DOCSLIB.ORG

The Potential for Bottled Biogas for Clean Cooking in Africa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Potential for Bottled Biogas for Clean Cooking in Africa The potential for bottled biogas for clean cooking in Africa The potential for bottled biogas for clean cooking in Africa Working Paper 11/Feb/2020 Authors: Edson Twinomunuji, Francis Kemausuor, Mairi Black, Amitava Roy, Matthew Leach, Richard Oduro Jhuma Sadhukhan, Richard Murphy Contact: Professor Matthew Leach, [email protected] This material has been funded by a QR GCRF grant from Research England to the University of Surrey; the Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS) programme; and Engas UK ltd. This includes funding by UK Aid from the UK government; however the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK government’s official policies. The potential for bottled biogas for clean cooking in Africa Authors: Edson Twinomunuji, Francis Kemausuor, Mairi Black, Amitava Roy, Matthew Leach, Richard Oduro Jhuma Sadhukhan, Richard Murphy Abstract This paper is the outcome of an initial scoping study on the potential for bottled biogas as a clean cooking option for Ghana and Uganda. The study seeks to understand the opportunities for bottled biogas for cooking in Africa, and asks why it has not already taken off, and the key issues to be addressed to enable this. The paper starts by outlining the nature of the multiple challenges being addressed in the pursuit of clean and modern solutions for cooking, including the health impacts from combustion of solid biomass fuels but also the emissions of GreenHouse Gases. In parallel, developing regions face issues in managing residues and wastes from agro-industry and small-scale farming. Using residues to produce biogas for cooking has a long history in Asia, including at micro scales, typically in household-scale bio-digestors. Biogas is also seen as a bioenergy opportunity for Africa, but many millions of families live in peri-urban areas or for other reasons have insufficient bio-resources to fuel their own digestor. Bottling of biogas has been suggested as on option for providing accessible, renewable, clean energy to individual households. Research and some pre-commercial trials have taken place in India and parts of Africa, but there is limited evidence in the public domain, and it is evident that bottling has not yet taken off at scale. This study sought to understand the opportunities and the barriers to implementation of bottled biogas for cooking in Africa, with a focus on Ghana and Uganda. Section 2 of the report reviews anaerobic digestion and biogas production and highlights the technical issues which must be overcome to achieve a bottled biogas product. The current status and potential opportunities for biogas production are reviewed for Ghana (Section 3) and Uganda (Section 4) along with country specific policy support mechanisms. Section 5 reports on field visits to biogas producing sites in Ghana and Uganda in August 2019. Section 6 gives an outline of a workshop and conference organised under this study in October 2019. Section 7 provides overall conclusions of this scoping study and suggests next steps Acknowledgements: This study would not have been possible without the engagement of numerous individuals and institutions in Uganda and Ghana who supported the field visits, and some of whom travelled to the project workshop in the UK. We also thank the wider group of participants in the UK conference, who shared their expertise and views with enthusiasm. Finally, we thank the donors, Research England and the University of Surrey for the main QR GCRF grant, Engas UK for match funding their specialist input and the Modern Energy Cooking Services (MECS) programme, funded by UK Aid, for match funding the workshop and conference. Attribution: Please cite this work as “Twinomunuji E, Kemausuor F, Black M, Roy A, Leach M, Oduro R Sadhukhan J and Murphy R (2020). The potential for bottled biogas for clean cooking in Africa - February 2020 Working Paper. University of Surrey, KNUST, UCPC, Engas UK and MECS. Available at https://www.mecs.org.uk/working-papers/. 2 Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................... 2 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................................. 6 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 7 2. Summary of biogas production .............................................................................................................. 10 2.1 Anaerobic Digestion – feedstock and biogas outcomes ..................................................................... 10 2.2 Anaerobic Digestion process ............................................................................................................ 11 2.3 Anaerobic Digestion facilities ........................................................................................................... 13 2.4 Biogas Upgrading and Bottling Technology ....................................................................................... 14 2.4.1 Biogas Purification and Upgrading Technologies ................................................................................ 15 2.4.2 Compression and Bottling Techniques ................................................................................................ 17 2.4.3 Biogas Upgrade, Compression and Bottling Case Studies ................................................................... 17 2.4.4 Engas UK biogas purification technology – an opportunity for Ghana and Uganda ........................... 19 3. Biogas Technology Mapping in Ghana .................................................................................................... 