ENRY FROW E M A H D , . . PU BL IS H E R TO T H E U NI VE R S I TY OF OX FORD

N N E DI NBU RGH NEW YOR K LO DO , , TORONTO MELBOU RNE P R E F A C E

T H I S study is an attempt to give some account of o ne so th e t who was , far as is known , firs English man who was Court physician to an English monarch ,

' R osa A a lzea and of his chief work , the g , as it is t generally called , hough the name which he himself

' ' R sa dz zaae gave it was the o M e e . 1 The materials fo r an essay dealing with medical m o r th e atters in England , indeed in Europe during t t four eenth century , are but scan y as compared with th e t t accoun s of medicine , medical s udies , and medical men which we possess belonging to the twelfth and t t tz p hir eenth centuries , and the admirable F i atrick

Dr Lectures of . J . F . Payne and Dr . Norman Moore have already made English readers acquainted with t t the English medical men of ha period . I n th e section dealing with the general estimation in which medical men were held during mediaeval times I have had to consult works written s o far

th e t but back as twelfth cen ury, with the exception o f h is Guy de Chauliac , who was ahead of times

th e art bu t in surgery , medical progressed little

“ I I 0 t o f between 5 and the da e Vesalius . , - I ndeed if e th e o f we can believe Moli re , physicians his time were of much the same kidney as those so amusingly

z I satiri ed by J ohn of Salisbury in about the year I 80 .

I was t e e th e - a ne n t n t at th e s ill poss ss d by old f shio d o io , h “ ” ’ w e a m ant an attem t an n — T ord ss y e p d othing mo re . AU GU S US ’ ' Esso p e ace iwates é a R eclu e J , pr f to S y s . A 2 4 P RE FA CE

Li ttle is known of J ohn o f Gaddesden apart from

. a his book H e was member of Merton College , he

o r was in holy orders , but whether a priest not is ’ uncertain . H e was a prebendary of St . Paul s and t a Master of Ar s , as well as a Bachelor in Theology

F o r his O and a Doctor in Medicine . course at xford I have had to depend upon th e statutes quoted in

’ ' ’ A nste y s M a zzimema A eaaemiea and upon H astings ’ niversities o Me Middle A es F o r Rashdall s U f g . the

‘ ’ kind o f learning which a well- educated Clerk possessed in the fourteenth century I have taken Chaucer ’ s life and learning as exemplified in his

n writi gs . That the R osa was held in high estimation by

’ some at least of J ohn s contemporaries and im~ mediate successors is shown by the fact that Chaucer mentions it as forming part of the library of his

a typical physici n , and by the way in which it is praised by the editor of the first printed edition .

o w n I n his preface Gaddesden remarks , quoting from

: tam e n Galen Quia nullus liber est sine vituperio ,

e rit R tam e n ideo nec iste l iber sine vituperio . ogo u t istu m lib ru m videntes non dente canino mo rde ant quia quicquid hic dice tu r e rit vel au th e nticu m

’ x i n ia ro u vel longa e pe r e t app bat m . I would ask the

o f same indulgence , because hardly any the book is original , save the translations , but original works I have been consulted , and have been careful , in ’

Dr. R accordance with outh s dictum , to verify my references as far as possible . P R EFA CE 5

Mr . A . L . Smith gave me some valuable references dealing with information about Grossetete and his

n O medical learni g , acquired apparently at xford . f Mr . Falconer Madan has been unsparing o himself in answering the many questions with which I fear that I have troubled him ; and for advice as to occasional difficulties in translation I have to D R . l r . Ch o lme . . . e thank Mr . F y, P H Mackellar, and

Mr. C . C . J . Webb , who was kind enough to help me in portions of the passage from J ohn of Salisbury . To the officials in the British Museum Reading

R an d oom , especially to Sir G . Warner his assis

R I o w e tant in the Manuscripts oom , much ; and

n I am indebted to Miss J . Lewis for having bee w f good enough to dra up the list o MSS . con

n n tai ing medical pictures , and for inquiri g of various

to o f R osa librarians as manuscripts the , inquiries

to o t . which they, , were most cour eous in answering I wish also to express the gratitude which I o w e to

o f fo r the experts the Clarendon Press , all the care and trouble which they have taken , in making many most helpful sugges tions and for aiding me to fill gaps in my deficient Latinity . As these pages were being finally revised for

h e t . . t . . Of press , dea h of Dr J F Payne occurred the blank which his passing makes in th e ranks of those who write on the history of medicine there is no need

o ne to speak . But as who had the honour of his

is o f friendship , who , as he was , a member Magdalen

to loa o in fer College , and who strives follow him , g 6 P RE FACE val/o o n t , in an essay a bygone period of Bri ish m I t t e edicine , mus here record tha without his ver I t ready aid , and his desire that should a tempt the task , this study would probably have never been f written . I n the identification o th e various writers t whom Gaddesden quo es , and in the account of their ’ o f v works , Dr. Payne s wide knowledge mediae al t wri ers on medicine was invaluable , and he spared

n o r w o f neither time trouble , even when the shado

u in death was lengthening pon him , in giving me

’ o f formation . No words mine can express Payne s character better than these o f Ennius in describing the friend of S e rvilius Geminus :

Cui res au dacte r magnas parvasqu e j o cu mque Elo u e re tu r e m ala u e e t t q , cun ta simul q bona dic u

E vo m e re t s i tu to u e . , qui vellet, q locaret Q uo cu m multa v o lu p ac gaudia clamqu e palamqu e ; I ngenium cui nulla malum sententia s uade t ’ ’ U t face re t fac inu s do c tu fide lis , levis aut malu , , , ’ ’ S uav is fac u ndu su o c o nte n tu homo , , , beatus , ’ ’ S citu se c u nda lo u e n s te m o re co mmo du v e rbu m , q in p , , Pau c u m a , multa tenens antiqua sepulta , vetust s Quem fecit mores v e te re squ e n o v o squ e te n e nte m Multo ru m ve te ru m leges divu mqu e h o min u mqu e ; P u d n te r lo u ive tac re v s i r e qui dicta q e e po s t . I f this study be found to be a foundation upon which

inv e sti ato r be tte r some future g , equipped than myself, may build a revised and possibly corrected accou n t o f o ur t first English Cour physician , I shall feel

h as that , however inadequately , it been written in

D r a the spirit in which . P yne would himself have i written t . C O N T E N T S

C HA PTE R I

J OHN OF GADDESDEN : H I S EDUCATION

C H A PTE R I I

T H E ROSA ANGLICA

C H A PTE R I I I

T H E MEDIAEVAL PHYSICIAN

C H A PT E R I V

OP PORTUNITIES F OR THE STUDY OF MEDICINE IN OXFORD IN THE FOURTEENT H CENTURY AND PREVIOUSLY

A PP E N D I X

’ T H E T N T OF T T A . LA I TEX HE EDI OR S

‘ ’ DEDICATION OF THE ROSA

R AT N T K G OF B . EGUL IO S I N HE IN DOM SICILY A S To U NQUALIFIED P RACTICE AND REGULAR PRACTICE 1 3 1

T OF D OF V C . TEX ECREE BONIFACE I I I CONCERNING THE MUTILATION OF BODIES

‘ ’ D T H E . I SAGOGE

’ GA DDES DEN S T T S E . AU HORI IE

C HAPTE R I

J OH N OF GAD D ESD EN : H IS E D U CAT I O N

OF 1 6 1 J OHN GADDESDEN died in 3 , and was pro

t 1 2 80 so t t bably born abou , ha his active life quite th e t covers first half of the four eenth century. The

o ne o f period in question was which , although enormous importance in th e political and social

o f w as n o t history the land , distinguished by learn ing to nearly the same extent as’ was the previous

. th e o f century I n that century, after coming the

O t o f friars , xford had rivalled Paris as a cen re

as learning ; but theology , might be expected , was

fac ult wh ich t t o f the yr attrac ed the great intellec s

R h as the age , although oger Bacon left an imperish

in O u s M a a s able memory his p j , which , to quote

‘ E ac o/o aedia Whewell , is at once the y fi and the

’ or/a m r a em f N0 N O g m o the thirteenth century . such monument o f intellect as this lightens th e e t fourteenth century, but we have evid nce tha the ordinary clerk who had received the usual education o f the time was at all events well read .

o f n Moreover , during the reign Edward I I I E glish began to be the national tongue to the exclusion of

t o f French , and the poe ry Chaucer, with the prose 1 0 J OH N OF GA D DESD E N

o f W cliff y , brought what they had to Say home to

t so the hear s of the people in their common speech ,

' that any o ne who could read o r hear Chaucer s works would obtain knowledge o f a number o f

authors .

Chaucer , who may be taken as a typical well 1 t t - educa ed four eenth century layman , be it remem

o f th e so n bered , was not noble birth but of a vintner , f i. t h e . a member o wha is now called t e upper middle

class . Early in life , however , he seems to have been

in o f 1 at court ; he bore arms the campaign 3 5 9 ,

o n t and was made prisoner . Later he wen to I taly o n t 2 8 diploma ic missions in I 3 7 , I 3 74 , and I 3 7 , and between I 3 74 and 1 3 9 1 he was Comptroller o f

Customs , a member of the Commons in Parliament, h and Clerk of t e Royal Works . Thus he was

t t o f brought in o contac with all classes society , and his training and habi ts o f life were n o t moulde d by books o r cloistral studies bu t by contact with his fellows . H is writings show that he had read or was acquainted with the works o f a number o f authors which seems large even in these days , and which may w ell be Called enormous if w e consider the difficulties

o f in his day obtaining books . H is learning, as t exhibi ed in his works , is that Of a man who was an t omnivorous reader, who had wha may be called

Th e w a man t a w u e t n te ord l y bo h h ere nd belo , is s d o de o ‘ ’ o ne wh o t u a c e w n i u n r a , ho gh l rk , as ot n f ll holy orders , o m ca man edi l . E D U CAT I ON 1 1

a good though not an accurate memory, that is to

‘ ’ s a no t y, he did always verify his references t Probably, however, his was due in great part to the fact that , owing to the scarcity of books , verification

o f was by no means easy, and many his errors are due to similar errors in the writings o f authors from whom he quoted . But he was acquainted with the

t o f o w n English li erature , such as it was , his time

w o f he kne Latin , French , and a certain amount

o r I talian , and it is obvious that he had also read had some knowledge of a number o f works now only

to . known literary specialists , besides the classics ’ R a I n Professor T . . Lounsbury s exhaustive ess y ‘ ’ 1 o n The Learning o f Chaucer a list Of close upon a hundred books o r authors is given concerning which Chaucer shows more o r less knowledge . These works contain most of th e knowledge of the

z time , and they include what may be summari ed

’ t under the erm letters , astronomy , astrology , chem istr o r y alchemy , medicine and theology .

Such , then , was the learning possessed by a well educated layman o f the fourteenth century . I t was

‘ o f o f n o t the learning a clerk the era , and did Show any out-Of- the - way erudition such as that displayed by Robert Burton o r J eremy Taylor ' some three hundred years later ; neither need we inquire here whether o r no Chaucer had been at either of the

A s t o f U niversities . , however, he is the ype the

1 S tudies in C/zaaeer : bis e and w ritin s L n n : O s g ( o do sgood , l ain c I . M v e Co , 1 2 J O H N OF GAD D ESD E N

u n ed cated layman , we may here enter upo the question as to what w as the amoun t of learning

t o f possessed by the educa ed medical man the time .

’ GA DDES DEN S COURSE AT OXFORD

o f J ohn Gaddesden held, among other degrees ,

o f n that of Master Arts , and figures as having bee ’ a a dmitted as Prebendary or Canon of St . P ul s

t R . Cathedral before I 3 3 3 (Papal Le ters , olls Series) According to Anthony 31 Wood he was a Doctor in

1 2 0 Physick and flourished at Merton College in 3 .

’ Six years study was required before a M . A . could

D . M. so gain a licence and incept in Medicine as , that at the latest he must have become a Master in

I 3 I 4 . But most probably it was earlier than this,

2 80 for he was born about I , and scholars in mediaeval

t e . . days en ered at the U niversity very young, g at Merton they were often only thirteen o r fourteen

S O t t years Old , ha it may be supposed that J ohn of

Gaddesden would enter about 1 2 94 . The course in Arts was as follows A child whose paren ts determined that he should complete the Oxford course had first o f all to be t ins ructed in grammar , and there were various grammar schools in the city all connected with the U t niversi y , the most famous of which (although its — m palmy days were at a somewhat later date na ely , I 4 SO— than when Gaddesden may be presumed to have begun his course) was th e school o f the Augus E R R A T A

’ n re ers o Me end o Me . 1 n ote 2 or 2 read 8 . Tfi z s ote t fi 3 , f 4 4 43 f f

' t/zz rd a a a n o o e a t ara ra a on 1 r r n t t M l s . p g p , p g p , p 3

. 2 Z. 1 0 rom oot or tmo read mo p 3 f f , f 7 7 ? . 68 n ote or A n e lm read A n e lm p , f s s

. l. 1 or L e e read L e e p 74 3 , f i g i g M t/za M ileo . 1 80 1. 8 fo r e n e ad et p , r

C/zolmele : o/zn Gaddesden ztne 1 1 2 y j of j , 9

To ace 5 2 f 1 . 1

ED U CAT I ON 1 3 tinians Of t , a relic which survived un il some fifty years ago in the phrase ‘ doing Austins t Merton , however, possessed a grammar mas er of

t t atron /i its own whose du y was to each the p , and these children lived in H olywell and later close to the college in Nun H all .

t to The scholars were taugh Latin , compose verse,

iiteras t to and to compose essays ( ) , which la ter were ‘ be written verbis de ce ntibu s non ampullo sis aut se squ ipe dalibus e t quantum po ssin t sententia

’ s Of re fe rti . these verses and letters they had to

o n t make a fair copy parchment, learn hem by heart corde ten n s t t t ( ) , and repea hem to heir master . They

t n were to cons rue both in E glish and French , the ’ 1 t me e n itu s sit . la ter, illa lingua Gallica p omissa

After being well grounded in grammar, the scholar t U nex began his real niversity course , when he had to attend lectures given in the schools by a Master

t to in the faculty in which he sough graduate . These t tr lec ures consisted entirely of oral ins uction , and th e scholars were after a time obliged to repeat

o f what they had learned . A relic this custom existed thirty years ago at E ton in the form o f saying lessons ’ Four years study had to be spent before a scholar

’ ‘ could supplicate for the Chancellor s licence , ad ’ I l cturam alic u Facultatis f e jus libri Artium , and during

’

ammenta cademico . et se . M A , p 43 7 q

M unim A ead . 2 . An te in n t uc t n to . , p i 44 s y, his i rod io ' ‘ unzmenta cademico sa S : Th e tatute in w c t re M A , y s hi h his p 1 4 J OH N O F GA D D ES D E N these four years had to present himself fo r Re spo n

o f to sions , which were a kind exercise preliminary

t t t at the grea dispu a ions Determination . It is as regards Responsions that we meet with

aro isns h e the term p . Thus t bachelors before being admitted to Determination had to swear that ‘ ’ 1 d Parvisu m . fre u e ntan te s they had isputed q , and the testamur given until 1 89 3 fo r the modern Responsions testified that the candidate ‘ quae stio n ibu s Magistro ru m S ch o larum in parviso pro d ’ forma re spo n it . The next step in th e Arts course was Determina cautio n is taken is unfortunately o f th e n umber of those whic h are of utterly unc ertain date so far as c an be asc e rtain ed from th e ’ h e t ent n t i weve a t t e c e u . M . t SS , is , ho r , prob bly of hir h ry

at e An o - N man n o t na ve wa to Frenc h , or r h r gl or , did fi lly gi y E un t th e atte a th e u teent entu and nglish il l r h lf of fo r h c ry , for ‘ ’ some time previously Fren ch of Paris h ad ou sted that of ’ ‘ e we I n 1 6 2 n was o e e to be th e Stratford att Bo . 3 E glish rd r d l a in c u t aw F enc was to o un n wn . P langu ge o r s of , for r h k o ossibly,

t n th e a ve u te tatute ate t an An te ut it. he , bo q o d s is l r h s y p s

n MS ane 1 6 a F e nc manu c t th e Book o ir I . Slo 4 4, r h s rip of f S j o/zn Mandeville written about th e b eginn in g of th e fifteen th cen tu th e w n a a e : Et sach e tz ue e o u e mis ry , is follo i g p ss g q j ss liverette en Lat n ur u briefme nt ev e mes ur c eo c e ste y p pl s d is r, p ’ ue luso urs enten en t mieultz R man z ue L at n eo l ai m s q p d o q i , j y ’ ’

r l M . . xvi R man z u c eo ue entenden t. Th e C tt n Tit C e n o p q o o S . , tten in E n a ut th e ea 1 00 e a as w th e wri glish bo y r 4 , sp ks follo s, passage bei ng an inte rpo lation of th e s crib e : I have put this e o ut Lat n n t Fre nsch and t an ate it a a n o ut bok of y i o , r sl d g y of Frensch into E n glyssc h e that e ve ry man of my nation may undir ’ w a n t w tt n Man e st nde it. e e t o a e a t u o e d o Th s p ss g s , l ho gh ri by e e e m to h w t at F enc was we un e t a t u h vill , s s o h r h ll d rs ood , l ho g ‘ ’ n begi nn i g to be a foreign tongue in Englan d in 1 4 00. 8 I n 1 40 .

1 6 J OH N OF GA D DES D E N

t b ut f t been heard wice , once was considered su ficien

ti or P osteriormn for the o . The candidate also had to make oath that he had

‘ ’ heard certain books o f Priscian and Donatus or

t t th e P k siea N a ural Philosophy , by which was mean y , th e de A n ima de Gen eratione et Corra tione , the p ,

H istoria A n ima/in m w and the . H e also had to S ear

‘ t t R . . ha he had been through esponsions , i e publice de so phismatis per annum integre debet re spo n ’ t th e lioer disse , or in lieu of his that he had heard

P osterioru m twice instead of once . The Bachelor being admitted to Determination t hen proceeded as above described , and having ’ survived the ordeal of nine days disputing found

o f th e t himself barely at the threshold Ar s course . After determining as a Bachelor the scholar had to study for three or possibly four more years, but the statute is very obscure 1 H e could incept without

fo r determining , but then he had to have studied eight years I n all . The studies after determination as a Bachelor and before inception as a Master were chiefly Logic

to t and Natural Philosophy . The authors be s udied t t f are laid down in various s a utes , and dif er from 2 bu t 1 0 time to time , in 3 4 two logical books were

‘ t v e te ri e t prescribed at the leas , unum de logica ,

’ alterum de nova ; o r both might be read from the ne w logic together with o n e book on natural philo

1 m co de M a ni A m . 1 1 6 . , pp 4 4, 4 . 2

a m. 2 Manifa A e de . 1 . . , p 4 E D U CAT I ON 1 7

i ’ e . sophy , . Aristotle s works , namely , four books ,

Coe/i et M a ndi o r do A n ima o r ; three books , ; four

M eteororn m o r do Genera tion e et books , two books ,

Corru t/zone de S ensn et S en sa to p ; or the book , ; to

a de M emoria et R emin iscen tia gether with the tre tise , and that de S omn o et Vigi/ia ; o r the do M otn

A n imalia in do Min n tis ; together with two books ,

a a r /i n s N t a o .

Shortly , it may be said that the full Arts course

v R included the se en Arts , namely , Grammar , hetoric ,

Logic , Arithmetic , Music, Geometry , Astronomy ; an d a the three Philosophies , namely , Natur l , Moral , an d n o t a Metaphysical , although these do ppear to ’l av 1 h e been laid down by statute before 1 4 3 .

fo r in So much the studies , but before tak g his degree as a Master the candidate had to get a M aster

n an d to present him to the Cha cellor the Proctors , which Master had to take oath that he believed the ca n didate aptu m e t ido n e u m m o ribu s e t scientia ad ’ 2 r s nt tu e u m gradum ad quem p ae e a r . More than

o f this , the Proctors , by the authority the Chancellor ,

‘ were to summon eightee n Rege n t Masters per quos ’ v o te rit o f eritas melius inquiri p and these eighteen ,

nine had to depose that of their certain knowledge , n and five that of their belief, their ca didate was

a proper person to receive the degree . The present 3 n o t o ne ing Master was to be of the eighteen .

a These form lities being complied with , the candi

2 M u n m d 2 8 i . A t a am . 8 . , p 5 . Ibid . , p . 3 7 3 . 2 . Ibid , p . 4 4

n o: B 1 8 J OH N OF GAD D ES DE N

w date appeared before the Chancellor, with hom

sat as o n the Proctors assessors , and taking the oath o f obedience to the U niversity and th at he would

‘ ’ n 1 i cept within a year, received his degree .

‘ ’ I nception apparently meant that the newly

a o f f a t appointed M ster began a course O fici l lec ures , and he had to continue these lectures during the 2 o f year his inception and the year following , and

n o t de nu ncie tu r Ma istro s if he did do so , nec inter g ’ e t S ch o lare s Oxo nie nse s recipiatur. t t The Ar s course , hen , was obviously a severe trai n ing in intellectual studies ; it was mainly made

a 3 up of di lectic , but to have passed through it with success meant that a man could hold his o w n in o r dinar so y life , that he had an understanding, far as

w o f was then kno n , physical science , and that he had mingled with his fellow men from various districts of his nativ e land and with foreigners for some seven

r o eight years . But Of literary or artistic training as we n o w understand it there was virtually none except o n e ’ o f te rminu m term s study music per anni , videlicet

1 8 p . 3 3 . 2 1 Ibid . , p . 4 9 . 3 Th e a rs lo ica ars dialectiea was weve it mu t be g or , ho r, s ’ eme m e e c n de e d as a n a a t a m ed ca m an r b r d , o si r ece ss ry p r of i l s

t a n n . S e e th e de c e e F u te e w an d th e r i i g r of re de ric k II q o d b lo , e u e men t a m e c a m w r q ir s for di l an laid do n by Isidore of S eville .

c a t c d utat n we e n o t a wa it mu t be e mem e e S hol s i isp io s r l ys , s r b r d, ‘ of th e Utru m Chimae ra in vacuo bo mbinans po ssit c o medere ec un a nte n t n e t s d s i io s ype . E D U CAT I ON 1 9

’ l Bo e thii t , and probably music was but lit le under

n stood except by those trai ed in a religious house . f o . Greek , course , was practically unknown

n a to E ough , however , has been s id show that a Master o f Arts possessed a very good mental t n t raini g , and if, as many gradua es in arts did , he proceeded to study in one of the higher faculties , it is Obvious that he would do so much better equipped than many a student nowadays who begins the study of medicine or even law . J ohn o f Gaddesden was not only a Master o f Arts 2 but also a Doctor in Me dicin is and a Bachelor in

Theology , and he presumably took his medical

I n fo r degree before that theology, the course for the latter was very lon g and the R osa A nglica was

1 written about 1 3 4 .

1 2 80 Supposing him to have been born in , he would scarcely enter at the U niversity before the

i. e . 1 2 . age of fourteen years , in 94 H e would then ’ t t spend at leas two years in the s udy of grammar , and would then in 1 2 96 begin his studies for th e Baccalaureate This would bring him to the year

1 00 . 3 , while in three more years he would be a Master

Thus he would begin to study medicine in 1 3 03 .

1 M a nim ad A c em . 2 86 . . , p 2 W ‘ A . n t x o n . i atis n A i . L u ann e de G de de 0 b . ood , g , , Joh s quo sic Ve tu s S o cio ru m h uju s Co llegii (Merton ) Catalo gu s D ct in M i laruit o or ed cinis qui fecit Rosarium Medicinae . C I 2 0 J OH N OF GAD D ES D E N

PRELIMINARY S TUDIES FOR I NCE PTION I N MEDICINE The statutes concerning degrees in medicine and

the studies are by no means clear . For inception

ince tio ad lectu ra m in Medicine , p , which apparently f E 1 o . M included the taking the . degree , the candi

‘ ’ f Te n i i to o n e o . e . date had have read book the g ,

ré v o f o r o ne o f x o, Galen , book the Aphorisms of

ro m i a te a or r . H ippocrates , p j fi These were to serve

‘ ’ far n as as theory we t . As regarded practical medi

o n e o f cine , the candidate must have read book the

R e imen tw n A en torm n Of o r L ioer g H ippocrates , the

‘ eoria fn o f A n tidotarin m Isaac , or the of Nicolaus

o f a (Praepositus , S lerno) . A candidate must also have responded to the Masters Regen t in the faculty for two years . Before being allowed to practise in Oxford he

a had , if he had previously gr duated in Arts , to spend four years in the study o f medicine and to pass an examination co nducted by the Masters (Doctors) R egent in that faculty . I f he were not a graduate

’

. in Arts , eight years study were required

F o r t M edi licence , candida es had to have heard ein a iia six en rsorie o n e for years , to have read

de ractica de tneoriea medical book p and another , and to have respon ded and Opposed in all the medical w schools for t o years . The Statutes apparently mean that a graduate

’ had to spend six years study in all and a non - graduate

1 ’ ‘ M M amm cadem 06 n . 2 u nc tu a e c na et . A , p . 4 , pri s i ipi r di i ’ il ri in m gradu bach a atus eade . ED U CAT I ON 2 1

t Ves eriae eight years . Cer ain exercises known as p f h ad also to be performed . When all the terms o study had been duly kept and all the exercises per

’ formed , the candidate was admitted to the Master s

’ (Doctor s) degree after the same form as that ap

o f pointed in the Faculty Arts . Thus it seems that the fourteenth - century English physician could enter upon practice without any other knowledge than that derived from books . Matters were very different at a somewhat earlier f date in some parts o the continent . I n the kingdom o f fo r o n e o f Sicily, instance , of the glories which

t I n u n c tio n s was the great school of Salerno , stric J were laid down from time to time by the Emperor

s o as Frederick and others to insure , far might be , that

a m e n n e medic l Should be sou dly educat d . More 1 over , unqualified practice was strictly forbidden . A

1 2 1 h as 2 decree to which the date 4 been assigned ,

n o t fo r provides , it will be seen , only a thorough

a fo r n education , including human an tomy a surgeo ,

- 3 but also for a post graduate course .

