days 559 6.15 Beliefs Regarding Good and Bad Omen 559-561 6.16 Tendency to go to Temple 561 6.17 Tendency to accept a Guru (A Religious mentor) 561-564 6.18 Tendency for Fasting and Take Religious vows 564-565 6.19 Tendency towards Non-vegetarian Food 565-566 6.20 Beliefs Regarding Tattoos 566-567 6.21 Rituals on Deaths 567 6.22 Ritual of Babarior Chaulkriya (First Shaving off of a 567-568 Child) 6.23 Beliefs Regarding the Tradition of becoming a Sati 568-569 6.24 Beliefs about Sins-Good deeds and aout Heaven and 569-570 Hell 517 6.25 Tendency towards Untouchability 570-573 6.26 Religious Festivals and Celebrations 573-582 6.27 Loka Vrata (Religious Pledges) 582-583 6.28 Vrata (Pledges), Festivals and Religious Beliefs 583-584 6.29 Temples 584-585 6.30 Madh 585 6.31 Katha-Bhajan (Religious Story Telling and Singing 585-586 Prayers) 6.32 Yatra or Jatra(Pilgrimage) 586 6.33 Different Sects 586 6.34 Folk Literature of Bhal-Nalkantha Region 587-589 6.35 Entertaining Programs for the Masses 589-610 6.36 Folk Dances 610-615 6.37 Folk Fairs 615-620 6.38 Changes in the Religious Field 620-622 6.39 Conclusion 622 References 623 518 CHAPTER -VI RELIGIOUS LIFE AND CULTURAL LIFE Sr. No. Details Page No. 6.1 Introduction 524-525 6.2 Religion: its Meaning and Importance 525-530 6.3 Tendency for Worshipping Gods and Goddesses 530-532 6.4 Different Gods and Goddesses (Mother Goddess) 532-535 6.5 Worship of Nature 535-537 6.6 Worship of Ancestors 537-538 6.7 Religious Beliefs about Birds and Animals 538 6.8 Worship of Agricultural Tools 538-539 6.9 Religious and Worship in Different Aspects of Life 539-541 6.9.1 Farming 539 6.9.2 Animal Husbandry 539 6.9.3 Pregnancy 539 6.9.4 Ceremony of Simant(Baby Shower) 539-540 6.9.5 Delivery 540 6.9.6 Ceremony of ChaulKriya(First Shaving off of a 540 Child’sHair) 6.9.7 Marriage 540 6.9.8 Death 540-541 6.10 Cultural Traditions of Hinduism 541-547 6.11 Superstitions 547 6.12 Beliefs about Soul and Ghosts-Role of Magic and the Bhuva 547-558 (Exorcists) 6.12.1 Holy Soul 548 6.12.2 Sinful Soul 548 6.12.2.1 Brahmarakshas 549 6.12.2.2 Pret 549 6.12.2.3 Bhoot (Ghost) 549 6.12.2.4 Pishach 549-550 519 Sr. No. Details Page No. 6.12.2.5 Chudel (The Witch) 550 6.12.2.6 Dakan 550 6.12.3 Magic 550-551 6.12.3.1 Benevolent (White) Magic 551 6.12.3.2 Black Magic 552 6.12.3.3 Magic in the Cycle of Life 552 6.12.3.4 Magic in Animal World 553 6.12.4 Role of the Bhuva(Exorcist) 553 6.12.4.1 Duties of the Bhuva 553 6.12.4.1.1 Worship of gods and goddesses 554 6.12.4.1.2 Curing a Sick Person 554 6.12.4.1.3 Mooth Marvi (Black Magic toharm a person, 554-555 ananimal or atree) and Mooth Valvi (Blackmagic tosave a person, an animal or a tree from beingharmed) 6.12.4.1.4 To Cure a possessed (by exorcism) 555 6.12.4.1.5 To cure a snake-bite 555 6.12.4.1.6 To make somebody take a pledge for getting a son 555 6.12.4.1.7 To cure an evil eye 556-558 6.13 Beliefs about Dreams 558-559 6.14 Beliefs Regarding Bad and Good days 559 6.15 Beliefs Regarding Good and Bad Omen 559-561 6.16 Tendency to go to Temple 561 6.17 Tendency to accept a Guru (A Religious mentor) 561-564 6.18 Tendency for Fasting and Take Religious vows 564-565 6.19 Tendency towards Non-vegetarian Food 565-566 6.20 Beliefs Regarding Tattoos 566-567 6.21 Rituals on Deaths 567 6.22 Ritual of Babari or Chaulkriya (First Shaving off of a Child) 567-568 6.23 Beliefs Regarding the Tradition of becoming a Sati 568-569 6.24 Beliefs about Sins-Good deeds and aout Heaven and Hell 569-570 6.25 Tendency towards Untouchability 570-573 520 Sr. No. Details Page No. 6.26 Religious Festivals and Celebrations 573-582 6.26.1 New Year 574 6.26.2 