24 3.1 Feedstock Resources ....................................................................................................................... 24 3.1.1 Residue from crop production ............................................................................................................ 24 3.1.2 Residues from food processing industries in Ghana ........................................................................... 25 3.2 Business Opportunities in the Ghana Biogas Sector .......................................................................... 28 3.3 Stakeholders in the Ghana Biogas Industry ....................................................................................... 29 3.4 Policy and Other Support of the Biogas Sector In Ghana ................................................................... 30 3.4.1 Biogas Management, Policies and Regulations ................................................................................... 30 3.4.2 Institutional Framework ...................................................................................................................... 30 3.4.3 License Procedure under the Energy Commission .............................................................................. 31 3.5 Case Study ...................................................................................................................................... 31 3.5.1 Ghana Oil Palm Development Company (GOPDC) biogas plant ......................................................... 31 4. Biogas Technology Mapping in Uganda .................................................................................................. 32 4.1 General Overview of Feedstock Potential for Biogas Production in Uganda ....................................... 32 4.1.1 Biogas feedstock potential from agricultural crop residues ............................................................... 32 4.1.2 Livestock production ........................................................................................................................... 32 4.1.3 Biogas feedstock potential from agro-processing industries in Uganda ............................................ 34 4.1.4 Biogas feedstock potential from municipal solid waste ..................................................................... 35 4.2 Overview of Current Biogas Applications in Uganda ......................................................................... 36 4.3 Business Opportunities in the Ugandan Biogas Sector ...................................................................... 37 4.4 Stakeholders in the Ugandan Biogas Industry ................................................................................... 37 4.5 Biogas Technology Policy and Regulation in Uganda ......................................................................... 38 4.6 Case Studies .................................................................................................................................... 39 5. Field Visits – 19th-30th August 2019 ...................................................................................................... 40 5.1 Ghana ............................................................................................................................................. 40 5.1.1 Guinness Brewery, Kumasi (20th August 2019) .................................................................................. 40 5.1.2 HPW Fresh and Dry (21st August 2019) .............................................................................................. 41 5.1.3 Aglow Poultry processing facility (22nd August 2019) ........................................................................ 42 5.1.4 Safisana AD facility (23rd
Load more

Recommended publications
  • DRAFT Comparative Assessment of Technology Options for Biogas Clean‐Up
    Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) Program DRAFT INTERIM PROJECT REPORT DRAFT Comparative Assessment of Technology Options for Biogas Clean‐up Prepared for: California Energy Commission Prepared by: California Biomass Collaborative University of California, Davis OCTOBER 2014 CEC‐500‐11‐020, TASK 8 Prepared by: Primary Author(s): Matthew D. Ong Robert B. Williams Stephen R. Kaffka California Biomass Collaborative University of California, Davis 1 Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616 Contract Number: 500-11-020, Task 8 Prepared for: California Energy Commission Michael Sokol Contract Manager Aleecia Gutierrez Office Manager Energy Generation Research Office Laurie ten Hope Deputy Director Energy Research and Development Robert Oglesby Executive Director DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as the result of work sponsored by the California Energy Commission. It does not necessarily represent the views of the Energy Commission, its employees or the State of California. The Energy Commission, the State of California, its employees, contractors and subcontractors make no warrant, express or implied, and assume no legal liability for the information in this report; nor does any party represent that the uses of this information will not infringe upon privately owned rights. This report has not been approved or disapproved by the California Energy Commission nor has the California Energy Commission passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of the information in this report. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to express his gratitude and appreciation to the following individuals for their various contributions to the development of this report: California Biomass Collaborative Robert Williams, Project Supervisor Dr. Stephen Kaffka, Project Manager Dr. Bryan Jenkins, Contract Manager American Biogas Council Bioenergy Association of California.
