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African Journal on Terrorism African Journal on Terrorism Volume 8 • Number 1 • December 2019 A JOURNAL OF THE AFRICAN CENTRE FOR THE STUDY AND RESEARCH ON TERRORISM ii A Journal of the African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism Editor in Chief Prof. Isaac Olawale Albert - Institute for Peace and Strategic Studies, University of Ibadan, Nigeria Managing Editor H.E. Larry Gbevlo-Lartey Esq. - AU Special Representative for Counter-Terrorism Cooperation/Director ACSRT Editorial Board Members Prof. Hussein Solomon - University of free State, South Africa Prof. Cyril Musila - Centre of Security Studies, Democratic Republic of Congo Prof. Nicodemus Fru Awasom - University of Swaziland, Swaziland Prof. Henry Kam Kah - University of Buea, Cameroon Amb. Prof. Joram M. Biswaro - African Union SRCC/ Head of AU Mission in South Sudan Prof. Sariette Batibonak - University of Yaounde II, Cameroon. Dr. C. Nna-Emeka Okereke - Nigeria Defense College, Nigeria Dr. Fiifi Edu-Afful - Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Ghana Dr. Abdoulaye Maiga - Economic Community of West African State (ECOWAS) Dr. Rania Hussein Khafaga - Cairo University, Egypt Dr. Mohammed Salaj Djemal - Guelma University, Algeria Dr. Mustafa Yusuf Ali - HORN International Institute for Strategic Studies, Kenya Mr. Idriss M. Lallali - African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism (ACSRT), Algeria Editorial Advisory Board Members iii Editorial Advisory Board Members Prof. Lisa Schirch - Eastern Mennonite University, Virginia, USA Prof. Saïbou Issa - University of Maroua, Cameroon Prof. Ugur Gungor - Baskent University, Ankara-Turkey Assist. Prof. Anita Peresin - National Security Council, Croatia Dr. Festus Kofi Aubyn - Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre, Ghana Dr. John Karlsrud - Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), Norway Dr. Jakkie Cilliers - Institute for Security Studies, South Africa Dr. Frimpong Twum - Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana Dr. Freedom C.C. Onuoha - University of Nigeria, Nigeria Brig. Gen. (Dr.) Emmanuel Kotia - Ghana Armed Forces (GAF), Ghana Mr. Abdelkader Abderrahmane - International Consultant on Security Issues in Sahel, France Col. Christian Emmanuel Mouaya Pouyi - African Centre for Study and Research on Terrorism, Algeria Mr. Inusah Ziblim - African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism, Algeria Ms. Mauna Ntwaetsile - African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism, Algeria. Journal Manager Mr. Moise Lazare Emery Leckiby - African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism (ACSRT), Algeria Editorial Assistant Mr. Richard Apau - African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism (ACSRT), Algeria Editorial Comment Terrorism remains the greatest threat to international peace and security today. The manifestation and effects of the problem on African development is profound. The papers in this journal and past editions speak to the magnitude of the problem. The first lesson taught those fighting the scourge, etiher using coercive and non-coercive strategies, is “know the enemy; know their environment”. The African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism (ACSRT) was established in 2010 to support this process. It undertakes first class research on terrorism in Africa with a view to guiding those working on the problems. The African Journal for the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism (AJPCT) plays a critical role in this process. It publishes papers on different dimensions of terrorism in Africa and suggests methods for preventing and management the problems. Almost ten years down the line, it has become essential to reposition the journal to provide an open but rigorous scholarly platform that encourages critical analysis and sustained reflections on issues of terrorism on the continent. Hence, ACSRT reconstituted the editorial board of the journal and organized a 2-day Inaugural editorial board meeting from 07-08 July 2019 at the ACSRT Headquarters, Algiers, Algeria to agree on the way forward. The meeting was attended by 18 members of the new editorial board, who are experts and practitioners in the field of Violent Extremism and Terrorism in Africa. The aim of the inaugural editorial board meeting was to discuss the strategic focus of the journal towards achieving international standard. Participants were drawn from all five AU regions of Africa, and included staff of ACSRT who are members of the board. Members of the new board include Prof Isaac Olawale Albert of the Institute of Peace and Strategic Studies, University of Ibadan, Nigeria who is the Editor- In-Chief of the Journal. On the board is also Amb. (Prof.) Joram M. Biswaro, Special Representative of the Chairperson of the Commission