Bhaibij 575 6.26.3 Dev Diwali (God’s Diwali) and Tulsi Vivah (God’s 575 Wedding with Tulsi) 6.26.4 Full Moon Day of the Month of Posha(Third month 575 of Vikram Calendar) 6.26.5 Makarsankranti 575 6.26.6 Maha Shivaratri 576 6.26.7 Holi 576 6.26.8 Dhuleti(Second day of Holi, Festival of Colours) 576-577 6.26.9 Ramnavami(Lord Ram’s Birthday) 577 6.26.10 Akha Trij (Auspicious Day to begin the season of 577 sowing) 6.26.11 Ganesh Chaturthi (Festival of Lord Ganesh) 577 6.26.12 Bhim Agiyaras 577 6.26.13 Vat (Vad) Savitri Vrata 578 6.26.14 Ashadhi Bij 578 6.26.15 Guru Purnima (Day to worship religious Guru or 578 Mentor) 6.26.16 Diwaso 578 6.26.17 Nag Pancham 578 6.26.18 Raksha Bandhan 578-579 6.26.19 Bol Choth 579 6.26.20 Randhan Chhath (Day of Religious Cooking) 579 6.26.21 Sheetala Satam 579 6.26.22 Janmashthami (Lord Krishna’s Birthday) 579-580 6.26.23 Naum 580 6.26.24 Rishi Panchami 580 6.26.25 Pitrupaksha(Forefathers’ Days) 580 6.26.26 Navratri 580-581 521 Sr. No. Details Page No. 6.26.27 Dasahra 581 6.26.28 Dhanteras 581 6.26.29 Kalichaudas 581 6.26.30 Diwal 582 6.27 Loka Vrata (Religious Pledges) 582-583 6.28 Vrata (Pledges), Festivals and Religious Beliefs 583-584 6.29 Temples 584-585 6.30 Madh 585 6.31 Katha-Bhajan (Religious Story Telling and Singing Prayers) 585-586 6.32 Yatra or Jatra (Pilgrimage) 586 6.33 Different Sects 586 6.34 Folk Literature of Bhal-Nalkantha Region 587 6.34.1 Folk Songs 587 6.34.2 Wedding Songs 587 6.34.3 Songs of Vrata (Religious Vows) 588 6.34.4 Duha (Kind of short stanzas), Sakhi (couplets), 588 Metrical short poems 6.34.5 Singable Prayers 588-589 6.34.6 Bhadlisentences 589 6.35 Entertaining Programs for the Masses 589-610 6.35.1 Folk Plays 590 6.35.2 Bhavai (Drollery) 590-592 6.35.3 Ramleela 592-593 6.35.4 Bahuroopi 593-595 6.35.5 Puppeteers Bhavaiya (Folk Performers) 595-597 6.35.6 Folk Magicians 597-598 6.35.7 Nathbava (Wandering Singers with an Instrument 599-600 called Ravanhattho) 6.35.8 Conjurers called Kangasiya 600-601 6.35.9 Madari(Tricksters) playing with Monkeys 601-602 6.35.10 Madari/Vadi (Jugglers)Sapera/Garudi (Snake 602-604 Charmers) 522 Sr. No. Details Page No. 6.35.11 Nat/Bajaniya (Acrobats) 604-606 6.35.12 The Drummer 606-608 6.35.13 Malla (Acrobats) 608-609 6.35.14 Akhyan (Mythycal Story Telling) 609-610 6.36 Folk Dances 610-615 6.36.1 Ras (Dances with Ballad Songs) 611-612 6.36.2 Dandiyaras (Dances with Sticks) 612 6.36.3 Garabo (A pot with holes and lamps inside) 612-613 6.36.4 Garabi (A Variety of Garaba Song) 613-614 6.36.5 Padharnritya (A Dance by a Community Called 614 Padhar) 6.36.6 Tippaninritya (A Type of Dance with a Long Stick) 614-615 6.36.7 Kolinritya (A Dance by a Community Called Koli) 615 6.37 Folk Fairs 615-620 6.38 Changes in the Religious and Culture Field 620-622 6.39 Conclusion 622 References 623 523 6.1 Introduction: Fear and desires attract human beings towards religion and magic. When a house of a tribesman got burnt or his household may have been swept away in floods or his relatives may have been killed in a terrible earthquake, he may have tried to find solution to these problems in nature. But, when he may not have found a solution, he may have started worshipping the moon, fire, wind, water, the earth, etc. believing them to be divine elements. This is how religion may have originated. It could be said that religion is the way of worshipping a divine element in order to get a desired goal but when this divine element is controlled to get a desired work done, it could be called magic. The Karadiya Rajput community has a deep faith in divine elements.
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