1 A ppe n dix B se c tion 1 . 2 - m F . . t D lo . red l. i 1 H u a Bre h o lles f is . vo v t. 2 ill rd , ip , p , p 3 5 . 3 A n x ect n 2 . ppe di B, s io C HAPT E R I I

T H E R OSA A N GLI CA

T H E British Museum possesses four pri n ted

R osa A n lica t w as editions of the g . The firs printed

1 2 at Pavia in 49 , and is a folio printed in double

- columns , black letter with contractions . The second was printed at Ve n ice in This is also black letter, with contractions and in double columns . The

a printing is clear and beautiful , and superior to th t

2 t 1 1 . o f 1 49 . Another edition was prin ed in 5 7

F inally, an emended and rearranged edition was

u 1 d printed at A gsburg in 5 9 5 . The e itor was

’

D r. w h o Philipp Schopf, altered J ohn s Latinity here and there and also the arrangement Of the subjects , which it must be said was somewhat con

in fused the original editions . But he to a great extent destroyed the quaintness of th e work by

’ leaving o u t the preface and many of Gadde sde n s extremely curious derivations , although he kept some of them . w I n his preface , hich will be found below, J ohn

‘ of Gaddesden says : Haec omnia ego J oa n nes

Gade sde n le cturae me ae de 7mo anno compilavi . This gives u s more o r less an actu al date for the

1 No t 1 1 6 as 5 . is often state d.

2 4 J OH N OF GAD DES DE N ac cide ntia in firm o a u t t o anitius sunt Sign medico , dici J S i n is Offi cialiu m m e mb r rum c( apitulo ) de g o . 5 to ro no stlcatlo n e m 6 a e t se u e ndo Me s u e p g , to cur m ibi q , dic am qu ae sunt fac ie nda in cura c uj u sc u nq ue morbi l t am e n a u pe ric ulo si e t c u rabi is . Ante c pit lo primo fian t v n v ista olo omen isti libro imponere, ocando ipsum Ro sam Me dicinae propter quinque additam e nta n a n t ro sam quae su t in rosa , qu si qui que digiti tenen es , s r bitu r de quibus c i .

n Tres sunt barbati si e barba sunt duo nati .

v e l c irc u mdante s ro sam i . e . tres articuli partes sunt ilo sitate du ae n e t e ru nt cum p , su t sine , ideo hic

n . e ru n t a a a a qui que libri Primi tres b rb ti b rba long , ad se e x te n de n t e ru n t m o rbis quia multa , quia de c o mmu nibu s e t dicatu r c , quot modis morbus ommunis r h e mio se c u n di D uo v e l vilis vide in p o . sequentes e ru nt de m o rbis particularibu s cum de claratio n e ali u o ru m o misso ru m re ce de ntibu s a n q in p , qu si si e E t e e x ce llit e barba . si ut rosa omnes flores , ita ist e xc e llit a m e dic in ae e rit liber omnes practic s , quia au e ribu s div itibu s ch irur icis e t pro p p g medicis , de re cu rre re quo non Opus multum ad alios libros , quia hic videlicet sat de m o rbis c u rabilibu s in speciali v ide bitu r e t in ge n erali .

The conclusion Of the preface is simply a list o f h e adings Of chapters in the first book .

T RANSLATION OF ABOVE PREFACE

A s Galen says in the first book o f his treatise de ‘ l n en io S an ita tis D O g , not frequent courts and ’ princes houses as indeed I never did until I had a — in cquired a knowledge of books , for Galen the introduction to the seventh book o f the de i ngen io says that it is impossible to become nearer to God by any other way than by the way of knowledge T H E ROSA A N GLI CA 2 5

therefore I have wished to write this book for the a a n humble to re d . Bec use si ce no book is without in o f de reproach , as Galen says the second book his

Cri se so o n e . a , neither will this be But all the s me , I implore those who se e it n o t to gn aw it with an n v u it fo r e io s tooth , but to read through humbly, nothing is se t down here but what h as bee n prov ed a o r an d by person l experience either of myself others , n o f n av I , J oh Gaddesde , h e compiled the whole in ‘ ’ o f e the seventh year my lecture . And in r gard to the whole book I i n tend to observe the followi ng order Of arrangement : first Of all I try to i nvestigate the a o f an its n n me y disease , secondly definitio , thirdly n an d a a in its i cidence cause . As Isa c s ys the fourth book o f his Fevers an d in his sec tion on J au n dice We c an discuss everything which we wish to investigate in a triple fashion we can consider either c a nv its name , whi h is a m tter of arbitrary co ention o r its n c c n a o r defi ition , whi h indi ates its ture ; its ’ n c n a u se actio actio , whi h i dic tes its effect , and in this ’ v a f is equi lent to incidence o r cause . I n the ourth a o f place I give an ccount the signs , both general and a an d a n n speci l , what h ppeni gs to the patient are Sig s to a m an in c o an itiu s the medic l , a cordance with J in 1 h is a n f a tre tise on the sig s o the offici l members . I n the fifth place I give the progn osis and in the ac th e Me su e Sixth pl e cure , and here following I give all things which are to be done for the cure n o f of any da gerous disease which is capable cure . But before these m atters are treated in the first a n o chapter , I wish to give ame to the bo k , namely, R osa M edicin ae an d l so o n n the , have called it accou t of five appendage s which belong to the rose as it were n Is five fingers holding it , co cerning which it written

n o t Three are bearded and two are .

1 e A en x o n th a Vid pp di e Is goge . 2 6 J OH N OF GAD D ESD E N

n That is to say , three of the parts surroundi g the and a rose are hairy two are smooth , and the s me is the case with the five parts of my book . The first w a a three are bearded ith a long be rd , for they tre t m n an d a u a and of a y things bo t gener l diseases , for a discussion of what constitutes a general o r common disease look in the introduction to th e secon d book . n The two followi g books treat of particular diseases , together with some matters omitted in the preceding

a . books , and they are as without a be rd (shorter) A n d e as the ros overtops all flowers , so this book v a o n a n o ertops all tre tises the pr ctice of medici e , and it is written fo r both poor an d rich surgeon s and a so a n physici ns , that there sh ll be no eed for them to be always running to consult other books , for here they will find plenty about all curable disease both from the special and the general point of view .

1 2 o ne The copy of the 49 edition , which is the I

a a n n o f h ve used , is th t belo gi g to the Library the

R a n o r1 1n all oy l Society of Medici e , and g y belonged

D ic lau s r. . o to Mead I t is dedicated by the editor , N

S c llatiu s S icu lus y , in a delightfully fulsome preface , to Ambrosius V arisiu s Ro satus D ucalis Physic us ac i i i C o n s l ar u s . z a The duke was Ludovico Maria Sfor .

The full Latin text will be found in the appendix .

in his n The editor begins by saying that, opinio , the gods were originally m e n who had bee n elevated to this positio n on account o f benefits which they h ad

n o n h as co ferred their fellow men . I f Ambrose not

a a quite tt ined to this height as yet , it is well known

s o ne t that every respects and honours him . H e is

an d accomplished in the law , in diplomacy , in physic ,

his in letters , and under patronage the U niversity of T H E ROSA A N GLI CA 2 7

Pavia has attained to an eminence never before

n k own . The editor therefore begs to dedicate the

‘ R osa as a learned an d emi ne n tly instructive little

u present to Ambrosius . H e contin es

Joannes Antonius Birre ta (the pri n ter) told me a short time ago that he had Obtained a R osa ria nz in Medicin a o ne o f , an uncommon and scarce work , the a u se to to o gre test young men , and one , , specially f sought after by the Old and experienced . H e Of ered n o f a me every Opportu ity re ding it, and therein I n a discovered many reco dite m tters which these , after a lo re ntinu s a some other modern writers , N icol us F , n c o f h ad man skilled in every bra h medicine , picked an d out embodied in his mighty volumes , just as a

o ut a . No w bee picks the more useful p rts from roses , Birre ta e o ld since the said , who is a mod l of time a worth , as he is modest in demanding anything , sked me to correct the book (though it was not fo r him re n est o w e to g , to whom I my life) , we have performed a t the t sk at the expense of much rouble and research . We have to the best of our ability restored that which was maimed by the mouldiness Of long lyingby o f sc ribe s th e and corrupted by the carelessness , places where Old writers were wrongly quoted have been a an d so diligently coll ted , far as possible the book has h h n a . t at t e bee restored to its origin l shape So , real Ro sariu s a z o n old , like a prodig l recogni ed his return from long and difficult wanderings , is restored at last in n U t R sariu s h is best robe to his frie ds . qui o fu isse t a nitu s ve lu ti e t olim , nunc g ex horrida e re rinatio ne do m u m n e xc ultu s longa p g , ta dem ad suos Y o u Ro satu s z , therefore , Ambrose , he recogni es as ’ an d n his patron lord , and you who freque t kings houses and the palaces o f princes he has ga ined as 2 8 J O H N OF GAD D ESD E N

o u no t his defender. When y read him , you will m a so an d ind reading him ag in , varied of such tried so so worth , many and quick to cure , are the remedies w hich he sets forth . Whence it comes , and that h as fo r v rightly, that as it been a long time recei ed a mongst us that the rose is the most beautiful of w so flo ers , this book easily overtops the labours and treatises of all the more recent authors who h ave ’ o n written the same subject .

S cyllatiu s then goes off into a digression upon the

o f Liban iu s beauty the rose , and quotes a story from o f h o w n fo r Ve us , wishing to make herself beautiful

o f the j udgement Paris , supplied the place of the

o f cestus , which the jealousy J uno and Minerva would n o t to a allow her we r , with roses . H e concludes his dedication with a high complimen t to Birre ta and his partner Fra n ciscus Girarde ngu s fo r the care with w hich they always did their work . U nfortunately the opinion o f Ambrose upon th e

R osa n o t IS has come down to us , but it evident that l S cyl atius thought most highly o f the work .

n Nothi g seems to be known of Ambrose , but

t : Dr. Payne kindly sent me he following note

‘ V i u Ambrosius aris u s Ro sat s . H e does not seem

n n . to be mentio ed “ in any biographical dictio ary - Apparently he was a medical big wig of the day , d n o f &c . an w as bei g Physician to the Doge Venice , , c ll tiu s a greater man than the editor S y a . This latter a wrote a little tract on syphilis , and lso dedicated it Ro satu s 1 6 to to Ambrosius (Pavia , 49 , 4 ) according Bio ' ox A rtieeila L . to H irsch , g. I n a copy of the a 1 1 0 published at Pavi , 5 , there is a dedication to

A mbrosius R o satu s by a certain Rusticus Place n tinus . T H E ROSA ANGLI CA 2 9

e xce lle n tissimo h ilo so h o c o n su mm atis H e says , p p , m a n ific o v m n m a istro simo medico , g iro do i o g Ambro Varisio R t R Plac e n tinu s th e o rice sio osa o , usticus c n T ic in e n si m n asio medi i e in gy lector ordinarius . D S . P . . I think it shows that Ambrosius was probably an influential and wealthy man who might reward the ’ dedication with a handsome present .

The R osa commences with a treatise in two section s

o n v a n Fe ers after the G le ic system , and then goes

‘ ’ o n t a o consider the particul r diseases . A section o n surgery follows , and the book ends with an

A n tid tarium o .

The work is largely a compilation from the Greek ,

a an d Ar bian , J ewish physicians , together with the w orks o f his immediate predecessors such as Gilbe r~

n c a o f a tus A gli us and Bern rd Gordon , but it lso con tains many personal Observations which Show that Gaddesden must have had a large practice .

H Y D R OPS

’ As an example Of Gadde sde n s style the section o n a H ydrops may be t ken as characteristic . The disease (for naturally he co n siders it a disease) is

an d very fully treated , in the description we find pass ages which show both his knowledge and his 1 a n n limit tio s . I t begi s thus

‘ Idro isis t p is a wa ery disease inflating the body. “ ” “ ” n Idro isis is idro s c The ame p derived from , whi h n is sa is water , and isis which is i flation , that to y

1 2 6 . R osa A n liea Pav a ed. 1 . g , i , 49 , f 3 3 0 J OH N OF GAD DES D EN

so a watery inflation . And H aly in the third part o f n To n i 1 2 the comme tary on the g , 9 , says , Subtile a nd watery juices bring about watery sicknesses such A n d : is as hydrops . it is thus defined H ydrops a material sickness o f which the cause is a cold v matter , o erflowing and entering into the limbs , and its o r thence arise either all manifestations , empty spaces o f those organ s in which is carried o n the o f government the food and the humour. I dro isis e ritu do m ate rialis t p est g , cuj us causa est ma eria : e t c re scu n t frigida , exuberans , ingrediens membra n a a artiu m per eam aut ma ifest omni , aut loca vacua p in quibus sunt (sic) regimen nutrimenti e t

S n . 1 . . O . says Avicen a , Fen 4 , tract 4 , cap de idrope a a drO s an o f Ag in he s ys , H y p is error the combining virtu tis n n itio ao o f energy ( ) in the whole the body , followi ng o n a cha nge of the digestive energy in the v li er So much we may gather from Avicenna , 6 2 and 6 Can . I , fen . I , doctrina , cap . , also in book do atu ralion s o irtn tion s n . For there he says that u nita r when the nutriment is combined ( ) in a limb , n v there it remai s and swells it up . And A icenna also says that when the nutriment does not cleave

(to the members) thence arise hydrops . For the 1 nutriment undergoes a triple dissolution : in the first it is digested and dispersed throughout the members ; secondly , it is combined ; and thirdly , it s is assimilated . Others ay that in the first place it is distributed ; in the second it cleaves (adnaoroz)

1 Mac u 0 t t u in a urnalia . C ca 8 . D . robi s, ir 3 A , his S , Bk VII , hro gh th e m ut Disarius o ne c a ac te a t at th e o h of , of his h r rs, s ys h food u n de rgoe s fou r dige stion s : th e first in th e stomac h ; th e s ec on d in th e ve th e t in th e v n an d a te e w e e th e wate li r hird e i s r ri s , h r ry

a t e a ate d an e n t th a de w e th e u e atten p r is s p r d go s i o e bl d r, hil p r f ing blood is distribute d ove r th e body ; an d th e fou rth is that proc e ss by whic h every me mbe r of th e body take s u p that which is nec e ssary for it.

3 2 J O H N OF GAD D ESD E N

1 Siphac . These words Gaddesden explains as follows :

‘ v in u is Est autem Mirac pellicula gibbosa , si e p g in u io r a ro . supr totum ventrem , p p q cuti exterius Sed e s t u a adh ae re ns inte stin is in e t Siphac pellic l medio , invo lve n s e t s u o rtan s n v a ea , pp i ferius di idens ea membris ge n e rativis u t v ide bitu r i n fra ; e t haec ' aqu o s itas in trat per poros illius Mirac rare fac ti vel e xte n si a multitudine m ate riae in dige stae in h e pate x l r a qu am n o n potest e pe l e e e t ideo ibi m net .

an o f Tymp ites , the third kind hydrops , is , says

n Gaddesden , wro gly called hydrops , for it is not

‘ far n humidity but ventosity . So , the , if for the

’ quantity o f undigested material in the liv er we read

’ Of portal obstruction , the pathology the fourteenth century is not far wrong, but when Gaddesden comes to speak of the general causes o f hydrops the same ca n not be said . H e quotes Galen to Show that

‘ hydrops is a nocumentum virtutis ge ne rativae s an

u inis a e t g , qu ndo deficit ab illo opere deest comple me n tum ej u s

n an A other frequent cause is cold , and other is

o f retention the wonted evacuations . H ere he quotes H ippocra tes concerning the d anger o f curing o ld

‘ s i u na re lin u atu r haemorrhoids , for non q periculum est hydro pe m fie ri With regard to the special causes o f hydrops he lays speci al stress upon all foods which cause Malam ’ m le xio n m c l m co p e hepatis a ida . These are such

1 M ac th e a m na wa m n u th e e t n u m ac ir is bdo i l ll, i s p ri o e . Siph th t n u m m m h m e e e et e t e at m n tu . is p ri o , or so i s, possibly, gre o e T H E ROSA A N GLI CA 3 3

t o r ? things as foods sal ed fried , spiced , overcooked

assata an d ( ) , highly flavoured things such as garlic ,

a n chives , and leeks . This remark shows a cert i

fo r amount of observation , although such articles of food would pro bablyh ave no direct cau sative influence

upon cirrhosis , yet they are the very things forbid

a n an d den to lithaemic p tie ts , by causing indigestion might not improbably be a factor in doing harm to those o f a gouty tendency or those who suffer from

arterial sclerosis . It is when we come to the clinical picture o f a case of ascites with obstructive jau n dice that Gad

de sde n shines , for it is wonderfully vivid

Signa asc itis futuri su n t : malus color faciei te n de ns c itrin itate m tincta ad , urina frequenter , neque tame n ' patientes de morbo co n qu e runtu r : c itrin itas o culo ru m fre u e ns e t n q , nocume tum lateris a m o ve tu r dextri sub costis qu ndo patiens , vel statim

e u itat co itu m tu ssim . super cibum q post , aut Signa ac tualis asc itis sunt : in flatio pedum e t me mbro ru m : e t e m ine t inferiorum umbilicus extra , e t fiu n t racilia u t t superiora g brachia , collum , pec us e s t e t fre u e n s tin cta s issa pulsus parvus q , urina , p , e e t in parva quantitate mi ta frequenter, cum spuma crocea e t bicolor : aliqu ando oculi inflantur propter fumos ascende n tes ab he pate : adest an h e litu s dif ficultas sitis ine xtin u ibilis a e titus , tussis sicca , fere g , pp diminu tio inte nsu m a e titu m e t cibi , propter pp potus , ’ si l a ite tu r so nat v e u t s e mi le nus . venter g , uter p aqua

t The clinical picture is comple e , and worthy to be

o r compared with those drawn by Watson Trousseau , though n atu rallyw he n Gaddesden ventured on patho

1 3 02 C 34 J OH N OF GA D DESDE N

‘ t t ali u ando logy he failed . H is remark ha q oculi in flan tur propter fumos ascendentes ab h e pate IS a a c se in point, but in everything that he could observe he is singularly accurate .

t t to Gaddesden paid great a ten ion treatment , and was evidently fully ready to meet the universal t demands of patien s , that a medical man should do

’ something for them . H is prescriptions are innu

‘ me rable F re ind ; as says , H e seems to have made a collection of all the roeoipts he had ever met with or heard of and I . be lie v e this book can afford us

t n o t the bes history Of what Medicines were in use , o o f t t nly among the Physicians ha time , but among th e o E n land E in iri c mmon people of g , both in the p

’ cal S n orstitioas o f and fi way . The cure hydrops is dealt with both from ~ the general and the special point of view .

The general cure he deals with as follows (f. 39 l t co . verso , firs )

‘ The cure of hydrops is of two kinds , common o f and proper. The proper is by means various appropriate medicines and by local measures . The o f common , as says Avicenna , is by extraction the watery humidity and its drying up , and this extrac a o u t n tion may be c rried in four ways , as Co stantine lays down in the seventh book of his Practice . The first method is by diuretic medicines which provoke 1 flo w o f u an d a rine such as Spica nardi) , cassia S o ut the like . The econd method is to purge the

1 Where plants are no t we ll kn own by their Latin nam es I ’ have tran slated them ac c ordi ng to th e name s given in H e nslo w s

Medical Works o a .! Fourteent/z Cen tur C a man 8: Ha 1 8 f y ( h p ll, 99) T H E ROSA A N GLI CA 3 5 yellow fluid by means o f sweating and discharge from F o r the bowels . this latter effect use purging drugs ? such as succus ireos ( mugwort) an d succus lau re o lae can (spurge laurel) . Emetics and clysters also be used . Sweating can be brought about by sulphur se a a o r bath or b ths , by suffumigations with water in which h ave been boiled such roots o r herbs as le visticu s fi pellitory or (ligusticum of cinale) , together an o r o f h o t with br ; with inunctions Oil , with laurel o r aro o n bark a hot ointment such as g , agrippa , or martia a to n . The third method is for the p tient to d r n o t rink his own urine . This emedy is good only in hydrops , but also in jaundice and in the splenetic ’ ’ o r affection . The whey of goat s cow s milk also is in purges . The fourth method by means Of an ’ c isio n three fingers breadth below the umbilicus , and a o r a deep perforation m de therein , by a perforation te stic u lo ru m made in the bursa , or by intercutaneous scarifi catio n s o f o r between the joints the feet , above v the feet or round the ankles . I ncision , howe er, is no t dangerous , and must be performed unless the “ v n patient is ery strong. Avice na says , when the belly is full of water and th e strength is well main tain e d le t th e , then make an incision and out water, but little by little and not all at once . And it is specially to be noted that diuretics

o f h o t should be a nature , and of such are anise , ’ ame o s marath ru m bishop s weed ( ) , (fennel) , cumin ,

caS S Iali ni a ssarabac peony , wild carrot, spikenard , g , w m o n u roan a . cara (g ) H ence the lines ,

A ssarabac cara cassiali n e a s ica ue , g , p q nardi Idr i t fri idio ri o p sim curan de causa g .

Z eo odin m s u inan th u m And spica Celtica ( y fi ) balsam , q

u nea s commu is (f n ) are also good . C 2 3 6 J OH N OF GAD DESD E N

Diuretic herbs and roots o f a hot nature are

t samon eas eon in s m nas urtium , hyssop, ebulus ( ) , apiu mace do n ic u m , levisticum , eupatorium (wood sage) , wild parsley , fennel , j uniper , aristolochia (both kinds) ,

v n sa ory , ditta y, absinth . Also cinnamon , sweet

Of a flag, and the like . a cold n ture are all the

w o o ds e n dive S o w - a sandal , and its seed , thistle , sc riola

a. (this is apparently another kind of endive) , epatic The four greater cold seeds are those Of capillus

le ttu ce o rtulacca . veneris (maiden hair) , , p , and scariola

a Lithospermum and ivory turnings re also good . Of drugs which are valuable for either variety the

: n a hot or the cold are spike ard , wood sage , m iden hair, endive , scolopendrium , hepatica , sandal wood ,

’ t er ao mas ich , nutmeg , goat s milk whey, rhubarb ( p eidon s fo r n o f ) , the liver is stre gthened by all kinds this

f n o a a d . drug, and the same may be said ag ric cassia The directions for treatment by incision are gi v en

. 1 on f 4 , where , at the end of a long list of remedies and treatment , he says

‘ o f I f the dropsy is not cured by any these , and n its e ergy seems still unabated , an incision must be ’ made three fingers breadth below the umbilicus . Care must be taken not to draw all the water off a t n o ce lest the patient suddenly die, as is laid down by Me ssue in the Sixth book Of his Par ticular Affe c tions in the Aphorism Of those suffering from empyema (empiei) or who are hydropic

The man n er of the incision is as follows :

s it Let the patient in a Slightly elevated seat, and let the belly be forcibly compressed by the hands so T H E ROSA AN GLI CA 3 7 that the watery matter may desce n d as far as po s ’ an n e sible . Then make i cision thr e fingers breadth n below the umbilicus with a Sharp k ife , the external skin being Slightly elevated from the rest o f the body, as far as Siphac , if the hydrops be from the If it o r n i n testines . come from the liver the eigh bo uring parts make your incision to the right of and ’ three fingers breadth below the umbilicus . I f from

o n . the spleen , make it the left side Lift up the n ac ski lest Mir be cut, then perforate Mirac , but make the hole in Mirac somewhat lower down th an that in o n n Siphac , so as to have them differe t levels , that the water come not out continuously . Then put in n l o f o r o r z a c a u a made gold Silver bron e . Then feel ’ n an d o ut the patie t s pulse , if he be weak take the canula an d gi ve medicine o r dressing made o f down n o r f dipped in wi e white o egg . M ake the patient lie down and giv e him chicken o r o f n broth with spicey medicines , food easy digestio On such as partridge , kid, or lamb . the second day o ff take the dressing , replace the canula , and draw ’ o ff . some more water , and do this three or four times i On . t f 3 9 urine , will be noted , is used as a purga l v o n f. 1 co . ti e , but further ( 4 verso , i) he gives a prescription fo r the cure o f a hydropic child which includes diuretics . This prescription being only for

n n n wealthy perso s , he recomme ds that if the patie t be poor he should dri n k his own urine in the morn m ing of every day . U rea , it will be reme bered , has

v been comparati ely recently introduced as a diuretic . Another foresh adowin g o f modern therapeutics is

t fo r o f h dro ics 0 seen in his direc ions the diet y p (f. 4

‘ n issim . . te u a verso , col ii) The diet should be quia ab stine n tia hic e st summa medicina Chicken broth 3 8 J OH N OF GAD DE S DE N

u made from an aged cock or hen is seful , and the patient should only eat once in the day . H e con tinu e s e o rum , Panis non Sit de tritico quia propter v isco sitate m o ilat furfu re e t az mu s pp , sit de non y ’ ‘ c n cil cum modica salis quantitate . Such bread o

’ e m iare t S itim atie nti . r co p H e does not, however ,

t in t mend his bread diabetes , although he notes tha

’ sitis can ina this disease is accomp anied by a . The mention Of the small quantity of salt in the

a above pass ge , together with the following a line or

‘ tw o further o n e t ideo pan is de ko k o be c o de co c tu s

’ o xo miae P o x o n iae salsu s ( ) non valet quia nimis est , is worthy of note on account of the recently intro

‘ ’ du ce d treatment by de chlo ridisatio n which has been of late years much in evidence in France .