    [Show full text]
  • Decarbonisation Options for the Dutch Sugar Industry
    DECARBONISATION OPTIONS FOR THE DUTCH SUGAR INDUSTRY K. Rademaker, M. Marsidi 20 August 2019 Manufacturing Industry Decarbonisation Data Exchange Network Decarbonisation options for the Dutch sugar industry © PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency; © ECN part of TNO The Hague, 2019 PBL publication number: 3481 TNO project no. 060.33956 / TNO publication number: TNO 2019 P10393 Authors K. Rademaker and M. Marsidi MIDDEN project coordination and responsibility The MIDDEN project (Manufacturing Industry Decarbonisation Data Exchange Network) was initiated and is also coordinated and funded by PBL and ECN part of TNO. The project aims to support industry, policymakers, analysts, and the energy sector in their common efforts to achieve deep decarbonisation. Correspondence regarding the project may be addressed to: K.M. Schure (PBL), [email protected], or A.W.N van Dril (TNO), [email protected] Production coordination PBL Publishers This publication is a joint publication by PBL and ECN part of TNO and can be downloaded from: www.pbl.nl/en. Parts of this publication may be reproduced, providing the source is stated, in the form: Rademaker, K. and Marsidi M. (2019), Decarbonisation options for the Dutch sugar industry. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague. PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency is the national institute for strategic policy analysis in the fields of the environment, nature and spatial planning. We contribute to improving the quality of political and administrative decision-making by conducting outlook studies, analyses and evaluations in which an integrated approach is considered paramount. Policy relevance is the prime concern in all of our studies. We conduct solicited and unsolicited research that is both independent and scientifically sound.
    [Show full text]
  • Strumentazione Analitica Per La Misurazione Di Composizione Di Biogas E Biometano Lorenzo Cocola, Fabio Melison Et Al
    Strumentazione analitica per la misurazione di composizione di biogas e biometano Lorenzo Cocola, Fabio Melison et al. CNR Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie Padova Verso un’economia circolare: tecnologie al servizio delle rinnovabili in agricoltura: principi guida e casi studio. DEI- Aula Magna A. LEPSCHY via Gradenigo, 6b 35100 Padova 15 settembre 2020 Gaseous fuel mixtures • Mainly hydrocarbons (HC) • LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) Propane (C3H8), N-butane, I-butane (C4H10), liquid at few bars (RT). Wildly variable composition. • NG (Natural Gas) Methane (CH4), small amounts of ethane (C2H6) and heavier HCs up to pentane (C5H12), H2, N2, CO2 and contaminants (depending on source type). Usually distributed in gaseous phase. • Town Gas (obsolete) Hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), ethylene (C2H4). • SNG (Substitute Natural Gas) Other mixtures (such as propane-air) mimicking the fuel properties of NG. • Odorizing gas added for safety, detectable by nose at ppm levels. • Common contaminants: water vapour (H2O), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) L. Cocola, F. Melison et al. - Strumentazione analitica per la 2 misurazione di composizione di biogas e biometano Higher Heating Value An indicator of the energy value of a fuel gas is the Higher Heating Value: • The quantity known as higher heating value (HHV) (or gross energy or upper heating value or gross calorific value (GCV) or higher calorific value (HCV)) is determined by bringing all the products of combustion back to the original pre-combustion temperature, and in particular condensing any vapor produced. • Main gas families, typical HHV in MJ/Nm3: 1 Town gas: 22.5 to 30.0 2 Natural gas: 39.0 to 45.0 3 LPG: 72.0 to 87 L.