and Head of the AU Mission in South Sudan. The other eminent Africans on the board are listed in this edition of the Journal. The new board took a number of radical decisions, which explains the new look of AJPCT. Future editions of the journal would reflect some of our decisions. The board proposed for the approval by the appropriate AU authority, the change of the name Editorial Comment v of the journal from African Journal for the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism to African Journal on Terrorism. This is aimed at meeting international standard of journal naming as well as broadening the scope of the journal to cover all aspects of terrorism in Africa. The board agreed on a new editorial policy for the journal reflecting issues such as contents of papers for submission, submission methods, peer review mechanisms, ethical considerations, and design of the different aspects of the journal. We agreed on the scientific schema for assessing submitted papers. It was also decided that every edition should have a “technical paper” in which ACSRT informs that continent about the terrorism trends in Africa: are things getting worse or better? The present edition of the journal adheres to this agreement. Readers would agree with us that this is a major contribution to African peace processes by ACSRT. The decision of the management of ACSRT to reposition the journal must be commended. The commitment of the board members is also salutary. Since the meeting in Algiers, all members of the board have been doing one thing or the other towards ensuring that all our agreements are strictly adhered to. Readers of the journal are also invited to suggest how the journal could be made more development- relevant for ensuring that Africa becomes a more peaceful continent we all ask for. Editor in Chief Managing Editor Prof. Isaac Olawale Albert, H.E. Larry Gbevlo-Lartey Esq., Institute for Peace and Strategic AU Special Representative for Studies, University of Ibadan, Nigeria Counter-Terrorism Cooperation/ Director ACSRT CONTENTS Editorial Comment iv Terrorism, Violent Extremism and Insurgency in the Sahel Region: 1 An Assessment – Richard Apau and Albert Banunle Political Economy of Insurgency in North East Nigeria 21 – Folahanmi Aina From Counter-Terrorism to Livelihood Destruction: Factors 37 Causing Systemic and Continuing Destruction of Livelihoods in the Lake Chad Basin – Ernest Ogbozor Fragile State, Just War, and the Crisis in Counterterrorism: 54 Reflections on Boko Haram and Nigeria’s War on Terrorism – Israel Nyaburi Nyadera Environmental and Natural Resources Consequences of Armed 73 Conflicts and Violent Extremism in Sahelian Countries in Africa – Albert Banunle and Richard Apau Explaining the Resurgence of Biafra Radicalisation and 92 Nationalism in South-East Nigeria – Charles E. Ekpo Addressing the Problem of Terrorism and Extremism in Nigeria: 122 Secularism to the Rescue? – Flora Alohan Onomrerhinor (Mrs) viii A Journal of the African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism Community Policing Approach: Joint Task Force and Community 137 Relations in the context of Countering Violent Extremism in Nigeria – Joshua Akintayo ACSRT Africa Terrorism Dossier ( January – June 2019) 157 Book Review: Countering Extremism: Building Social 189 Resilience Through Community Engagement Terrorism, Violent Extremism and Insurgency in the Sahel Region: An Assessment RICHARD APAU IT Officer, The African Centre of the Study and Research on Terrorism, African Union Commission ALBERT BANUNLE PhD Candidate, Department of Environmental Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Abstract The Sahel faces a veritable perfect storm of social, economic and security challenges, all of which both exacerbate, and are exacerbated by, the fragility of states in the region. The region has become home to terrorist groups in recent times such that numerous protracted atrocities have been committed against innocent civilians, security forces and government agencies by the various terrorist groups. The main aim of the study was to provide an assessment of the insurgency and the terrorism situation in the Sahel with a view of identifying the root causes and providing strategies aimed at addressing the conditions resilient for the spread of insurgency and terrorism in the region. This study adopted a robust approach of systematic scoping review using the Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) principles for literature review studies. The assessment of the situation reveals a deterioration of security, safety, and stability in the Sahel region. The diversity in the attacks by Jihadist groups, ethnic self-defence groups, and trans-national criminal networks, could be attributed to their domination of territory. The inability of the security forces
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