I n a work by Dr . F . X . Gouraud with a preface

n o n - by Professor A . Gautier entitled Q fa t i/ manger ? published in Paris by J ules Rousset

2 there occurs the following passage , p . 5 3

Plus nombreuses sont les indications du regime ’ n oenioraro. t e t n yp C es dans la néphrite , surtout da s ’ ’ oe e d abo rd la néphrite avec d me , qu il a été pré ’ ’ c o n isé e t la x par Widal , c est qu il donne les plus beau résultats . ll amene souvent une rapide résorption de ’ ’ l oedeme Les beaux succes obtenus dans l oedem e ’ d o rigin e rénale ont conduit 21 utiliser le regim e hypo ’ ’ C n d h dro isie hlorure da s tous les cas y p , quelle qu en ’ l o ri ine z soit g , che les cardiaques , les hépatiques avec e ascite, m me dans les phlébites infectieuses (Chante messe) . Pour les premiers il e st souvent utile sans ’ etre curateur.

40 J OH N OF GAD D ESDE N scription for the stone which contains some thirty

‘ f t s ru u m dif eren drugs , and this he says ego voco y p ra h an inu m infi nitum m in p , qui mihi fecit honore qu o dam calculoso quem alII de mise run t e t cum isto J t solo curavi e u m . I t must be owned tha this reads

v o f n rather like the ad ertisements moder quacks , but then they do not disclose the ingredients of their remedies , whereas Gaddesden does . On e o f his specially valuable secrets was a pre scription for extracting teeth , for which he remarks ,

’ ran de m e cu niam acce i a barbito n so ribu s g p p , and it

‘ was this , Capiatur rana viridis quae de arbore in arbo re m scan dit e t , in Provincia satis copiose reperi

su matu r i siu s e t e o tur, p adeps liniatur dens quisquis ’

i e t e xc ide t f. 1 s t . . statim ( 5 5 verso , col i) H e does not profess to h ave personal knowledge fi of the ef cacy of this remedy in human beings , but he adds as a proof that cattle who eat these frogs in

- the grass lose all their teeth . That tree frogs do not live in the grass is a small matter which does not

th e trouble him , and most likely mediaeval patient would prefer a trial of this remedy to the more purely surgical one recommended , namely , to destroy ’ the tooth , stylo ferreo ignito . This being applied ,

’ the tooth post aliqu o d tempus cadit in frusta

fo r Sundry charms toothache are also given , which will be found below .

Possibly the best known .passage in the R osa - is o ne - which occurs in the section upon small pox, for th e remedy , after having been in abeyance for T H E R OSA AN GLI CA 4 1

a centuries , has now come in gain in a modified form 1 and has both supporters and detractors ; namely ,

n the red light treatment . Gaddesde was probably led to try it owin g to the mention o f it by Gilb e rtus ’ o ld Anglicus , who notes it as an woman s remedy as

th e n follows . The passage can be found in Lyo s

o f Coin fiondimn M edicin ae 1 0 fo l 8 edition the j , I 5 , . 3 4 1 verso , col .

‘ V e tulae provinciales dant purpuram co mbu s tam n o cc ultam cu ran di in potu , habet e im naturam vari ’ i t s . t n olas Similiter pannus c u de grano .

n n A yway , Gaddesde met with success in at least o ne n w as o f case , and , moreover , his patie t a scion

R a n . 1 c o l I oyalty . H ere is his ccou t (fol 5 recto , . I )

De inde a scarle tu m rube u m e t in vo lvatur capi tur , v ario lo su s n totaliter , vel in pa no alio rubeo , Sic ego feci de filiO mobilissimi Regis Angliae qu ando patic isto s e t i a le ctu m batur morbos , feci omn a circ esse h e t a e t e um se u e n ti ru ea , est bona cur , curavi in q ’ i ri a u sine v e st giis va o l r m . I t will be noticed that Gaddesden claims that this treatment cures the disease and prevents pitting as well , whereas the moderns who have tried it claim that it prevents pitting , but not that it shortens the

o f n a - o x i t course the disease , g small p , only by

n preventing mixed i fection from suppuration .

1 M ed. ourn une 6 1 0 F n e n Brit. an d R c ett an i s , j , J , 9 3 ; i k s d

e Tile L aneet u 0 and e t. 1 1 0 . Byl s, , J ly 3 S p 7, 9 4 4 2 J O H N OF GA D DESD E N

PHTHISIS

The section upon phthisis (f. 64 verso) is very

as clear , and shows , is usual with Gaddesden , good clinical observation .

tu ssim H e defines phthisis as Morbus pulmonis , co mmo v e ns e t H e cticam causans Every phthisical t patient is hectic , but every hec ic patient is not necessarily phthisical . This observation was virtu

’ ally correct in Gadde sde n s day ; but his explanation is naturally in accordance with the erron eous physio

o f . logy the age As the lungs are ulcerated , they cannot sufficiently ventilate the heart, and whenever th e lungs expand the wounds in them increase , then

‘ au cti e t su ffi c ie n sanies is drawn back and fumi , non te r e ve ntati e th e go all ov r body , inflame it, dry it i i t so . t up , and consume , and cause hectic But does not follow that in every case when a man is ‘ con t t sumed hat his lungs are ulcera ed, wherefore every

n o t hectic is necessarily phthisical .

With regard to treatment he is quite modern . A real cure can only take place before the lung has

‘ broken down ante co nfirmatio ne m e t ante exul ce ratio n e m san io sam e t ante ej u s fo e to re m e t de sc e n su m ad profundum aquae H e was aware that hectic was not an essential h part of p thisis , although the latter caused the former, for in his directions for treatment he gives one s e t o f instructions for treating phthisis and another for ’ u r m f r m icam c n u tam treating p t ida e b e vel H e ct o j n c . T H E ROSA AN GLI CA 4 3

’ ‘ F o r t the cure of this , he says , the reader mus refer t R to wha I have said about heuma , in fact this ’ R heading must be frequently referred to . As heuma is defi ned as fl u xu s h u mo ris ru e ntis a capite ad partes ’ sub e c tas e t v icin as j , and that to its malign influence

n was due deafness , ti nitus , blindness , Ophthalmia ,

o f n lippitudo , foetor and polypus the nose , a gina ,

’ ‘ - fl ux io phthisis , pleurisy , peri pneumony , fastidium , ’ i cerebralis ventris , arthrit s , and , in fine , disease Of

x t th e t th e any organ e cep spleen , it is obvious tha chapter treating o f Rheuma must be studied pro

‘ f n dl E t R o u . v s y Moreo er, he says , enim heuma ’ rbo um quasi mater omnium m o r . And it was of

n — z three ki ds Catarrh , branchus , and cory a , which are defined in the following verses :

z Ad fauces branchus , ad nares esto cory a , dicatur catarrh u Si fluit ad pectus rheuma s .

t To re urn to phthisis, Gaddesden gives the follow

fo r t ing thirteen indications treatment , and hey might almost have been written to - day

Keep in check the catarrh and the rh e u m ata ; (2) cleanse the body ; (3) divert and draw away the matter (of the disease) to a di fferent part ; (4) strengthen the chest and the head S O that they do e not take up the matter, and that it ther multiply ; (5) cleanse and dry up the ulcers and expel the matter from them ; (6) consolidate them ; (7) restrain and cure the cough by using demulcent drinks w ith oint ments and s tupes ; (8) assist the patient to sleep ; (9) Stren gthen and bring back the appetite ( 1 0) keep in check the spitting of blood ( I 1 ) do what can be don e to make the breathing more easy and to remove the 44 J OH N OF GAD DES DE N asthma and the hoarseness ( 1 2) regulate the way o f life so far as the s ix non - n aturals ; ( 1 3) cure the ’ o r putrid hectic fever which goes with the disease .

six - t (The non na urals were , air, food , exercise , sleep ,

an d th e . the excretions , passions ) H e gives a gigantic list of drugs and remedies in regard to the first eleven indications for treatment and then comes to the regimen .

As to food , the best is the milk of a young brunette with her first child , which should be a boy ; n a v the you g wom n should be well fa oured , bene c o m le x io nata e t n o n u tatu r c o itu e at p , and should n and drink in moderatio . Failing a wet nurse , the milk of other animals might be used in the following d : an . order of choice the ass , the goat , the cow If the patient liked , he could take his milk straight from the udder ; if not , it was to be boiled with a little salt so and honey , that it should not coagulate in the stomach fo r in that case it was a very poison tunc est qu asI venenum Wine an d milk should not be taken together , for wine coagulates milk in the stomach . I f the patient has pain and colic after his m ilk , it does not agree with him . Therefore the dish should be washed with hot water and placed in another vessel full of hot water and the m ilk o milked into this , for then it is c nverted and changed ’ quickly and becomes less harmful .

it The patient could also have wine if were new , and provided that he were not very hectic . H e should , further, live in a dry , clear, and still atmo sphere and at a high elevation and here Gaddesden reminds his readers that Galen used to send h is T H E ROSA AN GLI CA 4 5 phthisical patients to a high mountai n near Sicily where there w as perpetual fire .

LEP ROSY

’ Gadde sde n s account o f leprosy is particularly

v n w . interesting , from se eral poi ts of vie I t may be

’ ‘ ’ taken for granted that the terms Zefi ra and Zoprosa s were used in the Middle Ages to signify various

as chronic skin diseases , and possibly syphilis well as

w as n true leprosy . But that true leprosy very prevale t in mediaeval times is undoubted , and , moreover, from

u s v the descriptions left by mediae al writers , it is

as pl ain that the disease w the same then as now .

o f n o f 6 H ere is his list the sig s leprosy (f. 5 verso ,

‘ o f The Signs leprosy are many, and in the first place come the prodromal signs , while the prognostics are yet concealed primo sunt Signa pre c e de n tia prognostica occulta tamem Secondly come the obvious and man ifest sign s o f the presence of the disease ; thirdly come the signs reminiscent of a former materia (moo an teceden tis) ; fourthly signs showi ng forth an accompanying materia . I n the first place yo u must note if the usual red colour of the face tends towards a black hue , and if the patient suffers from gutta rosacea in his nose o r his fac e if a a ,) his breath undergoes ch nge and is e sometim s foetid , if he sweats much and his hair n begi s to get thin and sparse . Also look out for a n cha ge in his manner, he may become melancholic and v icious and tricky H e will be anxious v n a and will a oid society , and will fa cy that he is

. t leper Such a mental condi ion should be avoided , 46 J OH N OF GAD DES DEN

for imaginatio n in one disposed to this disease very n Ofte actually brings it about , especially when com ine d o f b with errors diet . Sometimes the patient f a suf ers from horrible dreams and aw kes in a fright ,

so that he da re not sleep alone . H e may dream th at he feels a heavy weight on his chest as do those n who are afflicted by an i cubus , and yet this is no thing but the weighty material ” dispersed through

o u t . a ru n o r the body He may dre m that he cannot , that he is falling i n to some foul and filthy place so m niat se c u rre re non posse , vel cadere in loco turpi fetido ste rqu ilino so n o n Agai , if lice are multiplied his body from some n n as i tri sic cause and not an extrinsic one , is the case In with those who sleep a hair shirt , if he take no care fo r his body by bathing and the like , if the itch and an d a h is pustules morphea ppear all over body , and “ if generally speaki ng he is in a filthy co n dition ( Si inc ipiat fi e ri fetida corporis dispositio then in the case of such an one I say that it may be prophesied

that he is disposed towards leprosy , that in him in osso inenoata A s leprosy is fi ( ) . yet , however, he m a n so as y mi gle with his fellows , though not safely ’ another .

H e quotes from Joannes de S anc to Amando a list

‘ o f absolutely certain signs o f leprosy ( signa valde certa demonstrativa leprae These are

Th e o f Q colour the body tending towards black ,

1 It w t w e as a c nt a t to t a e c i t n to is or h hil , o r s his b ld d s r p io , qu ote th e magn ific ent passage d ealin g with th e same dream of

m n xii n 0 8— 1 2 na t to ve ven e A e . e i bili y o , gi by V rgil, , li s 9 9 A c velut in somn is o culo s ubi languida pressit N cte uies n e uic uam av e xtendere cu u o q , q q idos rs s e e videmur e t in m e c o natibus ae ri V ll , diis g S u c cidimus n o n n ua va e t n o n c e n o tae li g l , orpor

S ufficiunt v e nec vo x aut ve a e uuntu . ir s, rb s q r

48 J OH N OF GA DD ESDE N munia in omni The first is to take three grains of salt and to place them o n some blood (from an d the suspected patient) , if the blood be infected statim roso /oota r straightway it will be dissolved ( ) , l but if it be not infected this wil not happen . The second is for some of the blood to be rubbed on the o f palms the hands , and should it squeak or be more sticky than usual , this is a Sign of corruption .

Thirdly , take some blood and place it in very clear o n water, if it swim the top it is infected , but if it sink to the bottom it is not so

H e me n tion s this thickeni ng and rapid clotting of

n the blood in three or four differe t places , and it is i n teresting to note that Boeck and Danielssen have noted a large increase in the fibrin ferments of th e 2 blood o f lepers .

C HARMS

Gaddesden , in common with Gilbert and other

a medic l writers both before and after his own time , such as Mirfie ld (circa did not disdain to make u se o f charms and empirical remedies . Thus in

t . 1 . 11 his sec ion upon toothache , p 5 3 recto , col , he says :

1 e e we e u va et e Le a w c a e en Th r r fo r ri i s of pr , hi h G dd sd e in w l : ve e as . 6 ec t c o . bodi s rs follo s (fol 5 r o, i) S ub sp ec ie tetra deturpat c orpora Le pra a ma datur de fle mate uae en eratu r Tiri pri , g q g Turpe pilos pasce ns Alo picus sanguine nascen s Fit u e Le n na c e a e ven te can na q o i , ol r f r i

D an h li fi l f n ia tristio r istis. e mel. ( c o a) t tristis E e a t

1 ’ Art Le in Allbutt s stem. . prosy Sy T H E ROSA A N GLI CA 49

‘ Modo fian t e mpe rica quae aliquan do curant in R i u n a do lo re m pri n cipio . adix api collo s spe s dentis l a a e t to lit . I dem facit r dix piloselle m j oris minoris , ’ - di tami 15 e ar . e t radix p . ( Pilosella Mouse H awkweed )

Then he giv es a selection o f charms an d prayers :

th e aw n : Again , write these words on j of the patie t I n o f S o n the name the Father , the and the Holy Re x Fax Ghost, Amen . Nax in Christo Filio , and the pain will cease at once as I have often e se n . a a o f Ag in , whosoever sh ll say a prayer in honour

. n o St Apollonia , Virgin , (Feb . 9) shall have pain in his teeth on the day o f the prayer . The same thing a Nicasius Oc t 1 is s id Of St . the martyr ( . a a a Ag in , draw ch racters on p rchment or panel and let the patient touch the aching tooth with his

as n a n 13 . finger lo g as he is dr wi g, and he cured The characters are made in the sh ape o f running in n n n o t bu t water by draw g a co tinuous li e , straight w are to up and do n . Three lines be drawn in the name of the Blessed Trinity and this is to be done often .

- Again , if the many footed worm which rolls up a a into b ll when you touch it is pricked with a needle , an d ac n n n the hi g tooth is the touched with the eedle , n the pai will be eased . n sa a o f a Agai , some y that the be k a m gpie hung from the neck cures pain in the teeth and the uvula n and the qui sy . a w fo r 15 I n Ag in , hen the gospel Sunday read the a n n mass , let the man he ri g mass Sig his tooth and his head with the sign Of the holy Cross and say a pate r noster an d an av e for the souls o f the father a d f O . t n mother St Philip , and this without s opping ; it will keep them from pain in the future and will sa cure that which may be present, so y trustworthy D 5 6 J O H N OF GAD D ES D E N authorities e t pre se rvat a dolore futuro e t curat pre sentem , secundum

On e Of his numerous remedies fo r epilepsy is as

. 8 follows The rationale of it is interesting (f. 7 verso , col . After giving directions for a cuckoo to be roasted until it can be powdered , he says that ’ the powder is to be blown into th e patient s n ostrils at the time o f the paroxysm and he will recov er. Or the remedy may be used in food o r drink either

f x be ore or after the paro ysm . Again , the patient may wear the head of a cuckoo suspended from his neck , which will preserve him from the fall or will at least retard and greatly alleviate it . I have

’ ‘ tried this remedy , he says , with success in many cases

h e of children who could not take medicine . And t reason for this doing good is that the cuckoo suffers from epilepsy every month , and therefore , according

a to some , it has a peculi r property of attracting the ” t t epilep ic materia to itself, just as rhubarb a tracts the j aundice H is advice to epileptics as to their habit of life is sound , and may shortly

‘ ’ be summed up in the aphorism , all overs are evils .

’ 1 0 I n another charm for bleeding at the nose (f.

l 1 co . recto , ) he quotes from Gilbert in the third book

P ractica sa of his . The physician is to y I n nomine

e t e t Patris Filii Spiritus sancti , Amen ; Caro cum ’ r sr h e litae t Calice co nfi ma sanguinem i a . A the

’ same time he is to po u r out water nine times and

it t th e t t th e strain hrough shirt of the pa ien . Then

t to o r his shir is be given to the patient to messenger , T H E ROSA A N GLI CA 5 1

to No v ie who will in turn hand it the patient . s

e t c an camisiam infirmi versando aquam ol do per ,

tribu as atie n ti v e l n u n tio in firmi quam ipsi p nomine , quam tribuat ipsi

t o f - E mitrite i I n the accoun semi tertian fevers ( ) ,

. 1 6 . 1 f f verso , col , he gives a prescription rom Sera

ro rie tatibus dicitu r pion I tem in libro de p p rerum , quod smaragdus suspe nsu s ad collum patie ntis curat ’ e mitrite u m . I n this connexion it may be noted that

’ v Gadde sde n s t o er two hundred years after ime ,

w as 1 08 Cardan , who born in 5 , gives the following

‘ advice to his sons : Ferte h yacin th u m in digitis ad

m n m c n iliandu m e t v t so u o c e s e m e t . , ad ersus p fulgura S maragdu m collo pueris su spe n dite o b co mitiale m ’ m o rbu m co nfi rmat. , cerebrum enim

F o r o f . the cure scrofulous glands (f 3 4 verso ,

1 o f col . ) he gives a long list remedies , including an application made from snails and liquorice . I n case

‘ o f t of failure these remedies he proceeds , hen let h im him go to the king to be touched and blessed by , m ” for this disease is called orbus regius , and the touch o f the most noble and most serene ki ng o f the ’ o f t English is avail . Even his may fail , and in that

o f t case the aid a surgeon mus be sought . With the above may be compared the ' following

1 00 A D prescription , written about 5 in an English

o f 1 0 : book H orae , circa 44

‘ — Pro morbo Caduco . Take x ij candylls o f ye n and x ii le gth of ye chefe joynt of ye hande , the j can dyll as long as iii o f the sayd xii and gar synge D 2 5 2 J O H N OF GA D D ES DE N

on messe o f th e holy ghost and gar le ygh t the sayd xii candylls an d apun e very candill w ryh te o n name and apun the lange candill J h c and apun the rygh t s yd s ante peter and apun ye lye ft syd sante paulle and apun ylke o n Of the Oyer can dills sette a name . of the x ij appo stylls so th at vi stand on the on syd and vi apon the toyer an d heyd w hilk e of the candills in du re th the longest and to the same A ppo s tyll the seky body must w o u e to fast the evyn to 1 brede and water while he levys .

J OURNEY MATTERS As an illustration Of the hygiene of the fourteenth

’ Gadde sde n s century, instructions to travellers may

f. 1 1 . 2 : be quoted . They are given on 7 recto , col

o r Those who are going on a journey , who cross a o r o n the se s , are going to the wars , or pilgrimage , o r se e or to the schools , or market, to their friends o f or acquaintances , or (in the case medical men) the

sick should do as follows . As a general instruction a to t it pplicable all hese cases , is good to begin “ ” n o r in e dic in e a rmaeari by bei g bled , by taking (f ) so and fasting , that the body may be cleanly w o f disciplined , other ise there is a risk fever, or of f - a o f o . an postema , a flux or a ruptured blood vessel So Galen intimates in his commentary on the first

- book of the Aphorisms . I n spring time madness and melancholy are to be feared . an d I n warm weather , thirst heat are best resisted f o r v o r as follows . Take sugar o roses iolets water lIlie s o r diaci c o re ata made from conserve of chicory n flowers and sugar, or else take candi or tamari ds

1 ' /z M. R . am Catalo ue o n t e tz w ll am u um e M . i E i i M se J s, g f S S ,

S 1 . M . 5 T H E R OSA A N GLI CA 5 3

o r barberry o r sorrel and partake o f these Often o n a dia r the journey . The three s ndal woods or d a an tu m o r dia a ave r n in g cold , p p i fused cold water and n a n are also good . Agai , dri k may be made from sugar an d v inegar o r from pomegranate o r o f o r - o r wine , syrup, roses or violets water lily , a vineg r syrup , or the bread may be dipped in vinegar an d other thi ngs may be eaten as l aid down in my n av b . o e e first book I f any h e drunk too much , if it a man the testicles should be washed with salt and v inegar, and if it be a woman , the breasts , also let them eat the leaf o r the stalk o r the j uice o f a a cabb ge with sugar . h o t o r I f the air is foul smelling , then let the way o r farer smell camphor roses or violets , and in very h o t weather let him smell musk o r wood s age amorosia a o r ( ) , laud num , camomile , laurel leaves

marj oram . Let him hold his nose if fetor is present , and o n rising let him eat a toast in aromatic wine or

Chesnuts roasted with the same . After hard work in hot weather the feet must be washed with water in which has been boiled camomile ,

t . a fennel , and be ony Wine of artemisi root should an d also be taken , for in this way the fatigue weariness will almost completely disappear and will hardly be felt . Let him carry with him some S O artemisia and a stalk of agnus castus , for by doing he will not stumble by the way , nor will he be tired da d A n d on the y that he shall o this . before he goes o u t in the morni n g he should an n o in t himself n with aragon and m arc iato . H e should eat roasted meat and garlic with good wine o r pigmentum ; he should also take dianthus and diatrito n and diagalin liri gale p s with musc . I f he be a poor man let him take three graines o f n an d o r six a o f oliba um pepper, le ves mint , and let him smell laudanum and olibanum o n account o f the 5 4 J OH N O F GA D DESD E N

rheum . H e should not go to work immediately after

a . e ting , nor fill himself up (with at night But if under such circumst ances he should slee p well in the night and the morning let him after a little fast u ntil the following day u n til the effects o f h is debauch “ w n o cte e tsisic have passed a ay ( nec repleat se in , bene do rmiat e t au latim in ce dat in nocte mane , post p cum abstin e n tia se u e n tis q diei , quousque crapula The feet should always be washed with hot s alt ’ ’ an d an n o inte d water, dried , then with goat s or ram s oritoneon fat , and in the same way the perinaeum (p ) , o n account of the excoriation s which may have

occ urred during the j ourney . Linseed mucilage or flea wort (fisilliu m) may be

used for this latter purpose , although some use a a candle with good results . According to G len in R e imen S an itatis his g , those who work hard ought to a o f so at t ke baths very hot water , hot in fact that

first sight it looks boiling .