    [Show full text]
  • Tommann Tullutu Muhimu
    TOMMANNUS009969949B1TULLUTU MUHIMU (12 ) United States Patent (10 ) Patent No. : US 9 , 969 , 949 B1 Foody et al. ( 45 ) Date of Patent: May 15 , 2018 ( 54 ) METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PROVIDING ( 58 ) Field of Classification Search UPGRADED BIOGAS CPC . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. CIOL 3 / 101 ; CO2F 11 /04 USPC . .. .. .. .. .. 585 /802 (71 ) Applicant: Iogen Corporation , Ottawa (CA ) USPCSee application . file for complete search history. @( 72 ) Inventors : Brian Foody , Ottawa (CA ); Patrick J . (56 ) References Cited | Foody, Ottawa ( CA ) U . S . PATENT DOCUMENTS (73 ) Assignee : Iogen Corporation , Ontario (CA ) 6 , 789 ,288 B2 9 /2004 Wijmans et al . ( * ) Notice : Subject to any disclaimer , the term of this 8 , 158 , 378 B2 4 / 2012 Mitariten patent is extended or adjusted under 35 (Continued ) U . S . C . 154 (b ) by 0 days . days . FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS ( 21 ) Appl. No. : 15 / 458, 760 EP 2974781 AL 1 / 2016 WO 2011150899 A2 12 /2011 ( 22 ) Filed : Mar. 14 , 2017 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Related U . S . Application Data Schill , S . R . “ The 2014 D3 RIN Leap - For Biogas” , Ethanol Producer @(60 ) Provisional application No . 62 /410 ,730 , filed on Oct. Magazine (Mar . 16 , 2015) , pp . 1 - 4 . * 20 , 2016 . ( Continued ) @ Int . CI. Primary Examiner — Philip Y Louie C07C 7700 ( 2006 .01 ) Assistant Examiner - Aaron W Pierpont C10L 3 / 10 ( 2006 .01 ) (74 ) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Knobbe , Martens , Olson (Continued ) & Bear, LLP @(52 ) U . S . Cl. CPC .. CIOL 3 / 104 ( 2013 .01 ) ; B01D 53/ 047 (57 ) ABSTRACT ( 2013 .01 ) ; B01D 53 / 22 (2013 .01 ) ; BOID A method for providing upgraded biogas includes feeding a 53/ 261 (2013 . 01 ) ; BOID 53/ 263 ( 2013 .
    [Show full text]
  • Bottled Biogas—An Opportunity for Clean Cooking in Ghana and Uganda
    energies Article Bottled Biogas—An Opportunity for Clean Cooking in Ghana and Uganda Mairi J. Black 1, Amitava Roy 2, Edson Twinomunuji 3 , Francis Kemausuor 4, Richard Oduro 1 , Matthew Leach 1,*, Jhuma Sadhukhan 1 and Richard Murphy 1 1 Centre for Environment and Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; [email protected] (M.J.B.); [email protected] (R.O.); [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (R.M.) 2 Engas UK Ltd., Horsham RH13 5JZ, UK; [email protected] 3 Uganda Cleaner Production Centre, P.O. Box 69 Kyambogo, Kampala, Uganda; [email protected] 4 The Brew-Hammond Energy Centre, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi AK-039-5028, Ghana; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Anaerobic digestion (AD) can bring benefits in terms of effective management of organic waste, recovery of nutrients and energy recovery, and is consistent with circular economy principles. AD has been promoted and implemented worldwide, but at widely differing scales, influenced by the availability and location of feedstocks. In developing countries, feedstock arises from small- to medium-scale agriculture and agro-processing operations, as well as from household and municipal waste. Biogas produced from residues from agro-processing facilities may be used for on-site heat and power, but the lack of a gas and electricity grid infrastructure can limit opportunities to distribute gas or generated electricity to wider users. This paper presents the findings of the first study to consider Citation: Black, M.J.; Roy, A.; novel technologies for small-scale and low-cost biogas clean-up into biomethane, and compression Twinomunuji, E.; Kemausuor, F.; into small bottles, suitable as a clean cooking fuel.