I f, however, a man be not accustomed to this he will do well to foment his extremities with a decoction o f an d to roses , violets , camomile , rub them gently n a d to live temperately . Those who travel in winter o f o f should wear a garment made two layers fabric , wadded wi th cotton next to the shirt lined with 1 O n fox , lamb , or rabbit skin . their head let them z bu d e wear a cap lined with thick g .

1 Th m an n a n w e e i g of this l st s e tenc e is ve ry obsc ure . I o e

th t an at n t h Wa n er and as tan i h e r sl io o t e e fforts of Sir G . r his sis t n t e

Man u c t De a tmen t th e t Mu e u m wh o e nt mu s rip s p r of Bri ish s , sp c h m an n n th m ti e d trou ble in e deavou ri g to solve e yste ry . I should add th at th ey expresse d th emselve s as by n o mean s satisfie d with th e e u t t e e f t an d t e e e it as we to i h r s l of h ir for s , h r for is ll g ve t e na t n h l ‘ La . I t a ea o n t e ve . 1 1 c o . 1 : origi l i pp rs rso of f 7 , E t porte nt itin erantes in hiemi vestem cum d uplic i tela et c oto in mi i ’ me dio punctato j uxta ca s am . 1 Bo ettus a f r u e Lat n n u . B dg , i g , ki d of

5 6 J O H N OF GAD DESD EN

Of o f t o f the last named , the account disloca ion the jaw is worthy Of note .

H e describes it as a rare accident . I t may occur

o r from direct violence or from frequent yawning , from tryi ng to take to o large a mouthful o f anything .

And therefore men bless themselves when they yawn , lest this accident should happen , or even sudden

‘ saw o n e Of death . H e adds , I once my household who during his convalescence from a fever yawned s o

his so n s o often , and opened mouth widely in doi g ,

’ that he dislocated his j aw . To reduce the disloca

’ tion , an assistant should hold the patient s head while the surgeon puts his thumb into the mouth , an d after movi n g the j aw from side to side he must e xtend it suddenly u n til the upper and lower teeth

o n are a level , then let him reduce it . Another

o u t method , which is successful if carried as soon as

fo r the dislocation has happened , is the patient to give himself a sharp blow on the chin , in a backward and at the same time upward direction . A friend who is present may be asked to do this . Gaddesden adds that he saw this procedure followed w ith success in the case of o ne o fhis friends who dislocated his j aw at the table . I f reduction is difficult and there is much muscular resistance (du ritios) the

‘ ’ patient may be put in a bath and the du ritios rubbed with Oil . Then the patient should lie on his back and the surgeon should place his thumb in the i i mouth as aforesa d . The assistant , standing beh nd

is the patient , to steady the condyles of the j aw just T H E R OSA A N GLI CA 5 7

under the ears , and when the surgeon has extended the j aw sufficiently he can press them into place . A

o f bandage must then be applied . The weariness convalescence described here must often h ave been

v n n in e ide ce duri g the Middle Ages , when few

v n people could read , and e en whe they could books

n a were scarce . The me tion of sudden de th from yawning is due to the belief that it was possible for evil spirits to enter the system through the ope n mouth .

VVOUNDS

o f th e As regards the treatment wounds , he notes

to following points . The obj ect of the surgeon is

1 n o r ( ) remove any weapo , any other fo reign body which may be in the wound ; (2) stay the bleeding ; (3) make choice of a proper dressi ng ; (4) restore the continuity o f the tiss u es ; (5) bleed and drug the

n 6 o f patient, if ecessary ; ( ) attend to his way life ;

o f a (7) avoid , if possible , the development dyscrasia o r u a hot swelling , and cure them if they do occ r ;

8 a le/ma a ( ) bring about a comely (p ) cic trix , and remove proud flesh if it Should arise . I f these counsels were those o f perfection in ’ Gadde sde n s day , it is yet noteworthy that the

a medi eval surgeon knew wh at he should do . Almost

n a v n 04 1 00 ide tic l directions are gi en by Lanfra c , ( ) 3 , and the methods o f dressing wounds as described by both Gaddesden and Lanfranc are also practically

. On e t the same importan difference , however, is to 5 8 J O H N OF GAD D ES DE N

be observed between the practice of the two , and Gaddesden is rather severe upon modern operators who operate after the ancient methods and in ac

’ co rdan c e R with Lanfranc and oland and Bruno . And the point o n which they differed was as to

v the treatment of a wound invol ing a bone . Lanfranc 1 taught that , in case of a wound involving the bone , the flesh should never be sewed about the bone , until the bone be quite repaired . Gaddesden says

1 that this treatment is quite wrong ; and adds (fol . 5 7

‘ v . arm erso , col I n the case of an , if any part

a an d of it rem in in continuity , the wound be quite recent , it should be at once joined up , bone to bone t and flesh to flesh , so tha So far as possible the

n n origi al condition may be restored . The it should be carefully sutured and a dressing of hot white wine , as hot as the patient can bear it , applied as ’ v It t I ha e described above . would be interes ing w t to kno the fate of a bad compound frac ure , treated

’ n Gadde sde n s in either man er , in mediaeval times , but

’ f an method is certainly preferable to Lan r c s .

DERIVATIONS

Mediaeval writers had o ne specially good side to

o f them , in that they were fond giving reasons . That the reasons were often quite incorrect was due to the limitations of the times in which they lived ,

fo r but the tendency was a valuable one . Gaddesden ,

1 S cience o Ciru r ie En t an at n c ca 1 8 0 f g , glish r sl io ir 3 , 8 na e e N . 1 0 2 . . origi l s ri s , o , p 4 T H E ROSA A N GLI CA 5 9

t n ins ance , is generally careful to give the derivatio

of the name of a disease . Thus in his description

‘ o f a tisis phthisis he says , I t is c lled p as if from

tosis n a n a p , which is retentio , bec use the disease i h bits

Or a tisis the body for a long time . else it is c lled p ’

tu ssis a . from , bec use it itself is caused by the cough

‘ so o i Again , Epilepsy is called from p , which

and lodo means above , , for it is a lesion of the upper

1 ieran osos m parts e . the head . I t is also called , fro

iora . a n oooo , i . e s cred , and , namely , a disease which

’ a o f n hurts the noble parts . Again , he s ys her ia

‘ fo l 1 66 norn ia u asi ( . recto , col . I t is called q

m s n ni ra on o ia . o a p , i e . the intestines , or else the are

an iculi Or the p and the membra nervosa . else it

a norn ia u asi norodom n ocans is c lled , q , because it

Or it so impedes generation . else is called from its breaking through the thin membrane which is spread

nern ia li aoren s over the intestines , or else from because the intestines do not adhere to the pellicle

’ to which they should adhere . I n speaking o f the Arts course at Oxford it was

an d mentioned that Greek was practically unknown ,

’ a remarkable proof o f Gadde sde n s ignora n ce o f t tha tongue is afforded by a passage (fol . 9 9 verso , l c o . 1 n o n ) in his sectio Sterility , which , after a pre

C n e t scription co taining chelidonia , runs as follows hic nota quod one/idon ia dicitu r quasi coli don u m e t ipsa au fe rt m aculam o c u lo ru m : e t hirundo qu ae rit eam quan do ej u s pulli n o n vident e t m atrice m mundi

’ ficat . It is impossible that any writer save one 6 0 J OH N OF GA DD ES D EN entirely ignorant of Greek could have given the absurd derivation of chelidonia from ‘ celi donum ’ and immediately afterw ards have me n tioned the

’

w eluda w. s allow , X The sparkle o f the following derivation evaporates

so . in translation , I have left it in the original

‘ ’

P ri . a to ne o n . 0 v is perinaeum (fol 3 erso , col

‘ ” Parito n e o n dicitur e st e t a pari quod juxta , ” to n ante m e st tonoas quasi j uxta , quia juxta anum ’ ir am t scilicet intra v g e anum .

COSMETICS

As is usually the case in mediaeval treatises o n

‘ R osa D e Medicine , the contains a section entitled , D i ’ e co rat o ne . This gives instructions for the cure o f a a t n f ci l blemishes such as freckles , pus ules , su burn , and the like . There are also prescriptions for com plexion washes and preparations for making the

a breath and the body smell sweet . G ddesden , how

v e er, with the common sense which he usually dis

t to plays , mentions that in addi ion using scents such

o f as myrrh , amber , and musk it is great importance to avoid over- eating o r the eating of anything which

a is likely to c use eructations . Moreover, any one who studies to possess a sweet savour should take baths and se e that his underclothing is clean and frequently changed . H e concludes this section by

‘ n v t saying , These thi gs ha e I writ en for delicate

fo r women and ladies , and indeed for noble men ,

to t b ut wishing give hem pleasure , now I have said T H E R OSA AN GLI CA 6 1

Y o u n enough . will find much other informatio in the works o f those who have writte n about Cosmetics ’ o r women s complexion colouri n gs

v H e gi es no names , but he possibly had Arnold V de illanova in his mind . That able and some

e rso na e . w h o what turbulent p g , was at once physi c ian n o v , alchemist , and theologian , had lo e for

Breviariu m women . In the proem to Book I I I of the

‘ P racticao 1 ' he says I n this book I intend , God

t o f being my helper, to reat those sicknesses which

a speci lly concern women , and as women are in general venomous animals I shall follow it up with ’ D a treatise o n the bite of venomous animals . espite

a n this very ungallant opinion , his works cont i a long

do orn a tu mu lioru m treatise entitled , together with

do D ocora tion o in nu me r its sequel , . This contains able prescriptions for depilatories , hair dyes , com

an d plexion washes , applications to remove wrinkles whether o n the face or o n the belly after childbirth . There are also prescriptio n s for maki n g the breasts

o f firm , together with others dealing with matters

t a an even more intima e n ture .

’ GA DDES DEN S THEOLOGICAL DEGREE

- Besides being a Doctor of Medicine , Gaddesden

1 t eat e was en e a a c ed to A n de an va This r is g r lly s rib r old Vill o , h c a m A n in a . 1 e e d b ut th e aut and . C p 5 of Bk I lls hi s lf r ol , hor uc n ee d th e matte t n ship is dou btful . M h i d of r profe ssedly writ e h im a was n o t an d th e Cau telae Medicoru m we e by prob bly so, r a m t c e ta n n t ave u e th e a e ed t n th e O era l os r i ly o . I h s d B sl i io of p

mnia 1 8 . O , 5 5 6 2 J O H N OF GA D D ES D E N was a Bachelor in Theology and h e ld sundry

be n e fice s o f ecclesiastical . I t does not , course, follow t t from his hat he was in full orders , and indeed v t t arious Councils fulmina ed agains the clergy , both

u reg lar and secular, leaving their first estate and

v r practising either ci il law . o medicine . 1 I n the S acroru m Con ci/ioru m Colloctio there are various decrees against such practices .

o f R Thus the Sixth Canon of the Council heims ,

1 1 1 3 , inveighed against monks and regular clergy who despised the rules of the blessed Benedict and

an d Augustine , and who practised law medicine for worldly gain . The leech was looked upon as being

Cu m ue im u dicus immodest. q p oculus impudici

S it lo u i e rubu it cordis nuntius , illa de quibus q honestas n o n debet religio pe rtre c tare Practice in these t two facul ies was therefore forbidden , and bishops , t abbots , and priors who connived at the cus om were to be degraded . The Lateran General Council o f 1 1 3 9 repeated

fo r o f this canon almost word word , and the Council Montpellier in 1 1 6 2 contained the following '

‘ Pro h ibu it prae te re a sub omni se ve ritate eccle s iast icae disc i lin ae me m o n ach u s cano n ic u s p , quis vel re gu laris aut alius re ligio su s ad seculares leges vel ’ h sic am acc e d t p y legendas a .

n t 1 2 1 sub Agai , the La eran Council of 5 forbade deacons , deacons and priests to practise any surgery which involved cutting o r burning . These canons

1 E . D Man n ce . d . . e J si, V i

64 J O H N OF GAD DESD E N

the choir, and the corps of his prebend is in the parish o f Tillingham in Essex . The Psalms for

’ n daily recitation were the 1 7th to the 2 I st i clusive .

’ Gadde sde n s R R e de sw e ll predecessor was obert de ,

’ and H ennessy gives the date of Gadde sde n s appoint

th e 1 2 a ment to prebend as 3 3 , which is prob bly

1 2 v a misprint for 34 , as in the papal letter abo e

- 1 6 quoted , dated 3 3 , reservation of a prebend in

London for him is mentioned .

‘ ’ H R K T E ROSA . GENERAL EMAR S

o f R osa The style the may be said to be popular , although Gaddesden treats the various diseases after N a definite arrangement . But j ust as Master icolaus S cyllatiu s told Ambrosius that the book could be

a so o n e read ag in with pleasure , any who reads it nowadays will constantly come across passages w in hich have a delightful freshness them . Take

. i On . 1 . 2 re scr a few fol 44 recto , col , he gives a p p

a n tion for we kness of Sigh t . A mo g other things it was composed of tutty quenched fifteen times in the

o f urine a virgin youth , rose water, balsam , and m white wine , together with arjoram , fennel , spikenard ,

n an d lo g pepper, lign aloes . This was to be mixed with the gall of a crow, a swallow , or a hen , and then rubbed up with honey . The patient was to take it

and an d partly as a food partly as a collyrium ,

n s e e Gaddesde adds , I t will make him small letters

th e to end of his life , and the contents in urine , and T H E R OSA ANGLI CA 6 5

the veins in the arms . And therefore it is of great

’ value to all barber surgeons . D n f. 1 2 . Agai ( 7recto , col iabetica passio est

immo de rat us fl uxu s vel exitus urinae per renes , cum

v e h e me ntia sitis e t v o catu r , anglice At first Sight this passage would seem to imply that the commonly received Opinion that Willis was

a the first to identify sugar in di betic urine was wrong , an d that its presence was commonly known in the

F o r can di o f e o r fourteenth century . (the question i is o f no moment) is constantly used by Gaddesden

o f o r . . o n to mean some preparation sugar syrup , e g

v 2 8 v 1 1 . . 6 . v 8 . 1 . v 6 8 . . ff 7 , r and , 9 , , and 7 r But a refere n ce to the MSS . Shows that the word is

do s cnau is o . a misprint and should really be p . MS

lice cnau do isso 2 80 . . an Sloane (Brit Mus ) has g p ,

1 06 has al/ice cnau n do isso 1 6 1 2 Sloane 7 g p , and Sloane

lli 4 7242 1 1 2 Or 1 4 1 1 . . 6 1 a co 1 8 . has g 7 (f verso, col )

m o rbis r i ula s I ncipit liber 4tus de pa t c ribu .

Liber quartus c rit brev is de prius omissis m o rbis qui sunt particulare s ; quia particu larite r e v e n iu n t articu laritate se d artic u laritate non p corporis tantum , p te mpo ris quia raro medicus lu cratu r pe cu n iam cu m E t litar ia de si ie ntia eis . sunt g , mania , p , melan l ’ Cho ia.

I t is to be feared that Gaddesden was somewhat mercenary . H e has a long section upon th e care of the health in general which is mainly an expansion of the

R S an itatis But the f egimen . his remarks on use o

1 3 02 E 6 6 J OH N OF GAD DES D EN

t frui as a diet read Oddly nowadays , and it is certain th at he would have nothing to do with the modern F ru itarian

On 1 1 1 : f. 8 . verso , col , he says

The accustomed way o f life should be o bserved and unless it is very bad , then it should be altered gradually . Therefore a way of life conformable to “ the naturals should be observed . I f it on ly differ n a little it may conti ue to be observed , but if much , then as I have said before it must be altered gradually . - e fo r Let him whose life is ill regulated bewar , if n o t it does affect him in the present yet , as says in Avicenna , it surely will the future . And those w h o say th at they eat Often and to excess without a fo r any h rm , let them have a care , they will be stru c k down . Therefore should God punish at once s in whatever be committed , no man should live . n a is Go d so And as with u iversal n ture , which , with particular nature in man , for punishment comes not o f at once , but in the course time . Agai n with fruits ; some e at more o f them than o f fo r u other food , wherein they do not well , all fr its m t ake watery useless blood , and prone to pu refaction . But yet styptic fruits should be eaten afterdinner by o f th e those who are inclined to looseness belly , and coctan a such are pears , figs ( ) , and apples . But these when roasted and taken by sufferers from the colic a before dinner are lax tive . When eaten raw, how a ever , they are constip ting , though not all equally,

so and . for the sweet are less the sour more Prunes , a an d a cherries , r isins , figs Should be t ken before n o n di ner , as Isaac lays down in his book particular n o f n diet . But the commo way taki g them is the and o w m opposite of this , that is bad , for the fig, g flatule n t l to its qualities , stops up (the bowe s) , and T H E ROSA AN GLICA

u therefore o ght to be eaten with ginger, for Avicenna notes that this drug is very opposed to all corruption f On i o . s fruit the whole , however , it best to do without fruit altogether , whence Galen in the sixth book of his regimen says th at his father li v ed fo r n e a o hundred years bec use he never ate fruit. a Ag in , in animals fit for food , some prefer the tail e and others the head , some the bones and som other parts ; whence the line Pisces e t uxo re s in cauda ” n m e lio r s su t e . I t is also said that there is least waste product in \ the tail o f a fish piscis e st cum minori su pe rflu itate Y e t in cauda because the tail is most in motion . o f other parts are more easy digestion , as is the case with the belly in salmon . That part , therefore , in a which is most motion gives rise to le st waste , wherefore that part in animals used for food is the m an coto is r/io s r a n . best for , p That part, therefore , u sho ld be chosen , which is tender , is much in motion , an d a coteris uri u s a which t stes good , for f o that p rt ’ which tastes best nourishes best .

There is , it is Obvious , much sound common sense

and o f in the above passage , the tincture theology

Gaddesden , it must be remembered , held a theological degree — together with the somewhat free allusion

n c ast ~ o f S O to wome , is due to the mind common n a w as i medi eval times , to which due the curious indelicacy o f many o f the carvings o n the misereres

a d in c thedrals . Whether Gaddesden hel Pantheistic v o r iews not may be left to theologians to say , but

‘ possibly the words S icu t est de natura universali 1 a a qu e e st deus might be t ken to Show such .

1 Th e words may on ly mean that h e is conscious of th e 68 J OH N OF GAD D ESDE N

I t is possible that he may have been thinking of th e N atu rales u ae following passage from Seneca , Q stiones , II . 4 5

cre dide runt uale m N e hoc quidem , J ovem , q in e t cae te ris ae dibu s c o limus Capitolio in , mittere manu se d in te lli u n t sua fulmina , eundem quem nos J ovem g ; re cto re m c u sto de m u e an imu m e t s iritu m q universi , p h u u s me t artifice m mundi , operis j dominu , cui nomen co nv e n it : illu m a e rrabis : omne vis f tum vocare , non e st cau saru m hic ex quo suspensa sunt omnia , causa illu m ro v ide n tiam : vis p dicere , recte dices est enim ro vide tu r u t in o ffe n sus cuj us consilio huic mundo p , exeat e t actus suos e xplice t : vis illu m n atu ram o oearo n on eccaois e st a , p hic , ex quo nat sunt omnia , t v ivimu s illum cuj us spiri u vis vocare mundum , non falle ris e e st t ipse nim hoc quod vides otum , partibus ’

in ditu s e t se su stine ns e t su a. suis ,

The N atu rales Qu aestion es were much used in the

o f al Middle Ages as a textbook physical science ,

‘ Ma k l t . c ai t though , as Mr says , they are totally wi hou

’ t A S any scien ific value . regards the naturals w there were seven , and they will be found belo in

Ysa o o . 1 . the translation of the g g , p 3 7 The chapter following that o n health in general t t deals wi h colic, a complain which seems to have been common in the Middle Ages , and one doubtless t t t due to the quanti y of salt mea which was ea en , as well as to the habit of cooking meat with an enormous quantity of flavo urings such as ambergris together with sugar and fruits .

mman en ce Go d and m t h e no t ave een t n n th e i of , igh h b hi ki g of Mo nologio n of A n selm T H E ROSA AN GLI CA 69

H e commences by saying that the disease is

‘ ’ a ca ie ns called colic , qu si colon p , and his second

an n definition , for two are given , is , colic is affectio

assio (p ) of the last part of the intestine , which is

a n c lled the colon , accompa ied by a difficulty in the Outgoings o f the contents (suostan tia) through the t lower gut , ogether with great pain which is some

u nc u ra v times darting (p t ) . There are se en causes o f n a colic , and it is interesting to note that i testin l

n n f paralysis is apparently give as o e o them . H e gi v es them in v erse as follows

‘ c o licae sub c lausae Sunt causae septem carmine , a c ibu s co nsti ans fle mata f ex ignita , p , g grossa , ’ ve n tu s de stru ctio , apostema , vermes , sensus

so bu t is written , a few lines above he gives

F durata aex . , as a cause H e proceeds to discuss the difference between the iliac passion , the colic passion , and renal colic , and notes that the iliac passion was accompanied by frequent vomiting, by hardness of the belly, and by extremely acute pain as if a gimlet w ere boring through the intestine , and it would seem that under the names iliac o r colic passion there were various forms o f intestinal obstruction and possibly per

v fo rati e peritonitis included . The iliac variety is

A S a . speci lly fatal for cure there are two indications , the o n e to soothe the pain and the other to remove the cause of the disease . For this last seven things are necessary , of which the third is to Obtain complete evacuation o f the bowels ; and here he quotes three 70 J OHN OF GAD D ESD E N

to t t cases from Galen Show , as ha great physician t remarks , hat the physician must not in these cases always go by contraries , but should weigh every ’ n case with intellect and j udgeme t . The last thing to be done in case other means fail is to try empirical

o f remedies , and these Gaddesden gives an enormous

o f it list, many which are singularly nasty ; but will be remembered that even in the last century Waterton was a firm believer in the merits of a cow dung poultice . H e concludes his remarks by saying that if colic arises from a rupture of the intestine it f must be reduced . A terwards a bandage must be

to applied , which is be worn forty days if possible ,

’ the patient s bowels being kept open by suppositories .

’ Gadde sde n s logical training is Shown by the way

th e in which he divides up causes of diseases , thus ‘ f 1 2 . 1 o (f. 3 recto , col ) the causes stone are many , ’ ffi i n 1 e c e t . both material and Again (f 44 verso , col . Causae arte ticae passio n is sunt duplice s interiores ’ e t exteriores , or , sometimes they are called intrinsic ’ and extrinsic .

s u m th e R osa A n lica t To up , g may be aken to give us a very fair picture of an English physician

e of the fourteenth century . We se therein a man of good general education and , as regards his

a medic l education , one who was acquainted with the f o . writings his predecessors More than this , he

a O f must have been an accurate clinic l observer .

1 e e we e two th e A t te an o u cau e th Th s r of ris o li f r s s , e o ther n n two b e ing formal a d fi al .

72 J OH N OF GADD ESDE N

. o n in the knowledge of the stars But the whole , despite the adverse judgements of Guy de Chauliac 1

o f is and Haller some three hundred years later, it fair to say that the R osa A nglica contains much that is sound and much that is applicable to disease at the present day even in the light of o u r present

knowledge .

NOTE

’ Th e followin g is th e passage from Joh n of B urgun dy s work u po n plague in whic h h e lays down th e n ece ssity for th e physician h aving a kn owl edge of th e S tars

I G I A P E TIL E NTI A I JOANN S DE BUR UND DE S L BER .

E x act m an e M 6 t S . . r fro Slo 3 449 , f

‘ Also alle they whos c omplexion c ontrary to th e aire that is Chaunge d or co rupte ahiden hole an d e lle s alle folke Sh uld n Th e a th rf r c o rupte an d dye at o ys. ire e o e so c o rupt an d C au n e bredith and en e n dre th in ve e S iken es an d h g d g di rs sore s . A fte r th e variaun ce z or diversite e s of th eire h umours for ave ry wo rch er or e very thi n g that we rchith pe rforme th his werke afte r th e abilite an d dis o sicio n th e mat e t at h e we rkith nn p of i r h y e . A n d by cau se that th e r have be ne man y grete maistirs and fe rre le rnyd in the oric or spe culac io n an d groun dly in S ight of medecyn e but th e y be ne bu t litill pro ued in practik an d the rto allefully ignoran t in th e sien c e of A stron omy th e which e s cienc e is in ph isik won de r n edefull as wittenessith ypoc ras in epidimia sua seying what phisician that eve r h e be and kan n o t astron omy n o wyse man o wt to putte bym in his han dis for why astro n o mye and phisik rectifien yc h e other in effec t an d also that o n e sc ien ce

1 ’ Guy s c onte mptu ous n ote is as follows ; it appears in th e ‘ prefac e to his S urgery whic h was c omple te d 1 3 63 Ultim o insurrexit una atua R a An cana uae m m a u f os gli , q ihi iss f it e t Visa c redidi in ea e m suavitatis et in veni a u a H is an i odor , f b l s p , Gilberti ’ e t Th eo dorici. T H E ROSA AN GLI CA 73 sh eweth forthe man y thynges hidde in th e oth e r alle thynges in An d 0 e e an d m e v o ft n thy ng may n o t be de clare d . I 4 y r or ha e y tyme s prove d in prac tise that a m e decyn gyven c ontrary to th e c o nstellac io n all th o gh hit we re both wele co mpo wnyd or m e dle d and o rdyn atly wro gh t afte r th e sc ien c e of ph isik yit it wrogh t n o w ther aftur the pu rpos e of th e wo rch e r n o r to th e pro fite of th e An d w n me men ave ven a me dec n laxat f o pacien t. he so h gy y y t purge down e ward th e pacien t hath casten it o ut ayen e above all th h h e it no h t Wh erfo re t e t at ave n o t dr nk n o g e loth d g . h y h h o y of that swete dryn ke of A stro no mye mowe putte to thise pe stile n tiall sores no perfite rem edie for bicau se th at they k n owe n o t th e cause an d th e qualite of th e siken esse the y may n o t h e l e it as e t th e r n ce hi ik A v en na H o w c u e t t u h e s i h p y of p s ic . s h ld s ho saith hele a sore and thou kn owe n o t th e c ause .

i canone ca itul d u r um H e t at kn o with nat th e ij p o e c ris feb i . h T h m nt r cause hit is o n po ssible that h e h el e th e S ike nes. e co e o u also super secu ndu m p/zisicoru m s e ith thu s A man kn o with nat a n h t n thy g but if h e k n owe th e caus e both ferre and nyg . Si he th erfo r th e h even ly or firmam entall bodie s b en e of th e first and primytif cau se s it is bih o vefull to have th e kn o wlechyn g of h e m for yf th e first an d primytif cau s e s be o nkn o we n we may n o t c ome h n th e rf r h c au to kn ow t e cau se s s ec on dary . Sith e o t e first se brynge th in more plen tevo usly his effe cte than doth th e c au se

r mo do aus . h rf r i sh i sec ondary as h it Sh e with . p i c is T e o t ew th wele that without A stro n o mye litill vayle th phisik for man y man ’ i faw un c lo ur is per ssh ed in de te of his c o e . A s h as already be en men tion e d Gadde sden says practically n othin g abou t a k n owledge of th e h eaven ly bodie s b ein g n ec essary

a c an . I n o n e ace h e e e to th e a e th e m n for physi i pl r f rs ph s of oo ,

an d t at in th e e ct n o n te t . 1 0 1 ve c o l. 1 h is s io S rili y (fol rso, ) ‘ A d 2 5 m ann um mulieribu s pl us ve niu nt men strua in prima quadra lun ae se d in se nio ribus ven iunt in tertia vel quarta ipsius llis in ma ua a uv nibus in cu n a unae . E t e u e e e l id o p pri q dr , j s d , i lu Et x h o c umu c e u u v n es sen oribus post il d. e poss s s ir q od j e de ben t fl o bo to mari in n ova luna e t sen e s in an tiqua et h o c sene s a sen e ctute quia sen e s a sen io non de bent flo bo to mari via ele ctio n is un e dicitur , d

’ Luna v tu t r u v n s n v una re uiri e ve e es e e a t. s , j o l q B — n t . N . . S e ectus las e d from 60 to 8 0 S en ium laste d from 8 0

nwa anne de Deo D ct Decretorum Bo n nien sis . o rds (Jo s , o or o ) 74 J O H N OF GAD DES D E N

’ A me wh o was add sden s c n te m a a t u un rder , G e o por ry , l ho gh j ior to him ve e a ate ta e nd n th e u e the M n , gi s l bor bl s for fi i g ho s of oo

in e at n t e at n Th e a a e o n . 1 6 et se . r l io o op r io s . p ss g is p q of ’ ’ D A r n O . e e 1 1 1 0 . Mr. c P we t y o r s e di io , rig S ri s 3 9 , 9 I t John of B urgun dy is a mysterious an d i n te re sti ng pe rsonality . m n is possible that h e and Sir Joh n Man deville we re th e sa e pe rso . ‘ m n t ne far as Dr. Pa n n 1 h no t e y e wrote to me i 90 5 e is io d , so n w in th e c nt n n ta H t e Med cine an d nea all I k o , o i e l is ori s of i , rly ’ h e M are in n a e . t S S . E glish libr ri s De at 1 8 H t eat e o n th P e t en c e . e . th e ac is r is e s il , i Bl k h of 3 4 ,

m n M n e are nume u c e t in e x t in a S S . a d t e is s y , h r ro s opi s bo h H e E nglish and Latin in th e British Museum an d the Bodle ian . ’ prac tis e d in Liege .

M N HE R H M E M R ARY OF HE S S . I T B ITIS US U LIB T ’ ROSA A NGLICA .

f u M n v l R e . a ata e e c e o . ee c e . C Thr opi s , Cl ss log , di i , i , p 73

an e 1 6 1 2 ane 1 0 6 ane 2 8 0. Slo , Slo 7, Slo

A ext act m . wne eve n teen t cen tu . lso, r s fro by Sir T Bro , s h ry

A M AT E A A EX T NT S . THE BIBLIOTH QUE N TION LE F ‘ R A M D F D D O THE OS E ICINE O JOHN OF GA D ES EN .

I COp e en 1 3 5 6 . l n I l l no . 1 66 an e s m n at . porte e 43 d s fo ds de ss . L i s

Th ere are fou r e ditio n s (prin ted) in th e British Museum of

- R osa A n lica . ad e de n . P e ma 1 0 . . g by J of G d s r ss rks : ( ) 5 3 9 dd i .

1 2 2 1 I 6 . 1 2 49 ; ( ) 5 43 8 (3 ) 1 5 7; (4) 5 4 .

e n n n Dr e a te e t t act . D c A nn Th r is i r s i g r by George o k, of

A M c an o n P nte d Ed t n th e R osa A n lica I rbor, i hig , ri i io s of g t w n i nn 9 as a n te n a s x11 an n ée v a n v 1 0 . origi lly pri d f , , li r iso iii, 9 7

D OX FOR .

ar M e e e SS . th e R osa an d th e en ce ed. 1 0 2 in th Th r of , V i of 5 e e an w e M t n n Bodl i , hil er o College possesses o e ’ MS . . 2 6 2 in xe an , No Co s Catalogue d three printe d Copies

P av a 1 2 en c e 1 0 2 A u u 1 . i 49 , V i 5 , gsb rg 5 95 C HAPT E R I I I

T H E M E D I A EVA L PH YS I C I A N

IT must always be remembered that the mediaeval physician derived his knowledge almost entirely from books . Sometimes , as in the enlightened kingdom

n - of Sicily in the thirtee th century , a post graduate course o f instruction under an experienced physician or surgeon was prescribed before the newly gra du ate d a an d Mirfie ld man was allowed to pr ctise ,

o f . h as o f whom Dr Norman Moore written , speaks Magister mou s ; but in general book- learning form e d the whole 6 111 15 knowledge 11 11 111 the physici an had

n bee in practice for some time . Patients seem to

fo r V in have been aware of this , Arnold de illanova ‘ ’ 1 ‘ his Cautels fo r medical men says : When yo u

’ come into th e patient s presence always do something

sa new , lest they should y that you can do nothing

’ without your books . H ospitals other than leper

fe w far hospitals were and between , and when they

fo r did exist were in no way places medical teaching .

‘ ’ The Sick were cared for , but there was no pro v n ision for medical atte dance .

Moreover, the mediaeval patient seems to have been in no way averse from trying to take in his

1 l 1 era omnia Basileae 1 8 co . . Op , , 5 5 , 4 54 76 T H E ME D IAEVAL P H YS I CIAN

‘ ’ n th e - medical attenda t , and Cautels above mentioned , which are attributed to Arnold de Vill anova who was

o f n born in the latter half the thirteenth ce tury, give an amusing picture o f the possible relations between patient and physician . They commence by an account Of the pitfalls into which a physician might a o f n f ll during the inspection the urine , this i spection being the chief method of diagnosis , a method which

No t prevailed well into the seventeenth century . only was the physician supposed to be able to tell by this inspection the disease from which the patient

se x was suffering , but also the and the age , and whether the urine was that o f a human bei ng o r an

Tlie K e to animal . I n a curious little work called y

' Un énow n K n ow led e or A S no o F in e Windozoos g , p f ,

t 1 a prin ed so late as 5 99 , are cont ined five treatises ,

‘ o f which the first is entitled The Judgement o f U rines The author withholds his name , but says in his preface that he has gathered together rules concerni ng the j udgement o furine from divers authors

‘ for the benefit o f his fellow Chirurgians which have ’ n o t the Latine tongue . H is fifth chapter gives the rules to know a beast’ s

’ ’ o r water from a man s , from a woman s , and also the

t o f urine of a man from tha a woman . They are as follows

F irst it is meet that you know as I have afore said ’ that a man s urine the meerer that you hold it to the eye , the thicker it does shew and when you hold it f urther off, it appeareth more thin , and the further T H E MED I AEVAL PHYS I C IAN 77

the thinner and clearer it sheweth . But in beasts n o t urine it is so , for the more nie the eye the thin ner and the further from the eye the thicker and sic 1 more grosse and this is ( ) shall not fail you . Also beasts water is more salt and o f a stronger n o f sa or, and more simple complexion , and smelleth raw more , than the urine of a man . Also mix the water o f a beast and wine together and they will depart each o f them from the other . I f it bee t e asie a cowes wa er which is with calfe , it shall be for yo u to know it from a womans uri n e that is with child for the dregs and the conten tes sh all be more n so grosse than the woma s , and more foule for much w as the beast is o f a fouler complexio n . To kno a mans uri n e from a womans understand that a mans in the casting does shew tro uble dn e sse in the middest o f the uri n e but you must note that in a womans it doth not so . And after A o icen na th e froth of the urine o f a man after casting is long ; and in the urine o f a woma n ’ 2 after casting it will be round .

Various conclusions were also drawn from th e

o n pellicle which formed the surface , and from the ’ circle o r layer of the urine which lay immediately ’ ‘ t under the Spume . Then the urine as it s ood

o f in the urinal was divided into regions , in each which appearan ces were seen which would guide

‘ ’ the practitioner . But however much Avicenna and the older physicians believed in these appear

u m a ces , Arnold was quite aware that most of the

1 C . A v c nn a Canon . Fen 2 a . 1 0 e . C e u f i , , Bk I , , p , Th ophil s,

na . Lib. Uri r 2 n o Collectio S alernitana e te S . de R enz c nta n , di d by i, o i s nume u t actate on a n n ect n of th u n ro s r s di g osis by i sp io e ri e . 78 T H E ME D I A EVAL PH YS I CIAN

to were , put it shortly , humbug , as will be seen from the following :

‘ Vide ndae sunt cau te lae circa urinas quibus pos ’ sum us cave re de ce t ribus nos a p o .

n to at Firstly , the practitio er had make certain th the fluid brought to him for inspection was that of

o r a man . I t might be of some other animal , even n o t urine at all but the urine o f the man could be

z recogni ed in four different ways . Then the messenger bringing the urine must be ‘ f fixedly looked at , tu enim debes ipsum ortissime 1 ’ r r n r re spice e e t e e e o c ulo s fix o s supra ipsum . U nder this close scrutiny the fraudulent messenger would either laugh or else change colour cui debes

’ dare m ale dic tio n e m perpetuam e t aeternam I t seems a heavy pu n ishment for a comparatively harm less deception , but evidently mediaeval physicians

a had a full sh re of proper pride . As for the sex of the patie n t it was ascertained as follows

‘ t s x The fourth cau ion is concerning the e . The o ld o u an d woman will ask y to tell her, then you must ask her from whom the urine is tu inquire cujus ’ ? ” then she will say Don t yo u know Then yo u must look at her with a s ide lo ngglanc e qu o dam ” and sa n modo oculo distorto ) y, What busi ess is it o f yours Then if sh e is not v ery sly sh e will ’ ’ s a o r e s t y, I t is J ack s J ill s dicit quod cognatus vel cognata o r something by which you may

1 ic but m nt f r t ner S , probably a ispri o e e.

8 0 T H E ME D I AEVAL P H YS I CI AN

Other cautions are concerned with the behaviour

‘ ’ and bedside manner of th e physician ; thus the

‘ S Ixte e n th caution runs , When you come into the

o f presence the patient always do something new , lest they should say you can do nothing without

’ ‘ 1 your books . And caution 7: I f by ill luck you should find the patient dead when you arrive at the

sa ? house and they y, Sir, why have you come you must reply that you did not come because he w as t dead , for you knew very well tha he would die in

to the night , but you wished know the exact hour at

’ which he died . After these worldly regulations it is somewhat su r

fi n d o f prising to the following peroration , which the following is a translation which but feebly reproduce

the rhythmic cadences of the Latin .

‘ Mark that the leech shall be earnest in inquiry ; careful and methodical in discourse ; cautious an d far- seeing in reply ; guarded in prognosis ; neither le t him promise more than he can perform , and F r especially recovery . o then shall he thrust out ’ God s work and do H im injury . But that he him

self will be faithful and diligent , he may promise .

And he shall be discreet in his visits , painstaking n in his talk , quiet in his ways , and ki dly to the ’ sufferer .

Cau te lae t The writer of these , whe her he was

o r t t Arnold no , simply developed them from a rac P by an unknown writer ( A rch imath ae u s) which is

‘ entitled De adve n tu medici ad aegro tu m and which T H E ME D I AEVAL P H YS I CI AN 8 1.

i 1 is contai n ed in the Collect o S alern itana . This commences as follow s

‘ ae ro tu m v o cabe ris Cum igitur, o medice , ad g , adj u to riu m s it in nomine Domini angelus qui comitatus est T o biam ; affectum mentis e t e gre ssu m ’ c mite tu r corporis o .

o f The meaning this is Obvious , but Arnold or his t it edi or puts the passage thus , which makes hope lessly obscure

‘ ae ro tu m v o cabe ris ad u to riu m Medice , cum ad g , j sit in nomine Domini angelus qui comitatus e st e ffe ctu m mentis e t e gre ssu s corporis co nco mite tu r ’ interius .

2 t R z A nother similar ract is given by en i , and in both the Salernitan tracts and in Arnold appear instructions as to how the medical man should behave to h t when asked dinner, together wit a warning tha ’ he should n o t make love to th e patient s wife or

a o r . d ughter , maidservant I t is interesting to compare the directions of o u r

m . co n English surgeon , John of Arder e (fl cerning the manners of the leech with those gi ven

Can to/ac n in the . They were written in Lati and were translated in to E nglish in the fifteenth century

O. (Sloane MS . N

1 a at R n z Na e 1 8 . Collect. alern t m v e e S . o . S l or di i, pl s, 5 9 , ii,

P 75 ° 2 l m . . Co llect. a . ern . t v S , o , p 3 3 3 3 ’ h Mr Ar P we t T h e ate t e d t n t at . D c e e th e l s i io is by y o r, di d for

Ea E n e xt c e t O n a e e NO. 1 L nd n rly glish T So i y , rigi l S ri s 3 9, o o ,

K e an Pau en c Trubn er 81 Co . Ld. an d H e n Fro wde g l , Tr h , , , ry ,

1 3 02 F 8 2 T H E ME D I AEVAL P H YS I C I AN

The Salernitan advises the leech to learn as mu c h

‘ t th e u t as he can from the messenger abou patient,

acce ssie ris ae ritu din is e us n o n quando ad ipsum , g j o m nino insciu s v ide aris ubi t pos visam urinam , con side rato pu lsu licet per eam ae gritudine m non co gno

t a sin th o ma rae scrive ras dixe ris veris , ame si quod p , co nfide t te t t Su ae salutis in , anquam in au ore , ad

’ su mm e re labo ran du m e s quod o p t . This excerpt

’ Can to/ac shows somewhat the same spirit as Arnold s ,

s but the point is not o frankly put . Fees in the Middle Ages were no more rapidly t paid than now , and here are many passages in the Salernitan collection pointing o u t that the leech t should press for his fee , or at leas for an agreement to pay it, as soon as the patient was getting better ; for Mo x fugit a mente medicus morbo recedente The following passage shows that our ancestors in th e profession were quite awake to the necessity for getting their fees paid while the sufferings of the patient were still a vivid memory. They are from a version of th e R egimen S anitatis dedicated to

x Un ve t P 1 1 0 . Th e a a e in ue t n w O ford i rsi y ress , 9 p ss g q s io ill be

m a u n u un n . 6 et se e e c c t ar a fo d o p q . V ry si il r r l s for o d e l id wn H en M n ev e circa 1 2 0 W am de a cet do by ry of o d ill , 3 ; illi S li o ,

irca 2 Mr. P circa 1 2 an Lan an c c 1 . w u m 75 ; d fr , 95 o er q otes fro ‘ ’ th e two m in Fo rew rds to A e me w e L an anc for e r his o rd r , hil fr h as be e n pu blishe d in an English tran slation by th e men t n O . e e N . 1 0 2 . Ga e e n o e no t t u ec t rig S ri s o dd sd d s io his s bj , n e ithe r doe s h e lay stre ss u pon th e necessity for th e le ec h to ge t

~ - fe e e e th e at ent we . I n eve a ac e we ve h e his b for p i is ll s r l pl s , ho r, in sists th at th e c ompositio n of medicine and me thods of c ure u no t be evea e to th e a t exce t a due ec m sho ld r l d l i y p for r o pense . “ T H E MED I AEVA L PH YS I CI A N 8 3

Charlemagne who conquered (sic) the Saracens at

” R n c valle o e s . The heading is :

NT P D E PRUDENTIA MEDICI S UME I S R O LABORE .

No n n e c sa ax Hi o cratis didici gratis , g Musa pp i i A e gr s in stratis se rv e t absque datis . S u mpta solet care multum medicina j u vare a u i t Si qua datu r gratis nil h bet til ta is .

R e s ro so le mu s . dare p rebus , pro verbis verba m ntan i imu r h e r is Pro vanis verbis o s u t b .

i m e ntis e t s e cie bu s . Pro caris rebus , p g p Est m e dicin alis medicis data regula talis ‘ ’

U t dican t da da . , , dum profert languidus , ha, ha

Da medicis primo medium , medio , nihil imo . m rm r u s DII dolet in fi u s medicus sit pignore fi m . m a n u m o s u t . I nstanter qu ere , pignus habere F o e du s e t co n se rvat amicu m antiquum pignus , i a i s u e r s u ae re ns . N am post q , q semper eris

From this passage it is evide n t that the mediaeval patient, like his modern successor , was not satisfied

‘ ’ e without being given Something to tak , for, says

‘ n the writer, We are wont to give somethi g in return

’ fo r fo r money, but words we give only words ,

‘ a remark which he expands lower down into fo r 1 words ( . e . verbal thanks) we give cheap medicines , but for a high fee we give rare and valuable medicines

' A S an example o f the way in which a rich patient was treated it is worth quoting from a poem by Gilles

t 1 1 0 de Corbeil , a no ed physician who lived from 4 to

1 2 2 1 about 0 and was physician to Philip Augustus .

1 ’ A short acc oun t of him will be foun d in Croke s book o n th e

R e imen anitatis alernztanum Ox D. A . Tal o s S S b 1 8 0. g , ford, y , 3 F 2 84 T H E ME D I AE VAL P H YS I CIA N

1 68 t They are from Book I I , . , a poem en itled

‘ Liber de Virtutibu s e t Laudibu s C o mpo s ito rum 1 Me dicamin um

fo e cun da Si magis si rerum plena facultas , rae nans s le n de at Larga manus , p g loculus , Si p auro A n ite at clie ntum rca , vel argento , domus ampla F e rve at s i o te ntis obsequio , deliciosa p Plus aequo lasciva fames spo liare labo re t Divitiis e le me nta si suis , purpura corpus A mbiat v di itis ful u re t , aesti um g Si g aurum , Ele ctu m e mmata ro ine nt g merum si vasa p p , O m a n is se div itiis a c o a te t Si g mens m gna p , A ggrave t hic medicina manum ; su mptu s onerosos E xi at g ; hic positos debet transcendere fines . C o ntu ndat misce at ambram gemmas molat aurum , dubite t a o n e re n Balsama non propriis pp ca sis , Lig num aloes fervente mero de su de t e t illi r buat m ande t u e v Se perdendo suum t i q igorem . acturam re dimit o ule n tia salutis J p , cura , itu r t o c e r . H quoque , quod proprie g custodia vi ae

This may be broadly rendered :

a m an If the p tient be a wealthy in a high position , ac fond of display , and one whose life is spent in co rdance t with his possessions if, moreover, his hear is as large as his purse , then the medical man should come down with a heavy hand . Large fees should o f n be demanded , for in a case this ki d the ordinary m a boundaries y be overstepped . For the medicine an d let gems and gold be ground up , let amber the balsams appropriate to the case be added together w ith a decoction of aloes in wine . The wealth of n the patie t justifies the expense , as does his anxiety

1 ‘ ’ u te C a in e de e m Ch o ulant s Q o d by . Vi eill rd his Gill s Corb il fro d t n th Th e e ma n e th e u tat n are m e i io of e poe m . r i d r of q o io s fro

r Hist. oetar et R emat ed A er) Ha ac 1 1 . L e se P . o M . y , . , l , 74 T H E ME D I A EVA L PH YS I C I A N 8 5

t a a abou his he lth , and the f ct that the protection ’ o f o f his life is a matter personal interest .

Like his successor Gaddesden , however, Gilles de

o f Corbeil is by no means unmindful the poor man ,

z as 1 whom he apostrophi es Codrus (Book I I , . Gilles had evidently read his J uvenal and Persius

P Quid facie t Codrus Quid Co dri curta supe lle x P Cujus plebeia vac u u s farragine venter No n im le tu r s asmu m satis p , p patiente crumena m o dicis de icta so hismata c arti Cujus opes p p s .

‘ ’ ‘ But, he continues , because you cannot afford u o f s ch luxuries as the above in the way medicine , is that any reason why your health should suffer ? By no means ; simple poverty possesses n can fo r a n a medici e which be bought three f rthi gs . fat Beans , a little , a cabbage and bread made from O f ” f als , when taken into the hungry stomach , purges F all grossness from the body . ood flavoured by hunger is that which is best assimilated . What is a n a more cert in cure of disease , what a better medici e , a and th n the simple life , that befitting a lowly ? establishmen t Pure water and a humble way o f life brings greater stre ngth an d longer life than the o f a o r n o r palace C esar Faler ian wine , hunted game , - fle sh e d or salmon , tunny , and the pink trout ; eaten o f n at the feasts ki gs , such things become a weariness ’ to the flesh .

a Excellent dvice , no doubt ; but Codrus , like the f - o . patient to day, sometimes demanded more H e

‘ ’ n wa ted a bottle . Hence in another passage

2 (Book I I , line 7 5) Gilles describes a medicine called

Diaco stu m n a and , which was given both i tern lly

fo r t f externally a splenetic tumour, withou ever 86 TH E ME D I AEVA L P H YS I C I AN

t o n arising from black gall . H e hen goes to describe a poor man who sees himself utterly unable to afford this remedy, and who therefore abuses his physician , saying that he holds himself up as the craftsman and overseer of health , goes about covered with rings , and cares fo r no one but his rich patients :

divitibu s a Ars tua Solis , quibus ampla facult s su m tu s o u le n tia Quos vanos trahit in p p rerum , a ra b t Servit e t o ptat e p e e solatia vitae .