    [Show full text]
  • Life Cycle Analysis of an Integrated Biogas-Based Agriculture Energy
    Life Cycle Analysis of an Integrated Biogas-Based Agriculture Energy System by Siduo Zhang B. Sc., Nankai University, 2010 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Chemical and Biological Engineering) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) February, 2013 © Siduo Zhang, 2013 i ABSTRACT Large quantity of manure is generated in the livestock industry in British Columbia (BC) and natural gas is being consumed intensively in BC’s agriculture sector. We proposed to integrate the livestock farms and the greenhouses to promote waste-to-energy and waste-to-material exchanges following the principles of Industrial Ecology (IE). Natural gas consumptions on farms are replaced by renewable biogas generated from anaerobic digestion (AD) of farm wastes (mainly livestock manure). CO2 for plant enrichment in greenhouses is supplied by biogas combustion flue gases and the residues (digestate) from digesters are used as animal bedding materials, plant growing media, and liquid fertilizers. An integrated dairy farm and greenhouse was first modeled. Co-digestion of manure with a variety of organic farm wastes was further evaluated with an aim to enhance the biogas production. To address the problems of too much digestate surplus and high CO2 demand for greenhouse CO2 enrichment, the mushroom farm was further introduced into the integrated system. In this way, the digestate surplus can be used as a growing media for growing mushrooms and the CO2–rich ventilation air from the mushroom can be directed to the greenhouse for CO2 enrichment. A Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) was conducted to quantify the environmental impacts of each of the proposed cases in comparison to the conventional agriculture practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Malabar Biogas Upgrading Plant
    MALABAR BIOGAS UPGRADING PLANT SUMMARY 1 Biogas Cooling Skid 4 Upgrading Process & Control As the biogas enters the The process features a 3-stage The Biogas Upgrader Plant has been developed from many years of successful application across installation it is cooled and membrane system whereby Europe, Asia and the USA. The plant is easily integrated with anaerobic digesters and provides a dehumidified. The chiller’s CO and biomethane are refined, efficient method of processing raw biogas into useable biomethane. The robust design 2 purpose is solely to cool the separated into concentrated features an advanced patented control system, continuous process monitoring, remote operation and gas for dehumidification. gas streams for final processing, 24/7 support. with biomethane purified to 2 Pre-Treatment Skid network gas specification and The Malabar plant will upgrade raw biogas from the anaerobic digestion process at Sydney Activated carbon filters remove Water’s Malabar Waste Water Treatment Plant to high quality biomethane that meets stringent gas CO2 re-processed for maximum Volatile Organic Compounds methane recovery. CO can be specification requirements in prior to injection into (VOC’s) and Hydrogen Sulfide 2 the Jemena Gas Network. recovered for industrial uses. (H2S) from the biogas. The upgrader control system Gas Compression 3 consistently monitors the entire After the pretreatment process, 24/7, to ensure safe, process, the gas is compressed continuous and uninterrupted to the required pressure for plant operation. the final upgrading process. 4 3 AN INTELLIGENT PROCESS. Moving through the various stages of biogas upgrading, the biogas is ultimately transformed into network quality gas for grid injection.