When he talks o f musk and balsam and other expensive drugs he is talking for Emperors alone . who care for nothing unless it is expensive , but the

‘ t o ut t t S te rile s ue e xcludis poor are shu al oge her , q

’ e n e g o s . After having listened to this complaint Gilles

o n turns the poor man , setting the key of his rebuke

S tulte e xacu is by his opening words , , quid vanis tua P ’ ’ v erba qu e re lis H e adds that what can t be cured must be endured ; that it is no good to kick against

is the pricks that envy both j udge and executioner, with a number of other aphorisms all very appropriate , if scarcely satisfying . A poor man must be content

th e with his lot, and Should remember that forest offers him plenty of materials fo r restoring his health

a without anything to p y. m All this , however , is ere pose , for in the final section of the poem , which he oddly calls Prologus ’ fi n alis the t o , he gives following admirable advice young men and boys whom The delphic inspiration

’ t th e inci ed to art of the physician . They are not

88 T H E ME D I AEVA L P H YS I CIA N

MEDIAEVAL QUACK S The quack and the amateur practitioner were much the same in the Middle Ages as they are now , as is shown by the following verses from the F /os

M edicinae

F in it s e Me dic u m u iv is t ro h an u s g q idio a , p p u dae u s m o n ach us t J , , his rio , rasor, anus , S ic[u tiJ A lch e mista Medicus fit au t S apo n ista balne ato r fals ariu s au t Aut , oculista a uae rit H ic dum lucr q virtus in arte perit .

The quack or th e idiota o f the Middle Ages was in every way similar to his brother Of the present

n day , with the sole exception that he did not prete d to o r use electricity magnetism , for the very good reason that these forms Of energy were practically

‘ ’

n n . t u k own Even the pa ter was the same , as 1 Shown by the following passage from Ru te be u f

! a Good people I am not one of the poor pre chers . n o r one o f those poor h e rbalists who go in front o f

ill~ se w n the churches with their shabby cloaks , who carry boxes and bags and spread o u t (their wares) o n a carpet, for they sell pepper and cumin and other spices . ‘ K n o t o f now that I am one them , I belong to w i T r tu la o f . e . o a lady hose name is Trote ( ) Salerno , who makes a kerchief of her e ars an d whose eyebrows hang down as chains o f silver behind her shoulders and know that sh e is the wisest lady in all the four

1 ' l s Mediczna i F o e a x c v. , p rs , 2 ’ ’ iz do l eroerie G a e m s do u D m s co lete R teoeu ubinal s ed. . p f J v l 11 r ere n t 1 8 o . . 8 . R ute beu f was a t ouo th e t tee 74, , p 5 of hir h

Cen tury . T H E M E D I A EVAL PH YS I C IA N 89

u t quarters of the world . And my lady sends us o v into many di ers lands and countries , into Apulia a an d a an d a and Cal bria Tusc ny the Terre de L bour, and S o isso in s n Germany and and Gascony, Spai , r n B ie , Champag e , Burgundy , and the Forest of i a n Ardennes , to k ll wild be sts and extract Ointme ts from them to give medici nes to those who are bodily a ill . My lady ch rged me strictly that into whate ver place I should come I should say nothi ng but what se t would a good example to my hearers , and because a She made me swe r by the Saints before I left, I will n o w learn yo u the cure for worms if you will P hear me . Will you hear me I S n o gentleman here going to ask from what ? worms come I will tell you . They come from o r cooked up meats and from wines in casks bottle , s o an d u fo r they grow in the body by heat h mours , s o sa y the philosophers all things are created , and a a an d they mount tow rds the he rt , then you die of a a a m l dy which is called sudden death . Mark you

Go d . this well , and guard you ‘ And for the cu re the best herb in all the world is m iz e I n a n e r o . was Champ g e , where I born , they Marre bo rc sa call it , which is as much as to y the m other of the herbs . Take three roots of this , five o f a e a o f leaves s g , three le ves plantain , beat them in an n a brass mortar with iron pestel , and dri k the j uice for three morn ings runni n g the first thing in o f the morning and you will be cured your worms . o ff a n an d Take your h ts , le d me your ears , look at the herbs which my lady sends i n to this lan d and country ; an d because sh e wishes that the poor should be as well in the future as the rich , She told o f o n e me to make pennyworths them , for many a h is an d has a penny in purse who has not £5 , she said that I might take pennies o f the money curre n t in any land whither I may come , a Paris penny in 90 T H E ME D IAEVA L P H YS I C I AN

O O Paris , an rleans penny in rleans , a Chartres n a pe ny in Ch rtres , and a penny sterling in London an d n which is in England , for good bread wi e for h a myself and for good y and oats for my pack horse , a v and for anything else I may w nt to li e . And if there be any here who is s o poor o r so lonely o r hungry that he has nothing to give , let him come forward and I will give him o ne ha nd for the sake a f of God and the other for the s ke o H is mother.

These herbs , you will not eat them , for there is so no ox nor no war horse , be they never strong , but if they had a piece of these herbs on their ton gues as big as a pea would presently die an evil fo r so an d death , they are strong bitter, but what is bitter in the mouth comforteth the heart . Steep them three days in good white wine if you hav e no white o u n o o u take red , if y have red take brown , if y have fo r m an no brown take fair clear water , many a has a well before his door who has not a cask of wine in a his cell r . ‘ Take it the first thing in the morni ng fo r thirteen mornings ; if you miss one take another, for there is no mystery about them an d I tell yo u by the passion o f Go d that you will be cured from all disorders and disease , from quartan fevers , from gout . And if my father and mother were in peril o f death and were to ask me fo r the best herb I could giv e them m is I should give the these . This how I sell my herbs and Ointments ; if yo u want them come and ’ ’

o u t t . take them , if y don wan to , let them alone

I t must be remembered that in some instances the quack ’ s remedy was less nauseous and yet quite as efficacious as those of the orthodox practitioner . Take the following prescription from Gaddesden for

t R osa A n 1 2 . 1 the s one ( g. , fol . 4 verso, col ) T H E ME D I AEVA L P H YS I C I A N 9 1

H abu iunum calcu lo su m quem per longum tempus o tu i n c o lli i s carabae o s non p sa are , tandem feci g m u lto s qui inv e n iu ntur in s te rco ribus boum in ae state e t cicadas qu ae cantant in campis e t ablatis ca itibu s e t c icadis o su i s carabae is p alis de , p illas cum in oleo communi in olla tu n c o btu rata olla po su ihanc in forno in quo fuit tarde panis e t dim isi ibi per diem e t n o cte m : e t extracta tunc olla ad igne m cale fe ci e t co ntrivi e t n e t modicum totum simul , re es pe c tine m in u nxi e t intra triduum cessavit dolor e t ’ x vit lapis co mmin u tus e t fractus e i .

‘ H e also gave the patient fisticadary e t fistico s sicu t Si esset panis I t is sad to say th at S O far as the crickets go this prescription is a shameless V 2 plagiarism from Arnold de illanova . But in spite of their extraordinary remedies Gaddesden and other educated leeches o f the time t had at leas studied medicine , in so far as any study was possible ; they had read such books o n the subj ect as were available , and we may believe that in general they would try to act up to the admirable

’ advice contained in Arn old V illan ova s works co m

‘ ’ m e nc in g Mark that the leech , which was quoted above . There was no General Medical Council o r R t Medical egis er in those days , but instead the law did protect practitioners who had obtained a medical

o r m degree a licence to practise , and severe easures

t fo r 1 8 1 were me ed out to the quack ; instance , in 3 one Roger Clerk was attached before the Lord

1 F t r tac nut is ic i a e pis hio s . 1’ . Omnia 1 8 . 1 2 6 D. E a . d B sil, 0p , 5 5 , p 9 9 2 T H E ME D IAEVA L P H YS I C I AN

Mayor for pretendi ng to be a physician and fo r having asserted that he could cure a woman . The cure consisted in making her wear a parchment with the well - known adjuration A n ima C/cristi written

. t therein The woman did not get any be ter , and to the end that the people migh t not be deceived he

o n was led through the City a horse without a saddle , the said parchment round his n e ck and a urinal hu ng 1 in front and another behind .

T H E P V W OF T AN PO ULAR IE HE MEDICAL M .

n Of I t is plai , however , that the popular estimate the ‘ qualified ’ leech in mediaeval times was by no means flattering, although the profession is not

in th e a scoffed at s me way as are the regular clergy , the friars , and occasionally the parish priests . These

at th last , in England any rate , seem to have won

o f affection the populace , although a different story 2 is told in Germany and I taly . Some seven hundred

o f years before the time Gaddesden , namely in the

6 00 . H is ale nsis year A D Isidorus p , who was Bishop

L ioer E t molo iaru m of Seville , wrote a work called y g , which was an encyclopaedia o f the knowledge o f his

. time , and it naturally contained a chapter on medicine

o f I n Book IV , cap . 4 , the edition printed in Venice

' l 1 1 8 L l in . co . in . o s e 2 0 4 3 by P , fol recto , , there is the following passage

1 M mor als o L ondon . 66 . H . R e e i il y, f , p 4 2 S ee 7 11! E ulens ie el th e D ecameron an d R nard t/ze Fox . 3 p g , , ey T H E ME D I AEVA L P H YS I C I AN 9 3

ita u e h e re se s inve ne ru nt H i q tres viri totidem . n a a Prima metodica inve t est ab Apolline , qu e

se c tatu r e t . u n a a remedia carmina Sec d empiric , eX e rie n tis sima v a e st A e scula io id est p , in ent ab p , in dicio ru m S i n is se d c a quae non g , solis onst t

e x e rime ntis . a a e s t ratio n alis p Terti logic , id , v at n in enta ab Hippo cr e . I ste e im disc u ssis ae tatu m re io n u m v e l ae ritudinu m u alitati , g , g q a r io n abilite r e rscru ta u at t s e s t. bus , artis cur m p Empirici enim e x pe rie n tiam solam se c tan tu r ; logici e xpe rie ntiae rationem adju ngunt ; metodici nec e le me nto ru m n va ratio em obser nt , nec tempora , nec ’ ae tate s se d mo rbo rum su bstantias , nec causas , solas .

I n view of the connexio n of H ippocrates with

‘ ’ a t e w a logic l and ra ional practic , it is note orthy th t in the tw o great mediaeval medical schools of Salerno and Montpellier, H ippocrates and Galen were the

a two authors whose works were especi lly studied .

v Hi o cratica Salerno , indeed , was called Ci itas pp ;

n Mo tpellier, though commending the study of H ippo crates , seems to have held Galen in the greater esteem .

1 I sidore in cap . 3 of the same book lays down what was considered necessary for a physician of his w day to kno .

I t is sometimes asked why the art o f medici n e is not i n cluded amo n g the other liberal arts . I t is e a a n au b c use they de l with Si gle c ses , but medicine ll F o r a m an n w ars with a . a medic l should k o the ra mmatica m a a an d g , that he y be able to underst nd a ars r/z etorica expound th t which he reads and the , th at he m ay be able to support with sou n d argumen ts the matters which he deals with ; and also the ars 94 T H E MED I AEVAL P H YS I CI A N dialectica so , that by the exercise of reason he may investigate the causes of sickness for the purposes o f S O to o a rs aritnmetica cure . he should know the , s o as to calculate the times of the accession (of fev er) and its periods ° and he Should be acqu ainted with ars eometri ca a the g , so that he may teach wh t every m an ought to consider with regard to different “ districts and the lie o f different places ( qualitate s re io n u m e t lo co ru m g Moreover; he must n know somethi g of music, for many things can be d art one for the Sick by means of this , as we read that David delivered Saul from the evil spirit by n a mea s of music . Asclepiades restored madman to his former health by means o f a concord of sounds f s m non ia . d o ( y p ) Lastly , let him have a knowle ge astro n omy by means of which he may understand the calculation of the stars and the changes of the F o r seasons . as a physician says , our bodies are a commu tantu r an d ffected ( ) by their qualities , there fore medicine is called a second philosophy fo r either art man arrogates to itself the whole , since by the ’ o ne the soul and by the other the body is cured .

o f a Nearly six hundred years later J ohn S lisbury , o ne o f o f v the leaders mediae al thought, who was

1 1 1 — 1 1 2 0 born 5 , who studied in France and was acquainted with Montpellier, wrote about the year

1 1 P ol craticu s sir/e do n u is 5 9 a treatise called y , g 1 ri iu m Vestz iis R iloso no u m a Cu al et g n p r . A ch pter o f this is well worth study o n account of the views therein expressed o f the medical professio n as it appeared to a leading philosopher o f the day . I n the prev ious ch apter he had written against those

m 2 th who consulted diviners and agicians , and the 9

1 M ne P atrol. L at vo l. cxc x. ig , , i

96 T H E ME D IAEVAL P H YS I C IA N

th e of Where , then , intellect fails , and the reasoning t faith is absent , hat mental process which lies between n n the two , namely conjecture , alo e remai s . But when the matter under disc u ssIo n 15 of an inferior fo r a nature , take inst nce the physical constitution o f n of the animal body , or the cause and cure sick ess , n w n nothi g is anti g to them , except the accomplish ment of their work , if indeed that is what they desire . a a c The theoretic l physici ns do what con erns them , v and for lo e of you will even go further. You can get from them i n formation as to the nature and causes o f n o f particular phe omena , they are judges health , c an d o f of Si kness , the mean state . H ealth , so far ’ th e ro v ide as as words go , y p and preserve , and concerning the mean state they bid o ne i n cline in the a Of direction of he lth . Sickness they foresee and and declare the causes , lay down its beginning . its n sa P conti uance , and its decline . What more Shall I y Whe n I hear them talk I fancy that they can raise the dead and are in no way inferior to either

Aescul apius or Mercury . ‘ And yet with all my admiration I am much t o n e a so roubled at matter , and th t is they are singul arly at varian ce in their discussions and m the are a o n Opinions which dr wn from them . For this e n c t thing I do know, that co traries annot both be rue at the same time . sa n Again , what shall I y about the practisi g c an P physi i s . G o d forbid th at I should say anything bad abou t them si n ce fo r my Sins I fall o n ly too often Into their an n h ds . They Should rather be soothed by polite ess an n n o t th a gered by words , and I do wish that they me n o r c n all should treat hardly, ould I e dure the v a e ils bout which they constantly talk . I would ‘ a sa s r ther y with blessed Solomon , All medicine i ’ an d from the Lord , he that is wise will not despise it. T H E ME DIAEVA L P H YS I C I A N 9 7

No r is any o n e more useful o r more necessa ry tha n the physici an so th at he be faithful and full o f can a foresight . For who say enough in his pr ise who is the craftsman o f health and the bege tter o f life in that he takes after the Lord an d stan ds in his a a v pl ce , for that he lth which the Lord gi es as a n an d Pri ce , the physician , as steward minister , administrates an d dispenses . It is o f little moment if some physicians sell an an d a m a imaginary benefit , th t they y appear the more honest take no fee before the patient is a well . But such are dishonest in th t they give themselv es the credit fo r a recovery which is due to o r time , rather to the gift Of God ; for it is due to Go d an d to the natural powers o f h is constitutio n a man a w h o th t the sick is r ised up . Few are they o u an act in this way , for y will always hear physici s adv ising o n e another as follows ‘ take your fee ” a n while the p tie t still feels ill . Personally I do not care much if their actions and in advice are opposition , for I know that contraries n ofte produce the same effect . But if a patient of theirs Should come n e ar death they will pu t forward the most cogent reasons for showing that his life i should be no more prolonged . And , too , it is sa d th at for those whom they h ave broken down by long fasti ng and who are at the point Of death they will v pro ide absolutely useless broths and delicate meats . o u sa a Perhaps y look for me to y, wh t the common are o f people say , that physicians the class men who kill other men in the most polite and courteous manner . Well , you will be disappointed ; God forbid th at I Should do them this i njury ! But if yo u want to hear them talked o f in such a style I refer yo u to a A na Senec , to Pliny, and to Sidonius polli ris , who ’ will fill your ears with discourses much to the point . The passage of Sidonius to which J ohn of Salisbury G 9 8 T H E ME D I A EVA L P H YS I CI A N

. t . refers is as follows I t occurs in his let ers , Bk ii

xii . letter , addressed to Agricola

t Igitur ardori civitatis atque orpori , tam nos quam do mu m to tam rae v io e x imimus , p Christo , pariter , sim u lqu e me dico ru m consilia v itamus asside n tu m disside ntu m u e do c ti e t q , qui parum satis seduli lan uido s m l o ffi cio sissime c idun t n g u t s o o c . Sa e amicitiae u adh ibe bitu r contubernio nostro j ure J stus , o cari tristibus co n vin ce re m quem , si j libet in , facile Chiro n ica magis in stitu tu m arte quam Mach ao nica ; quo dilige n tius po stu lan du s e st Christus Obse cran du s u t c u ratio n e m no n que valetudini , cuj us cura nostra ’ m e de atu r invenit, potentia superna .

The subject of the letter is the health o f his t daugh erSeveriana , and he excuses himself from going fishing with Agricola on account of her illness t because they are going to the coun ry.

’ ‘ Therefore , he continues, we and our household , o u r Christ being leader, have left the heat and o f weariness the City , and at the same time the o f co n opinions the physicians , who attend us and F tend with each other . o r they have but little learning , and although they are assiduous in atten tion kill a large number o f Sick people in a most d utiful manner . But as a matter of friendship o u r w h o J ustus (the physician) has j oined company , , if I may joke at such a sad time , is , I would say , more f n skilled in the art o Chiron than in that of Machao .

And therefore Christ is to be most earnestly besought,

’ ir ni m a h a n ica Me . . F G e e Ch o c a agis qu m Mac o . ssrs J . r goir llo m in t e e n n u n and Z . o be t t and F. C h ir di io of Sido i s (Lyo s Pa 1 8 6 nt o ut t at ema d n u did n o t mean ris , 3 ) poi h by his r rk Si o i s ’ e ec ate Chiro n s but m e e to u n u n th e ou e to d pr i skill, r ly p po d bl ' ’ meaning o f Xa pwv as a name and Xetpwv mean ing worse

1 00 T H E ME D I AE VA L PH YS I C I AN

For ech of hem made other for to win n e

H is fre ndsch ipe was nat n ew e to beginne . E sc ula ius Wel knew he the olde p , A n d D e isco ride s R , and eek ufus , Old Ypocras , H aly , and Galien ; Raz is and A v ic e n Serapion , , A v e rro is Damascie n Co n stant n , , and y

Gate sde n Gilbe rt n . Bernard , and , and y Of his diete mesurable was he su e rflu ite e For it was of no p , o t But of greet n o rissing and diges ible .

H is study w as but litel o n the Bible . n w n Was al I n sa g i and in pers he clad , Lyn e d with taffata and with sendal ; And yet he was bu t e sy of dispence k e H e pte that he wan in pestilence . hisik For gold in p is a cordial , Th rf r v e o e he lo e de gold in Special .

’ I n Langland s Vision of P iers P long/i man the 1 Ploughman appeals to H unger as follows : e t o w t c ku n ne 3 I prey 3 ; quod Pieres par chari e , and 3

le ch e c raft it . Eny leef of lere me , my dere For somme of my s e ruau ntz and my-self bothe f k h O al a wyke w o rch e nou3t so owre wombe a e t .

H unger thereupon tells him that he has eaten to o t t much , and ha he should never drink without eat

. e at ing N either should he unless hungry , and Lat n o 3t Sir Surfait Sitten at thi borde

co n lu d h i 11 2 0—2 H unger c e s s advice as follows ( . 7 if And 3 thow diete the thus I dar legge myne eres , t Phisik Tha shal his furred hodes for his fode selle ,

1 ’ S eat e d. a en n P 1 886 Pa u i 1 2 e . . v . . k s , Cl r do r ss, B ss s 5 5 . T H E ME D I AEVAL PH YS I C I AN 1 0 1

1 And his cloke o f Calabre wi th alle the knappes of

golde , A n d a hisik be f yne , bi my feith his p to lete , And lerne to laboure with londe fo r lyflo de is swete ; For mo rthe re re s aren mo n y leches lorde hem ame n de ! Thei do men deye th o rw here drynk e s ar destine

it wolde . ’ ‘ By se ynt Poule quod Pieres 1 thise aren profitable w o rdis

no w w e ! Wende , H unger , whan thow wolt that be thow e u e re F o r this is a lo u e ly le sso u n lorde it the fo r-3elde But perhaps the most remarkable and lowest estimate o f physicians is that to be found in the works o f a 1 0 — Petr rch , 3 4 73 .

o f t H e had a hatred physicians , and wro e four

o f books I nvectives against them , and from the

1 0 . . Venice edition of his works , dated 5 3 , Brit Mus

1 1 2 1 K . 1 Catalogue 4 , 3 , I have extracted the follow

1 ing passages . No . is a letter to the Pope , which serves as the origin Of and preface to the four books

n d o f . NO . 2 a I nvectives is from the first book ,

N O . 3 from the second book . Apparently it was the universal mediaeval tradition

m n a that medical e were alw ys pale .

‘ P e trarch a th e A letter Of F ranciscus , most eminent t R poet and ora or to the oman Pontiff Clement V I ,

x f e horting him to avoid the mob o medical men . And the abuse which medical men poured upon him

1 Calabre a e fur m a a a th e w a , gr y fro C l bri , belly of hich w s black . K na es are n n pp k obs, or butto s . 1 0 2 T H E ME D IAE VA L P H YS I C I A N on this account gave rise to the four books of t I nvectives which he afterwards wro e .

‘ o f fe ve r Y o u r (I ) The news your , Blessedness , made me shudder with horror in all my limbs . I do not o u t o f say this mere politeness , nor like him of whom 1 “ the satirist says , H e weeps if he sees his friends “ ‘ ’ cry , or again , I f his friend says I am hot he sweats ” o f at once but rather I follow his example , whom o f Cicero tells us , who was anxious about the health the Roma n people because he saw that it involv ed w n r n o w - his o . F o not o ly my n well being but also f n n o is o . that ma y founded yours My fear, therefore , ’ is no pretence , neither am I anxious about another s t o w n danger, but abou my , for all we who depend upon you , and whose hope is in you , may appear to w e so be well when you are sick , but are not .

Because , therefore , in this matter , any discourse which is poured forth from a human mouth into divine ears should be short, I , who am lowly in mind v and of a re erential Spirit , will be brief. ‘ I . know that your sick bed is continually besieged by physicians , a fact which is my chief cause of fo r o f se t terror , they disagree purpose , and even he who can bring forth nothing new is ashamed to follow in the footsteps of another . Neither is there an ydo ubt (as Pliny grace fullysays) that they are always hunting after renown for some S r novelty and O traffic in o u lives . Also in this art alone does it happen that a man is taken at his o n e own valuation , and that any who holds himself o u t as a physician is at once accepted as such but o f t although in no form fraud is there grea er danger , so yet we do not regard it , great is the attraction of ’ ’ a man s own particular delusion . Besides there is no

1 uv na . 1 00 et se . J e l, iii q

1 04 T H E M E D I A EVA L P H YSI C IA N

e rm isce n te s u amv is e ve ntu su e rbiu nt p , sinistro q p nor do they brag about the efficiency of their ' n o f remedies and treatme t , but only the empty n prettiness of their la guage . Lest any one o f your physicians should say that I am n n inve ting , I have rested my argume ts nearly all so through this letter upon him whom I often quote ,

namely Pliny , for he constantly mentions medical a men , and spe ks of them more Often and more truly an th any one else . Let them therefore hear

him . I t is Obvious , he says , that any one amon them who has a fluent tongue (loguon do polleat o n that account becomes m aster o f our life and d eath . But my pen has carried me far beyond h so the limits w ich I had set myself, let me here w h o make an end , by telling you to shun a physician is emi n ent no t for his knowledge but solely for his o f o u a powers speech , as y would a lurking ssassin or ’ I n a po so e r.

2 t ( ) I n this point , too , we disagree , in tha you say

that the performances of medical men are wonderful . ask What performances , I you , unless you reckon n a this amo g the miracles , that you among all cl sses a S O of men are ne rly always ill . And among large popu lations one can always tell your complexion by ’ i ts pallor . I n 1 o f cap . 8 Bk . ii he enlarges upon this point n n o t in the followi g words . I have translated them , fo r they require the pen o f a Swift to do them

j ustice . ‘ Oste ndam e t (3) tibi ego , qui non sum medicus , l allo ris v ogica careo , p tui causam , quam eram esse n inv itu s I S se ties , vel . per loca atra , livida , foetida , U n dan e rimaris ae ro tan tiu m . t s pallida pelves , g uri n as ads icis e st p , aurum cogitas Quid igitur miri , si to t i allidis cro ce iS sis c rcum p , atris ac , ipse quoque T H E ME D I A EVA L PH YS I CI A N 1 6 5

P E t si ro v ide n pallidus , ater ac croceus grex ille p atriarc h ae trax it Ob e ctu v ir aru m tissimi p colorem , j g v ariaru m acc idit u u — , quid novi , Si tu q oq e expectas , u t ab a dicam i uro . Immo vero ab Obj e c t s . Mul dis tu li libe n tiu s tac e re m se d a tum , ac , m teria verum n e x i it u o dsi sae e sacris e st omen g , q p in libris , semel his to le rabitur Ob e c tis in u am in scriptum ab j q , ster ’ c o ribu s e t e t trax e ris e t sa o re m , colorem , odorem p .