    [Show full text]
  • Addressing Measurement Challenges in Biogas
    Addressing Measurement Challenges in Biogas Accurate, reliable measurement in the biogas industry is essential to optimise production processes, reduce maintenance and enhance safety. This presentation explores some of the areas where measurement is essential and discusses the challenges in this measurement task. MTL have launched a new product, the MTL GIR6000 which addresses these challenges with an innovative solution. © 2014 Eaton, All Rights Reserved. Addressing Measurement Challenges in Biogas Iain Gordon – Product Line Manager, MTL Gas Business Biogas Asia Pacific Forum 27 - 30 April 2015, Kuala Lumpur © 2014 Eaton, All Rights Reserved. MTL GIR6000 Product Value Markets Applications Architecture Competition Approvals & Reference Introduction Proposition Certification Materials Landfill gas monitoring Flare stack monitoring Gas-to-grid / Biogas upgrader monitoring Combined heat & power © 2014 Eaton, All Rights Reserved. 3 MTL GIR6000 Product Value Markets Applications Architecture Competition Approvals & Reference Introduction Proposition Certification Materials Key elements of a typical Biogas plant © 2014 Eaton, All Rights Reserved. 4 MTL GIR6000 Product Value Markets Applications Architecture Competition Approvals & Reference Introduction Proposition Certification Materials 1. Collection and storage of Biomass Typical raw materials (Biomass) are collected into a central pit or basin and mixed: • Animal (cows, pigs, chickens) and waste • Food & Alcohol production residue (apple juice, wine, oil, sugar, beer, brewer grains) • Residues from food & vegetable packing plants • Leftovers from restaurants, greenhouses, milk and dairy production and past-dated foods • Organic fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) • Residues from biofuel production • Slaughterhouse waste • Plant waste: maize, sugar, beets, grains, grass, straw Feedstock for Biogas varies greatly – this presents a process & measurement challenge to optimise production! © 2014 Eaton, All Rights Reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Renewable Natural Gas (Rng) Handbook for Canadian Municipalities Acknowledgements
    MAY 2021 RENEWABLE NATURAL GAS (RNG) HANDBOOK FOR CANADIAN MUNICIPALITIES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Lead Authors Richard Laszlo, Laszlo Energy Services (LES) & QUEST Senior Associate Tim Short, LES Subject Matter Expert Review Canadian Biogas Association (CBA) Kevin Larmer, Canadian Gas Association (CGA) City of Hamilton, Energy Initiatives and Woodward Plant Operations Rob Mabe, CWB Maxium Financial Enbridge Gas Inc. Indra Mahajan, Ontario Clean Water Agency (OCWA) Mark Bell, Director, Petawawa Biofuel LP Brian Van Opstal, Region of Peel City of Toronto, Solid Waste Management Services Project supporter This project was supported by The Atmospheric Fund About QUEST QUEST is a national non-government organization that works to accelerate the adoption of efficient and integrated community-scale energy systems in Canada by informing, inspiring, and connecting decision-makers. The organization commissions research, communicates best practices, convenes government, utility, and private-sector leaders, and works directly with local authorities to implement on-the-ground solutions. QUEST recognizes communities that have embraced these principles by referring to them as Smart Energy Communities. Visit us at www.questcanada.org. Copyright © QUEST, 2021. All rights reserved. These materials may be reproduced in whole or in part without charge or written permission, provided that appropriate source acknowledgements are made and that no changes are made to the contents. All other rights are reserved. The analyses/views in these materials are those of QUEST, but these analyses/views do not necessarily reflect those of QUEST's affiliates (including supporters, funders, members, and other participants) or any endorsement by QUEST's affiliates. These materials are provided on an "as is" basis, and neither QUEST nor its affiliates guarantee any parts or aspects of these materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Pressure Technologies 2016 Annual Report