‘ ’ I n con nexio n with the phrase e t logica careo it is i nteresting to note that logic w as laid down as being n ecessary for a medical m an in the decree o f

v Frederick I I quoted abo e .

u a o f The reg l tions for the duties the medical man , an d a the fee which he was llowed to charge , were

a n o f D e M edicis l id dow in the statute Frederick I I , a

2 1 portion o f which has been already referred to at p . .

in a s h re ma de rde l w it & . : The fees , c , and is as follows E v ery phys ic ian was to visit his patients at least

at twice in the day , and the request of the patient

n w i once at ight . H is fee , ithin the C ty , was not to 1 tare n u s o r be more than half a gold , if outside

an d n o r the City , three tareni his expe ses , four tareni

w as to if he paid his expenses himself. H e not be in a o r a partnership with an apothec ry, to undert ke a ’

fo r su m o r to a . cure a fixed , keep an pothecary s shop Apothecaries were to compou n d their drugs at their

x n w as own e pe se , which to be certified by a medical m an h , and were to take oath that t ey would compound

c them a cording to the prescribed forms . Simple

1 A taren u s Was a d c n we n twe nt a n w c gol oi ighi g y gr i s, hi h would n o w be worth four shillings and twopence . 1 06 T H E ME D I AE VA L P H YS I CI A N drugs which were not kept in stock fo r more than a

to O year were be sold at three tareni an ounce . thers

six might go to tareni .

D e M edicis Lib . iii , Tit . xlvi .

Iste medicus v isitabit e gro to s suos ad minus his e t re u isitio n e m in firmi in die ad q semel in nocte , a quo non re c ipie t per diem si pro e o non e gre diatu r civitate m vel castrum ultra dimidiu m tare nu m auri . in firm o c ivitate m v isitat Ab autem quem extra , non re cipiat per diem ultra tres tare no s cum e xpe n sis in

fi rmi u attu o r tare n o s e x e n sis . vel ultra q , cum p suis No n c o n trah at so c ie tate m cum c o n fe ctio n ariis nec re cipiat aliqu e m sub cura sua ad expensas pro certa re tii a h abe at ro riam p quantit te , nec ipse etiam p p s tati n m nf ctio narii co nfe cti n e m o e . C o e vero facient o e x e nsis m e dico ru m p suis cum testimonio , juxta for c o nstitu tio nis admitte n tur h o c u t mam nostre , nec ad te n e ant confectiones nisi prestito juramento : omnes co n fectiones suas secundum pre dictam formam facient L u crabitu r m statio nariu s sine fraude . aute de con fe c tio nibu s istu m : co n fe suis , secundum modum de c tio n ib us e t S implicibu s me dic in is quae non co ns u e v e runt teneri in apo th e c is ultra annum a tempore em tio nis u alibe t o e rit e t lice bit p , pro q uncia p t tres r n lu crari u ta e o s . D e al s vero quae ex natura medica minum vel ex alia causa ultra annum in apo th e ca

te ne n tu r u alibe t lice bit lucrari s e x tare n o s . , pro q uncia e c s tatio ne s h u u s mo di e ru nt u se d t N j bique , in cer is ’ ibitur civitatibu s per regnum u t inferius de scr .

V ANATOMY AND T HE DECREE OF POP E BONIFACE I I I .

I t has frequently been stated that anatomy was looked upon by the Church with horror , and that the practice of dissecting human bodies was prohibited

1 08 T H E ME D I AEVA L P H YS I C IAN

1 a perfect storehouse of mediaeval lore , is the follow

‘ ’ ’ ing story translated from the God s dealings o f ! 8 CO . Guibert de N ogent , 79 ; Guibert de N ogent

1 0 t o f sur was born 53 , and became Abbo Nogent

1 1 2 . Coucy . H e died about 3

‘ Baldwi n (afterwards King of J erusalem) had been wounded in battle while he rescued a foot soldier of his army with whose bravery he was much delighted . The leech whom he summoned feared in his foresight lest the cataplasm outwardly applied might film over the wound , which , as he knew , had pierced deep into ’ the prince s body ; he feared , therefore , lest , while the it Skin grew smooth over the wound , might rankle inwardly with a mass of putrid matter. This he In a foresaw his wondrous skill , partly by most praise worthy conjecture , and partly from past experience . H e therefore besought the ki ng to command that o n e o f the Saracen prisoners (fo r it would have been wicked to ask it of a Christian) should be wounded in that same place and afterwards Slain ; whereby he ’ might inquire at better leisure in the dead m an s n body, nay , might clearly perpend from its exami a tion how it was with the king ’ s wound at the very bottom . ‘ ’ From this , however , the prince s lovingkindness shrank in horror and he repeated that ancient o f example the Emperor Constantine , who utterly ’ a refused to become the cause of any man s de th , even o f so a o f . the basest , for sm ll a chance his own safety Then s aid the doctor : If indeed thou art resolved ’ o f o w n to take no man s life for the sake thine cure , t is then at least send for a bear, a beast tha no use but to be baited ; let him stand erect o n his hinder t u paws with his fore feet raised , and bid them hr st

1 u t n A Mediaeval Garner C n ta e C o . 1 1 0 . . Co l o , , o s bl , 9 , p 5 5 T H E M ED IAEVAL P H YS I CIAN 1 09 him with the steel then by inspection of his bowels f ma a ter death , I y in some degree measure how deep d ” an n o w n . that wound is , how deep thi e ‘ “ Then said the ki ng : We will n o t strain at the ” beast , if need be , do therefore as thou wilt . Where upon it was done as the leech bade ; and he discovered from the proof of the wild beast how perilous it would have been fo r the king if the lips o f the wou n d h ad become united before th e matter had been drawn forth and the bottom had grown together. Let this ’ ’ n suffice concerning the king s pitiful ess . The Saracen captive was certainly fortunate in

o f not being a prisoner Frederick I I . C HAPT E R IV

O P P ORT U N I T I ES F OR T H E ST U D I E S OF M E D I C I N E I N O X F OR D I N T H E F OU RT EE N T H C E N T U RY A N D P REV I OU SLY

I NFORMATION as to a teaching School o f Medicine in Oxford during and before the fourteenth century is scanty in the extreme . The tradi tion as to a School Of Medicine ‘ which we find established in

’ ‘ the twelfth century , and which can hardly have been other than J ewish has , despite the authority

R . of Mr . C . W . Boase and Mr. J . Green , apparently 2 ’ e s no foundation in fact . Neubauer quotes Bo as statement in what may be called a negative manner . As my own knowledge o n the matter was next to nothing , I was forced to apply to those who m had much , and I wish to record in this place y gratitude to them for their kindness and help . R R Mr . I . Abrahams , eader in abbinical Literature

‘ v at Cambridge , wrote , I do not belie e myself in a J ewish Medical School at Oxford in th e Middle ’ R f ’ . o Ages . Mr . J . M igg , Lincoln s I nn , says that his researches into mediaeval J ewish H istory have

1 ' to o t/ze E n l e e J fi storic Tow ns : Oxfo rd ; S nort H is ry f g islz P opl . 2 ’ N te o n th e ew at x x H t. S o c . Collecta nea o s J s O ford , O ford is , ,

1 8 0 vo l. I I . 9 ,

1 1 2 ST U DY OF ME D I CI N E I N OXF ORD a portion of the H istoria Miracn /oru m S anctae

F ridoszoidae Vir in is cu m ro lo o er P nili u m g , p g , p pp ej u sdem Monasterii P riorom

‘ Mo rabatur e O Oxe ne fo rdiam stu tempore apud , dio rum a cle ric u s caus , quidam Stephanus nomine , de Ebo race n si o riu ndu s ae tate u v e n ili flo ridu s regione , j , l a i a r clarus a e t e e g nt a form e p ae . I s febre cotidi na c o rre tu s m e dico ru m c o nfu it x in an ib u s p , ad g au ilium , su m tibu s e v isc e ran s lan u o ris ac e rbitate sin ulis se p , g g di div inu m a v e bus . ingra escente Ad igitur , tanqu m am de fic e re t h u m an u m c o n vo lavit ad ultimum , cum j , ad u to riu m e t co n fe c ta j , cum j am , nimia macie , vix sibi a co h e re re n t o c ulis liv e ntib u s membr , , facie pallida , ri sa im lo r b t o V irginis glo o e patrocinium p a a . M x ita u e u t be n e dictae h au sit ce te ro q , aquae poculum de E t r d u nti febrilis fatigatio co n qu ie v it. e e bu s paulispe r ’ v iribu s co nvalu it in brevi ad plenum .

1 1 80 Prior Philip succeeded his predecessor in , and in the first year o f his Office tran slated the

o f t remains the Sain , whereupon many miracles

happened . Whether the medici upon whom poor Stephen t was ed his substance , with the same results as did the woman with the issue o f blood mentioned in the

a Gospels , were J ewish or Christi n there is no record , but this is the earliest record of leeches in Oxford t tha I have been able to find . There were , however, two medical or quasi - medical charities founded circa

th e o ne n fo r twelfth century, bei g a hospital lepers

dedicated to St . Bartholomew and the other the

w as H ospital of St. J ohn Baptist which j ust outside t the East Gate , but these will be more convenien ly I N T H E F OU RTE E N T H CEN T U RY 1 1 3 dealt with when considering the questio n o f what opportunities Gaddesden may have had o f learning his profession . The medical books which he was probably obliged to have read or heard before supplicating for his 1 bu t degree have already been mentioned , a study of

R osa a o r w as the reveals the fact that he had re d ,

t o f acquain ed with , a large number authors , and , t t moreover , with the mos recen medical works , for

t o f wh o L iliu m he quo es Bernard Gordon , began his

M e ae dicin in 1 30 5 . A complete list of the authors quoted or referred to by Gaddesden will be found in t the Appendix ; some of them , chiefly Arabic wri ers , cannot be identified . A S to th e medical works existing at Oxford in the time o f Gaddesden there is but little information . The 116 1 o f authorities whom he quotes shows 111 2 1

o f t so he was a man wide reading in medical ma ters , that he must have had access to books ; bu t as to

e One o f where he read them there is no r cord . the earliest Oxford Library Catalogues extant is that o f O riel College , But in this there are no

n medical works , the only books me tioned which may be said to have any connex ion with medicine being ’ two copies o f Aristotle s L ioer N atu ra liu m and one 3 o f L ioer o Ge eration his d n e.

’ ate h MS S m w c th P a th e t e e a e t . e rob bly, for d of rli s fro hi h tatute ar a n n o t ea e t an 1 0 an d m t ar m uc s s e t ke is rli r h 3 5 , os e h 2 l . . ollectanea vo . 1 88 ate H . C O . S . l r , , i , 5 3 ma mean e t e de Generatio ne et o rru tione de This y i h r C p , or Gen eratio ne A n imalium . 1 1 4 ST U DY OF ME D I C I N E I N O X F ORD

William o f Wykeham gave a large gift o f books

o f o f O to his College St . Mary Winchester in xford , a a e an d a o f li s New Colleg , the cat logue them will be found in the third volume o f the Collectan ea of O the xford H istorical Society , in an article by

Mr . A . F . Leach . Among them are a number of

‘ medical books given under the heading o f Libri

’ F ac ulta i dicin e u t s Me a b t . the list, says Mr Leach , is in another , and apparently later, hand than the

t t o f o her lists , and whether they formed par ’ Wykeham s gift is uncertain . The list is in two t parts , the firs of which contains the books which

o u t th e th e might be taken , while second gives books which were chained in the library . t The au hors in Part I are Galen , N icolaus ,

a R z A ve rrh o e s Bartholom eus , ha es , , H ippocrates ,

Gilbe r u t s Ge rrardus . Anglicus , and

A v e rrh o e s I n Part I I the authors are Galen , ,

n Be nv e nu tus Gra h o e u s Avicenna , Mes e , p , Gilbert , a Commentary by J oannes Alexander upon the

E idemica o f Ge rardu s p H ippocrates , Bernardus , ,

o f R osa Dioscorides . There are two copies the and another book apparently by G addesden e n ti tled

S e S u er u r o f . p afl , which nothing is known p W

‘ ’ n affe ctibu s o r might mea either super ,

’ aff i mi o r s s . ‘ R I n another article , Some Durham College olls ,

h e o f t Re v . . . by . H E D Blakiston , a list books is

1 1 h given in a roll dated 3 5 , and in t is roll are the 1 l S . ollectanea vo . . . H C O . , , iii

1 1 6 ST U DY OF M ED I C I N E I N OX F OR D

There are medical books in all three catalogues

’ t O 2 0 St . Augus ine s catalogue contains ver 3 treatises ,

t o f 00 o f D tha Christ Church nearly 3 , and that over

’ t 1 2 0 t u Priory abou . St . Augustine s ca alog e contains the following authors not quoted by Gaddesden :

A l u e nsid S e re nus g , Quintus , Macer , Genesius ,

T ro l I tu a t . t Maurus , , and Cos a ben Luca is possible that the A lgu e nsid of th e catalogue may be th e

A l u asinu s g of Gaddesden . Most of the authors

quoted by Gaddesden were in the library , and it was particularly rich in th e works o f Constantine and in

C o f Ysa o o f ann i iu s opies the g g o J o t . The Christ Church Catalogue con tains the A ph o r

o f D t isms J ohn amascene , an au hor unrepresented

’

. at in St Augustine s library, and also least three

f Ysa o o ad Te ni Galen i copies O his g g g . This book apparently is n o t a confusion on the part o f the scribe w ith the far better known Ysagogo ad Tegni of

o annitius in 8 tw o to J , for vol . 44 the are bound up

i in o c t . t gether (James , p. . , p But the mos te re sting i tems in the catalogue are those dealing with

Ro be rtu s the books given by Magister de Cornubia ,

6 - 1 : D u o 1 0 . Medicus , vols . 7 4 (p they are primi tiori A o icen n ae ; N oo i tractatu s 7onan n is M esu e cu m practica aoerois do medicin a cu m qu estio n ions super u iaticu m P ractica Giloerti ; L iori Origin ales Ypocra tis et Gu lioni S cripta M agistri ' ’ Tnoaei cu m gu iou saam aliis con ten tis ; Viaticu s Constan tin i cu m Commen to L iber H a/i do roga li

is si ion e d po t . I N T H E F OU RT E E N T H CE N T U RY 1 1 7

Gilbe rtus (Anglicus) , the latest in this list o f

in authors , flourished early the thirteenth century , so that Robert the Cornishman w as probably nearly

o f a contemporary Gaddesden , and we may rightly imagine that Gaddesden might have had a Similar o r even superior private library . Among the authors n o t quoted by Gaddesden which are found in this catalogue are Matth e s u s

F e rrarius fe bribus Ge raldu s do dandis catnar de ; , ticis ; Alfan u s S ale rnitane nsis ; Genesius ; Soranus ;

. are Pliny, and Bartholomaeus There also two

S o hista n treatises by Alexander p . The o e treatise is called D e M edicin a omniu m memororu m nu ma n i cor oris D e cu ris nu man i cor oris p , and the other p . The remaining medical works are mostly stan dard

Co r authors such as Galen , H ippocrates , Egidius ( bo lie n sis t Ph ilare tu s h e o h ilu s ) , Cons antine , , T p (the

tw o the Plate ariu s last are probably same person), ,

n tidotariu m o f ico lau s and the A N . The medical works in the Dover Priory catalogue

t o f are in many ins ances those quite unknown authors .

t o an n itius I t is true hat there are works by J , H ippo

R z T ro tu la Plate ariu s crates , Galen , a es , , N icolaus , , and t t Gilbert , but the ca alogue also con ains such books as _ M odicinale u loorti M edicinale medici oc an dP ractica fl , ,

A loxandri N ic/colai o f , all three which are briefly annotated by the compiler o f the catalogue J ohn

M t . Wh te fe ld os ard or . D r y , as y J ames suggests that this means that the books were so dilapidated f that they were only fit o r wrapping up mustard . 1 1 8 ST U DY OF ME D I C I N E I N OX FORD

t it From these three ca alogues , therefore , is pos sible to form a very good picture o f the facilities fo r reading medicine which any enthusiastic medical

o f writer the fourteenth century could obtain .

n o t u t t I t is , however , nreasonable to suppose ha Oxford possessed Single Copies at least of the same

o f medical works as were at Montpellier . A list these which were in u se 1 309 — 1 340 can be found in

Rash d ll n i ersities t a U v o E u ro e . H as ings , f p , vol . ii , pp

2 80 a o f U , 7 . The f me Montpellier as a medical ni

v o f O ersity was , course , far superior to that of xford , fo r the number o f medical Doctors at Oxford w as

always small . Books , however, despite the difficulties

o f z reproduction , must have been diffused with ama ing O rapidity in the Middle Ages , and as xford had a Faculty of medici n e that Faculty probably possessed

some books , even before the New College bequest .

’ Duke H umphrey s library contained a number o f

o f 1 w as medical books , but the date his bequest, 4 3 9 ,

’ over a hundred years after Gadde sde n s period o f

study . What opportunities fo r study had the student o f medicine in Oxford apart from books P There were at least two endowed hospitals where poor sick people

a at were c red for , or least which had been founded f O n e o . b to that intent . was the hospital St Bart o — lo me w 1 1 00 1 1 founded by H enry I , 3 5 , and the

other the hospital o f St . J ohn Baptist founded either

K 1 1 -4 2 1 6 o r by ing J ohn , 99 , more likely by H enry

1 2 I I I in 3 3 .

1 2 0 ST U DY OF ME D I CI N E I N O XF ORD when thou w o lte and note it for a so uv e raigne nota bilit t o ft fish o ft y who that ea eth milk and , catch

’ o a 1 le re thereof a lepre r a white sc b . I f p here

‘ ’ does mean leprosy th e passage is interesting as regards a certain controversy concerning fish and the

n question of tuberculous i fection by milk .

f S t n t t o . The other endowed hospi al , tha J oh t Baptist , stood about where now s and the tower and

n o f the kitche buildings Magdalen College . There was a religious house of the name founded by K ing 2 ‘ w J ohn , but, continues Wood , We ill according to most authors take K ing H enry I I I to be the ’ founder and not the rebuilder. The foundation charter

B n 1 2 1 . u is dated 3 t amo g the Bodleian MSS . is a 3 fifte e n th - o f t at century copy the sta utes , and the end o f the statutes comes a paragraph stati n g that they were ‘ confirmed by the Venerable and most holy f at o f th e ather I nnocent, the petition illustrious

K th e ing of the English , H enry I I I , who was founder of this hospital . Given at Avignon the tenth o f th e Kalends o f April in th e third year of

Po n tificate A t t t t u his . ha ime was H gh made ’ Bishop Of Lincoln . The dates are confused th e third year o f I nnocent

2 6 - fi rst I V was I 4 , i . e . the thirtieth to the thirty year

t S t w as Of Henry I I I . But the grea . H ugh Bishop o f Lincoln from 1 1 86 to 1 2 00 H ugh o f Wells was

1 This stateme n t is foun d in Avicenna. 2 W . c it . 2 0 ood, op . ., p 5 3 8 x n . . . Pr e ss mark in 1 9 1 1 MS . Top . O o d I N T H E F OU RTEE N T H CE N T U RY 1 2 1

2 1 bishop from 1 09 to 2 3 5 . The scribe may possibly f ’ o f . o have been thinking Little St Hugh Lincoln ,

1 2 6— whose date is traditionally 4 5 5 .

o f Whatever be the date the statutes , it is evident from them that the hospital was primarily a religious

u f ho se . The O ficers were three , a Master , a Steward l ce erariu s . t ( ) , and a Sacristan The Mas er was to be

to chosen by the brethren , and had exercise a general supervision over the inmates , but he was to Show no favouritism E qu alis caritas dile ctio n is de ’ t betur omnibus . The S eward , whose duties were in some ways the most onerous , had among other things

‘ ’ to look after th e welfare o f the Sick poor guests who came to the hospital Omni Sollicitudi n e curam gerat in fi rmo ru m pau pe ru m h o spit um su pe rv e nie n ’ o f tium . The duty the Sacrist was to look after

/zoru m r en s c e . . the choir ( g ) , i e not merely the singers , b u t to se e t the building , the books , the music , and hat

f n in the proper O fices were duly su g . H e also had his charge all the ornaments o f the church . I n

th e addition , as to him was committed the charge of

‘ infirmar th e de fi y, statutes proceed We ordain and n itely command that he Shall hear the confession o f any sick person seeking admission before that he be t admit ed . I f the infirm be adults , none of the follow ing Shall be admitted those suffering from leprosy ,

t o r paralysis , dropsy , mania , epilepsy, fis ula , incurable diseases . Neither shall any pregnant woman mu lieres rae n an tes ( p g ) nor young girl be admitted . th For ese should rather have outdoor relief, if they 1 2 2 ST U DY OF ME D I C I N E I N OX F OR D

are in need as well as ill , until they Shall be well ’ again . The statutes also contain rules for th e admission

o f and conduct the brethren and sisters of the house , and the oath which they took o n the gospels ran as

‘ follows : I vow to Almighty God and to St. J ohn the patron of this church , that I will live honestly

o f and chastely according to the statutes this house , and that I will serve the poor as I should in the said house : S O help me God and these holy ’ Evangels . The statutes Show that the hospital was in the

A S main a religious house . for the patients , they would seem from the passage just quoted to hav e been limited to those suffering from acute disorders such as fevers and other pyrexial complaints , for the class o f case mentioned as forbidden admission

le rosi includes most chronic disorders . The p pro bably meant any skin disease ; paralitici ruled out all o ld hemiplegias and many diseases of the spinal

dro ici t Of cord ; y p swept away nephritis , mos kinds

o f morbus cordis , cirrhosis the liver, and possibly sundry abdominal tumours ; epilepsy and incurable diseases were banned ; and finally pregnant women

n were o t allowed to share in the charity.

a There rem in the specific fevers , ague , and such complaints as pneumonia and bronchitis . H ere there would be a small amount of clinical material for any o ne who was reading for a degree in the

t was medical faculty to s udy , but as no clinical study

. 1 24 ST U DY OF MED I C I N E I N OX F OR D

when they are hung up by the feet, food is none the

n o t less drawn into the stomach , which would happen unless th e natural energy o f th e stomach drew it up it ’ and made ascend . t t Execu ions too , at leas by decapitation , might surely have suggested to a medical observer that the

t e t ar eries did not carry spirits but blood , and y this

’ w as n o t t fact grasped un il H arvey s time , although f it Galen was aware o .

so se e th e Such , then , far as we can , were

fo r opportunities clinical study in mediaeval times , and Gaddesden at any rate must have seen a good

t R osa number of patien s before writing the , but whether he made any u se o f the possible opportunities

fo r study before taking his degree is very doubtful . R B I T I S H M U SE U M MSS .

FOURTEEN T H - CENTURY I LLUSTR A TI ON S OF S UR G I C AL

P E AT I N &C . O R O S,

’

C m e aire do Cesar. . Cae a an e at n . E . 1 06 . L es o n t s g 5 m f 9, s ri op r io ' L a Grande H istoire de esar : ma e at u e 1 7 F . ii . C d Br g s for

E wa . . t c en e . d rd IV f 9 , Bir h s ’

1 6 . . e C mmen a re o ules Cesar. 2 ae a an v L s o t i s d . G iii j f 3 , C s ri

at n P . Oper io (f. 3 9 )

6 E n E onu m t n va u aut . 1 2 2 vi m e c . . . O Colle io by rio s hors f b,

n n . 0 b e e t ext ac L n . . 2 8 e an . yi g ill f 5 b , Tr p i g f 5 3 , T h r

&C . t n . Ot e . 6 io h r ff 5 4 b , 5 4 7

1 0 E . iv D t . 6 Cu n e at o n . ec e a . . r ls f 7b, ppi g op r i ’ la sante ar A ldeoranius do l ane 2 . L ivre ou r arder S o , 43 5 p g , p

m n t e va u med c a c en e &C . ien ne. Man ma a u S y s ll i i r s of rio s i l s s, ’ 2 /zn and lle Travels. . P t a t n Add. 1 8 . o M evi s 4 , 9 j f 4, or r i of Joh ux— L a a a Bordea B rb .

K L LIST OF BOO S CONSU TED.