    ANNUAL REPORT 2016 High quality engineering for demanding markets WHO WE ARE Pressure Technologies plc Annual Report 2016 A specialist engineering Group supplying safety- critical products and services world-wide Pressure Technologies was founded on its leading market position as a designer and manufacturer of high pressure systems serving the global energy, defence and industrial gases markets. Today it continues to serve those markets from a broader engineering base with specialist precision engineering businesses and has a worldwide presence in Alternative Energy as a global leader in biogas upgrading. AT A GLANCE WHERE WE OPERATE Manufacturing Strategic Report Agents and distributors Sales and engineering Associated company HOW WE OPERATE The Group operates across four Contracting Alternative Energy divisions. Three of the divisions are Activity: Greenlane is one of the world’s Alternative Energy is largest suppliers of biogas upgrading manufacturing businesses and the our only contracting equipment with an installed base of over fourth is our Alternative Energy business and we discuss 100 upgraders world-wide. It is also the Division, which is a contracting it separately from only company in its market to supply three our manufacturing of the main biogas upgrading technologies. business. businesses. As a project Upgrading biogas takes a problem for based business the risk, businesses, local authorities and the All our manufacturing is UK based, exporting products revenue and cash flow environment and creates a profitable to a global blue chip customer base. Our businesses profiles are typical of and green solution using existing waste have a recognised reputation for quality, reliability large capital projects.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Development Plan Cross Border Development
    Energy Development Plan Cross border development 17.02.2014 Europäisches Zentrum für Erneuerbare Energie Güssing GmbH Energy Development Plan Bogatić / Bijeljina IMPRESSUM: PRINCIPAL: Municipality Bogatić Mike Vitomirovica 1 15350 Bogatic Serbia City of Bijeljina Trg Kralja Petra I Karadjordjevica 76300 Bijeljina Bosnia and Herzegovina AGENT: Europäisches Zentrum für Erneuerbare Energie Güssing GmbH Europastraße 1 A-7540 Güssing Email: [email protected] 1 Energy Development Plan Bogatić / Bijeljina 1 Description of the project area Bogatić 1.1 General data on the geographical situation / climate of Bogatić Municipality Bogatić is located within the region of Western Serbia, in Mačva and covers an area of 384 km2. It is a plane area, on the banks of the Drina River, which represents the western border of Serbia, to Bosnia and Herzegovina (Bijeljina municipality within Republika Srpska) in length of 38 km. It borders to the city of Sremska Mitrovica in norh-length of 53 km and to southeast to the city of Sabac in a length of 66 km. Graphic 1: Geographical location of municipalities in Serbia (left), location of Bogatić municipality within Mačva region (right) (Source: Spatial plan of the Municipality of Bogatić) The area of Bogatić includes the central and north-western part of Mačva. Erosive action of the Drina River streams, just before confluence into the river Sava, a parcel of land in the alluvial plain of the Drina is transferred to the left bank, into municipality of Bijeljina, therefore it cannot be seen as a municipality boundary. The municipality consists of 14 settlements. The central settlement is Bogatić. According to the 2011 census 28,883 residents are living in 9,037 households.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of Large-Scale Bio-Hydrogen Network Using Waste Gas from Landfill and Anaerobic Digestion: a P-Graph Approach
    processes Article Synthesis of Large-Scale Bio-Hydrogen Network Using Waste Gas from Landfill and Anaerobic Digestion: A P-Graph Approach Sadaf Hemmati 1, M. Mostafa Elnegihi 1, Chee Hoong Lee 1, Darren Yu Lun Chong 1, Dominic C. Y. Foo 1,2,* , Bing Shen How 3 and ChangKyoo Yoo 2 1 Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering/Centre of Excellence for Green Technologies, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Broga Road, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] (S.H.); [email protected] (M.M.E.); [email protected] (C.H.L.); [email protected] (D.Y.L.C.) 2 Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Center for Environmental Studies, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-Si 446-701, Korea; [email protected] 3 Research Centre for Sustainable Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Jalan Simpang Tiga, 93350 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 3 March 2020; Accepted: 8 April 2020; Published: 26 April 2020 Abstract: Due to the expanding concern on cleaner production and sustainable development aspects, a technology shift is needed for the hydrogen production, which is commonly derived from natural gas. This work aims to synthesise a large-scale bio-hydrogen network in which its feedstock, i.e., bio-methane, is originated from landfill gas and palm oil mill effluent (POME). Landfill gas goes through a biogas upgrader where high-purity bio-methane is produced, while POME is converted to bio-methane using anaerobic digestor (AD). The generated bio-methane is then distributed to the corresponding hydrogen sink (e.g., oil refinery) through pipelines, and subsequently converted into hydrogen via steam methane reforming (SMR) process.
    [Show full text]