H T I G R AS HDALL Tlie Universities o E uro e in tile Middle AS N S . f p

A es. C a e n n P e 1 8 . g l r do r ss, 95

A Y un me ta ad m n 1 6 T M i n A c e ico . R L o n ma s 8 8 . NS E . e e olls S ri s . g ,

H I A -BR EH OLLE [ distoria i lomatica F r derici U LL RD S . D p i P a P n 1 8 ris : lo , 5 4 . /é FR E I ND . stor o c /si . n n 1 [ J i P z L 0. y f y o do , 75 C N D e o a ta P r ri . A m t 0 . Vi e am 1 6 . ARDA , J p s rd , 5

C K . R e imen anitat s a ern anum lbo s E S i S l it . x D . A . Ta RO g O ford : y , 1 8 0 3 . H I PALE N I l in I S S S . L ioer E t molo iarum. en ce : L o s e IS DORUS y g V i , 1 8 4 3 . ’ H OF B i Th e I S Y I n M n P atrolo a atina. JO N SAL UR . g e s gi L

' Roli ratz s c cu W 1 0 . e te . C . . e . C a en n P e , di d by C J bb l r do r ss , 9 9

U S B Y. es n naucer L n n : Mc llvain e L N S tud i C . o oo O UR i do Osg d , 8 C o . 1 2 , 9 . 1 2 6 LI ST OF B O OKS CON S U LTE D

I MPS N S IR Y . A rchaeolo ical E ssa s. S O , J . g y ‘ e retales L b xtu n if cii 8 D c e e Bo a . L n 1 . , i r S s , VIII yo s , 5 4 ’ L E v ls r a et e a Med. ev l 1 1 YS E R . A z to i P o . et Ro m t. A . H a ae . , 74

H E N S L W M edical Work o t/ze Eourteentlc en r a ma O . tu s f C y . Ch p n

Ha 1 8 . ll, 94 ’

L CI EN LEC E C . H istoire de la Medecin e A raoe 2 v . Pa U L R , ols ris

E . Le ux 1 8 6 . Fo r n mat n as to A a c w te an d ro , 7 i for io r bi ri rs t an at m th e e an d as to me aeva t an at r sl ors fro Gr e k, di l r sl ors m fro th e A rabic into Latin .

W t r rom tlze ar ie t 77285 . E . I T I T l H . Med cal H is o E s 2 1 B . NG ON i y f its L n n : Th e c en t c P e 1 8 . n u te o do S i ifi r ss , 94 Co s l d for

admirable list of au thoritie s an d e dition s of me diae val write rs .

A rticella. L n h n De La P ac e 1 1 yo s Jo l , 5 5 . M o n umenta F ranciscana R e e . . olls S ri s

e bra e o n ur R . M . atalo u s o tno ncient i ri s a terb M. JA ES C g f A L f C y d D er am r 1 an C t 0 . ov . e Un ve P e b idg i rsi y r ss, 9 3

C . I I A illes do Corbe l P a L a Anc nn e E . G i . : e e V LL RD ris ibr iri i ,

H n é C am n 1 0 . o or h pio , 9 9

1 2 8 A PPE N D I X A

Cum semper h o n o rificu m ac religiosum existi m av e ris u t a e t au c to ritate in , qu ntum gratia apud v ictissimu m princ ipe m Lu do v icu m Mariam S fo rtiam v alio ru m h n ribu s e t x e rire o o e re . aleres , commodis p Tantum autem te studiosi e t literati viri de s e be ne m e ritu m fate ntu r u t sit esse , nemo ferme qui bo naru m studia amet , quin te quoque artium nomine

e t v e ne re tu r. colat Legis passim de te historias , o e mata e t o ste ritati t p , actiones , p uae (quod raris b d u r e illu d simum omini at ) praesens s . Quin ausim h o minu m be atitu din e m dicere , nullum te genus ad tibi e t e te rn itate m aptiu s obligare po tu isse quam di e r issimo s P s m m u l s s t . o s e to viros , nominare in te m su s ce e ru n t I talia , qui a singulare presidiu p , v e re re r n e t nisi epis olae modum excederem . e o s be ne fice n tiae rae co ne s Nam tuae p citare , quia Me dio lan i u o ttidie o cu lo s v e rsan tu r su e rva q ante , p c an e u m arbitro r e st esse . Testis universa academia T ic in e ns is a m te , quae tantum f stigiu patrono , tum sa ie ntiu m ce le britate salario ru m p , tum magnitudine acce it A mbro siu m R o satu m p , quantum nunquam ante ide ru n au de u n t E o v t b . maj ores nostri , posteri g g vero isto tempore stu dio ru m nomine quae su b te in c o n stite ru nt summo apice , tum privatim , tum publice tibi u e A rtax e rxis lector, q ( regis rustici exemplo) m u nu sculu m h o c do ctu m sane e t e ru ditu m pe rso l imu v s . Nam cum I o an n e s Antonius Birre ta vir s ingularis Ticine n s iu m dix e rim exempli (pace omnium ) optimus , paulo ante me admo nu isse t nactu m se Rosarium in n a raru m e t u ve n ibu s Medici , opus . reconditum , j e ru tile se n ibu s e t e xe rc itatis a rim e p pp desideratum , e rle e ndi u e mihico iam fe cisse t multa ibi se cre tio ra p g q p , an imadve rti a re c e ntio re s a , qu e post alios N icol us Flore n tinus in primis vir in omni medicina diligen tissimu s v e lu t a ro se is flo ribus u tilio ra co lli e n s , pis e g r n di u s r in g a b s suis vo lu minibu s c o nge se at . ‘ ’ DE D I CAT I ON OF T H E R OSA 1 2 9

u t a Birre ta fru alitatis Nunc emend rem , cum idem g an ti u ae u t e st an m e u q specimen , in postul do od st s e t v e re cu n dus ro asse t ro an du m a , g , etsi g cui vit m de be re m n o n a m u lto u e u er t , multo labore q st dio e ffe c im u s u t in u tilatu m te m o ris u e t , quod longi p sit librario ru m n i de rav atu m fu isse t c u a i cur a p , lo is q e falso In ve te ru m libris pass im alle gaban tu r dilige n te r re co n itis in fac ie m abso lu tam fi u ram u e ristin am g , g q p ro re dde re mu s u t R o sariu s fu isse t p virili , qui Olim , nu n c agn itus v e lu ti ex horrida e t lo nga pe re gri n ati n do mu m x ultu s re dire t o e e c . , tandem ad suos atro n u m e t n R Te igitur p domi um , Ambrosi osate c o n o sc it n su ae c o lu me h salu tat S ibI g , te ge tis , te . v in dice m parav it qui regu m pal ati a colis e t in aulis rin c i u m to tu e s H u nc e le isse p p s . cum leg s iterum g n o n o e nite bit e t a a e t p , tam varia expert , tam mult i in u o u presentanea remedia affat m m istrat . Q fit t n o n sic u ti ro sam u lch e rrim u m temere florum p esse , am ride m a no stro s re ce tu m j p pud p est , Sic liber iste omni u m re c e n tio rum v igilias atque artes qui de h ac scri e ru nt re t u n v e n re ps facile s u pe . Q a tum vero u Statis e t e le gantiae Ros a ipsa prae s e fe rat assid u e a u l a e ctitas . a o dis , quotidie Qu e etsi inter cor n n a m o rtaliu m v e te re s c sit me t sero apud re epta , ob id no n debet mirari Plinius Sec undus n o v ic o me n sis c o n te rrane u s n e a e t a a tu s , Veneris enim s ne de e o te n tissimae fu e rat n p tantum , cuj us nume ipsi m a n f rm id n Pro in de A quoque g i dei re o a t . apud p th o n iu m scriptum e st u i ro sae ulch ritu din e m de miratu r la am Q p , p g u Veneris co n side re t Sed h o c vetus es t . Q a m lepide e t eleganter Liban iu s s o ph ista Gre cu s ro sam

e de scribe n s fl o ribu s s in u lis an te o n it. V neris , eam g p E t le idissima n o n in suav e quoniam fabella ipsa p est , illiu s c o n te x tu su mmatim tibi fore duxi , Si pauca ex ro o sue ro p p . u o in u it de ab us datu s e st Q q tempore pastor judex , I 1 30 A P PE N D I X A an e b atu r an e batu r ce stu g Juno , g Minerva , quod illo qui cingulus erat in quo amo ris V ires insu nt e t cupi n v e luti u o dam e t di is , se Venus medicamento q forme n e xo rnasse Ita I n lenoci io t. certamine prius venturas n e abant u de o n e re t g q am ubi a se Venus cestum p . D e m s it n p dea ci gulum , pacta sibi cesti vice alium n u a r re S caman dru m e r it l or atum q e e . Ad p g ectura fl r s s e x li ab h rbidu m o e e c at e . , qua pratum sub ripa p Lota ibi dea statim q ua causa ve ne rat orn atum i u ae re bat . su av s q sibi Tum , nescio qui mire aspirare am am V le e rat u u m a Odor visus , j lilia j iolas g , q tame a m a is u e blan die batu r odor ille m gis interim g q . Pe r it fl a ran tis a subse u i v ro sam g aurae g vestigi q , idet v isamqu e n aribu s admo v e t e t esse han c su ave o le n tiae m o n fl s r a illi n s atre m c g o scit. I bi o re s a pe n ta c e te ro s ab ic it tan tu m u e n re c e it s e j humi , q rosis coro ata p ad n ait flo ri a de u o . I d m Nec , , plus Veneri flos quam n ratiam Ade o u e c o nfe s Venus co ciliare g visa est . q e t n v ic tae u t ne i sae m tim J uno Mi erva , p quide a e x e ctare n t c alc u lu m se d accu rre nte s p storis p , u traqu e sertum c rin ibu s de trax e rint fl o re mqu e de o sc u latae ipsum ru rsu s Veneris capiti re po su e ru n t . n s ubte xu i u t H aec , mi patro e , ego primum quanti R sit e x licatiu s e e t m o x n e tua osa p l geres , ipsum libe llu m qui m e dic inae Rosa in scribitu r gratia e t dare m u a su mu s u de frau s . t favore Con ti certe , q u am abso lu tiu s fie ri posset tu u s R o sarius a Birre ta be n e vo le n tissimo e t nostro tui , a Francisco Girardengo socio e t contubernali viro industrio ac mitte re tu r u i a diligenti ad te . Q etsi ceter vita lau datissim a n m x e x ce lle re su t , hoc tame ma ime j udi an n o n c as ti atu m e t e x o litu m c tur , quod nihil ante g p m m n a av aritiam e t impri e ndu curent . A d ta t m sor didos su mptu s ex impre sso ribu s maxima pars lapsa u t e r e ram au t scri tis est , libris p p temere p , non ante re co gnitis s iqu id imprimi j u sse rin t in pejus semper

r . u t ve rte int . Sed de his satis Tu modo ostende (

1 3 2 A P PE N D I X B au de re racticare p aliter vel mederi , nisi Salerni primitIIS in co n ve n tu publico m agistro ru m judicio co m ro batu s te stimo n ialibu s lite ris fide e t p , cum de su ffic ie n ti s cientia tam m agis tro ru m quam ordina no stro ru m rae se n tiam n o stram torum , ad p , vel , nobis abse ntibu s illiu s rae se ntiam a regno , ad p qui vice nostra in regno re manse rit (o rdinatu s acce dat) e t a nobis vel ab e o me de ndi lice n tiam c o nse qu atu r ; pen a publicatio nis bonorum e t an nalis carce ris imminente iis qui contra hoc nostre serenitatis edictum in s r m fu e in i a e po te u ausi r t prac t c r . The licence w as granted after the following form given by Huillard- Bréh o lle s

R otri o n E ist lio v a zzz F r m d Vi . o . i c x . p , . , p.

t facimu s fide litati fide lis N o um vestre , quod noster n o stram acce de n s e xaminatu s v N . ad curiam , , in entus fide lis e t fide liu m o rtu s e t su ffi c ie ns de genere , ad e xe rce ndam e xtitit e r m artem medicine , p ostram r batu s I iu n curia m app o . Propter quod de ps s prude tia e t le alitate co n fi si e o in n a g , recepto ab curia ostr fide litatis e t fide lite r e xce r sacramento, de arte ipsa ce n da co n su e tu din e m a e i juxta jur mento , dedimus lice n tiam e xe rce ndi artem medicine in partibus ipsis u t amodo artem ipsam ad honorem e t fide litate m n o stram e t s alu te m e o ru m fide lite r qui indigent , ibi c u cir a fide lit ti de be at e xe r e re . Q o c a vestre preci ie n do a re dictu m p mandamus , qu tenus nullus sit , qui p fide le m n N . nostrum super arte ipsa medici e in terris i s is u t e st e xe rce nda im e diat c e te ro p , dictum , , p de r t vel pertu be .

T T L I B 111 I . . . , XLVI

Quia nunquam sciri potest scientia medicine nisi 1 re sc iatu r statu imu s de logica aliquid p , quod nullus

1 h . S e e exce t m Pe t a c . 1 0 rp fro r r , p 4 R E G U LAT I ON S I N S I CI LY 1 3 3 stu de at in medicinali scientia nisi prius s tu de at ad minus triennio in scientia logicali ; post trie n nium Si v o lu e rit n ro ce dat in u a , ad studium medici e p , q per quinquennium stu de at ; ita quod ch iru rgiam que est re ic tu m i pars m edicine infra p d tempus add scat . Post quod e t non ante c o n ce datu r sibi lice ntia rac ticandi e xaminatio ne f p , juxta curie ormam pre a a e t n ih ilo minu s ro e o re dicto h bit , recepto p de p tempore stu dii testimonio magistrali . Then follows a paragraph deali ng with the duties o f man o f 1 the medical and giving a scale fees . The decree proceeds N ec tam e n post c o mple tu m quinquennium pra cticabit n n e x e rti , isi per integrum a num cum consilio p r i tu Ma is tri istu d medici p act c e r. g vero infra quin qu e n n iu m libros au th e ntico s tam H ippo cratis quam a n do ce an t tam in G le i in scholis , in theorica quam a a co n stitu tio n e practica medicina . S lubri eti m sanc imu s u t nullus ch iru rgicu s ad prac ticam admit a Offe rat m a istro ru m tatur , nisi testimoni les literas g in medicinali facultate lege n tiu m quod per annum saltem in ea parte medicine stu due rit que chirurgie facu ltate m re se rtim anato miam h u man o ru m instruit , p didice rit e t corporum in scholis , Sit in ea parte medicine perfectus sine qua nec incisiones salubrite r r n fa fie ri po te u t nec cte curari .

1 6 S e e c a . . 1 0 . h p iii , p APPE ND I X C

TE XT OF D E C RE E OF B ON I FAC E V I I I C ON CE R N I N G T H E M U T I LAT I O N O F B OD I ES

T T COMMU NI U M LI E. T I T . V l EX RAVAGAN ES , I I I , ,

P C A . I

D l Bo iu s O tavu s r s n ac c . o S epu tu i . if

De te stan dae fe ritatis abu su m uo dam , quem ex q more h o rribili non nulli fide le s impro v ide pro se quu n iae inte n tio nis ducti n e tur , nos p proposito , abusus pre dic ti sae v itia u lte riu s a dilace re t corpor humana , m e nte s u e fide liu m h o rro re c o mm o v e at e t e rtu rbe t q , p

au ditu m de cre vim u s abo le ndu m . , digne Prae fati n amqu e fide le s h uj u s suae impro ban dae co n su e tu dinis v itio u is u am utique intendentes , Si q q o v e l di nitatis insi nitu s ex eis genere nobilis , g titulo g , praesertim extra s n arum partiu m limites debitum n e rso lvat alie n is re m o tis u aturae p , in suis vel partib s , u o dam im iae sepultura electa , defuncti corpus ex q p ie tatis affe ctu tru cu le n te r e x e n te ran t illu d p , ac mem ' b ratim immanite r co n cide n te s vel in frusta , ea subsequenter aqu is immersa e xpo nu n t ign ibu s deco t o ssibu s quenda . E tandem (ab tegumento carnis e xc u sso rae dic tas mittu n t ) eadem ad partes p , seu de fe ru n t tu m u l n d div in ae a a. Quod non solum a co n s e ctu i lu rimu m re dditu r m jestatis p abominabile p , sed etiam co n s ide ratio nis o btu tibu s occurrit ve h e m e n tiu s abh du m o rre n . V o le nte s igitur (prout o fficn nostri debitum e x igit) ’ illud adhibe re o in hac parte remedium , per qu d tan tae abo minatio n is tan tae u e imman itatis e t , q

APP E ND I X D

‘ T H E I SAGOGE ’

For the right understanding o f any work o n a medi eval medicine , it is necessary for the reader to n u derstand the various technical terms employed . n w a H e will , for insta ce , al ys be met with such ‘ ’ ‘ s ix - n a a expressions as the non atur ls , the n turals a n - and so o n . These are expl i ed in the well known I sa o o o an n itiu s o r work the g g , written by J , , to give w as him his Arabic name , H unain . This treatise the I n troduction which he wrote to his translatio n o f th e lldicrotogn i o f Galen . I t was translated into

Latin at an early date , but by whom is not known .

I n places the Latin is very obscure . The version from which the followi ng transl ation has been made is that printed in the A rticolla published at Lyons 1 1 I n 5 5 .

T H E BEGINNING OF THE I NTRODUCTION OF ANNI T U S T J O I o MEDICINE .

n tw o Medicine is divided i to parts , namely theoretic and practical . And o f these two the f v sa theoretic is urther di ided into three , that is to y, o f - the consideration the naturals , the non naturals , d 1 an the contra naturals . From the consideration o f o f o f h these arises the knowledge sickness , healt , and o f n a s i n ificatio n s the mea st te , and their causes and g o f when the four humours increase in an abnorm al o r n occasio o r manner, of what may be the causatio ( ) n significance of sick ess .

1 ‘ ’ S ee R osa . 1 ve c o l. 2 na e r i , fol rso, , Sig f bris Te t an e . T H E I SAGOGE 1 3 7

OF THE NATURA LS .

a a are in : The n tur ls seven number elements , a co mmioction es com ositionos qu lities ( ) , humours ( p ) ,

n a n . members , e ergies , oper tio s , and spirits But : a e u some add to these four others namely , g , colo r,

figure , and the distinction between male and female .

l o E lemen ts .

: There are four elements fire , air, water, and is and earth . Fire is hot and dry ; air hot moist ; water is cold and moist ; earth is cold and dry .

k ualities T o Q .

n a an d o n e There are ine qualities , eight unequ l a f : a . O equ l the unequal , four are Simple n mely , h o t d . a , col , moist , and dry From these rise four : h o t compound namely, hot and moist, and dry, cold d an an d . moist , cold dry The equ al is when the body is S O disposed that it n a is in good co dition and in a mean st te , when it has ‘ a o f all E u alis a proper mount four . ( q vero est quando cum mo de ratio n e corpus incolume

O tno H u mo rs D moriou s f u ( o H u ) .

com osition os The humours ( p ) are four in number . a n mely , blood , phlegm , reddish bile , and black bile .

Blood is hot and moist, phlegm is cold and moist , reddish bile is hot and dry, black bile is cold and dry . o m v tI f arIe e S o . Of pnl g . There are five phlegm

There is the salt phlegm , which is hotter and drier th an the rest and is tinged with the biliary humour. There is the sweet phlegm belonging to hotness and

n c is u . damp ess , whi h tinged with the sanguine h mour There is the acrid phlegm belo nging to coldness an d

is n . dryness , which ti ged with the melancholic humour 1 3 8 A P P E N D I X D

There is the glassy phlegm , which arises from great coldness and coagulation such as occurs in old people are A n who destitute of natural warmth . d there is a c an d n o nother whi h is cold moist ; it has odour, o w n but retains its coldness and moistness . O roddis/c il R f é o. eddish bile exists in five

different fashions . There is reddish bile which is a o r an d a cle r pure hot , both by nature and subst nce , o f which the origin is from the liver . There is is - another which straw coloured , from which the o f origin is from the watery humour the phlegm , and

pure reddish bile , and therefore it is less hot . a o f Another is vitelline . I t is Simil r to the yolk an o f egg , and it has its origin from a mixture coagulated

phlegm and clear red bile , and this is less hot . o n e o f Another is green bile , like the green a leek rasiu m a l (p ) , and it rises genera ly from the stomach o r the li ver ; and there is another which is green like v a o f erdigris , and which burns fter the fashion a n an d its to o adu stio poiso , origin is from much , and it o w n and possesses its proper colour its own energies , both good and evil . O aa k ile f l c o . Black bile exists in two different a n o n e f shio s . I n way it may be said to be natural to the dregs o f the blood and any disturbance of the a a s me , and it can be known from its bl ck colour o u t o f w whether it flows the body from belo or above , an d its property is cold and dry . The other kind is o f altogether outside the course nature , and its origin adu stio o f an d s o is from the the choleric quality , it is a rightly called bl ck , and it is hotter and lighter , an d having in itself a most deadly quality and a pernicious character.

e oo Of tne variou s kinds of m m rs .

o f in There are four kinds of members . Some the th e t are principal , and are as it were subs ance and

1 40 A PPE N D I X D energy in its generating function is served by tw o o ne others , which transmits the food and the other c a tw o f o ne whi h sh pes it ; and these dif er, the from fo r the other, the first changes the food and ministers n a to the generating e ergy , without the Sh ping , but the second does the same thing with shaping . And the operations o f the informativ e energy are five

Pe rfo rabilis . Assimilativa , Concava . , Aspera , Lenis O m2 S iritu al E n er a f p gy . From the Spiritu l e v an d energy proc ed two Others , one the operati e , the other the result of the operation . The opera tive energy is th at which at o n e time dilates an d at a an d another contracts the he rt the arteries , and the o f — V results this are as follows I ndignation , ictory , a d n an . Domin tion , Astute ess , Anxiety

Of tne A n ima l E n ergy . The z odiacal energy a n o n e embr ces three thi gs . There is which arranges an d n d puts together a classifies . The second is that a which is moved by volunt ry motion , and the third a th e is that which is c lled sensible . From first a n proceed I m gi ation in the front of the head , o r R Cogitation easoning in the brain , and Memory in the occipital region . The second moves the lacerti o th e r ~ me mbe rs muscles ( ) , by which the are

v sa n . mo ed , that is to y by volu tary motion And the sensible energy resides in sight , hearing , taste , touch , and smell .

l o o eratio s p n . Operations are o f two kinds there are some each o ne o f which indiv idually performs that which is its w n f r n o . o (function) Such , i stance , is appetite by means of heat and dryness Digestion by means o f heat and moisture Retention by cold and dryness

Expulsion by cold and moisture . There are also compound operation s which are of a double nature such are desire (desideriu m) and carrying off (depor T H E I SAG OG E 1 4 1

tati IS n o) . Desire compounded of a double e ergy : o n e n a etit an d fo r the lo gs for ( pp ) , the other feels ; the stomach Is consc ious o f its o w n place stoma chus enim suam man sio n e m se n tit Carryi n g o ff 13 o f o rm o re o n e c o u t ano th e rattracts two energies , asts , f r o . or feels , and a third longs

The spirits are three in number : the first the

natural spirit , having its origin from the liver ; the v th e second the vital Spirit , ha ing its origin from th e v n its heart ; third the animal Spirit, ha i g origin Of from the brain . these three the first is diffused throughout the body by mean s o f the vei n s w hich hav e no pulse ; the second is diffu sed throughout the body by the heart ; an d the third is diffused throughout th e body through the age ncy of the n are a erves by the brain . These the m tters which come u n der the headi n g o f Spirit in the sev enth f division o the seven naturals .

O lleo A es f g .

a a n th e There are four ges ; n mely , adolesce ce , u von tu s sen ectu s and a prime (j ) , decline ( ) , dec y seniu m f an d ( ) . The period o adolescence is hot n a moist , during which the body i cre ses and grows - f h up to the twe n ty fi t o r thirtieth year . The prime an d n follows which is hot dry , duri g which the body remains in perfection without an y diminution Of an d - fifth bodily force , it lasts from the thirty to the fortieth year . N ext comes decline,which is cold and u n and dry, d ri g this period the body begins to an d a n o t lessen decrease , lthough the bodily force is a o r x a ab ted , and it lasts to the fiftieth Si tieth ye r . n Fi ally succeeds decay , which is cold and moist , with a o f appe rance the phlegmatic humour, and during 1 4 2 A PPE N D I X D

t this period the bodily forces are aba ed , and th e period ends with th e end of life .

O tne colou rs o tno skin and tneir D ivision s f f .

o f The colours of the skin are two kinds namely , those due to internal causes and those due to external . And the internal causes again are two in o r a number ; namely, excess equ lity of humours . From equality comes’ that tint which is composed a of white and red ; from inequality proceed bl ck , ru oeu s la u cu s yellow , reddish ( ), greyish (g ) , and white . a and s e t n The reddish , bl ck , yellow forth the ruli g humo u r of the body yellow by itself signifies reddish bile ; black by itself, black bile ; reddish by itself, a abundance o f blood . White and greyish signify n excess o f coldness ruling the body ; greyish arises melancnolia w from black bile ( ) and hite from phlegm . a Certain colours arise from external circumst nces , such as from cold among the Scots and from heat n amo g the Ethiopians . And there are many others from other causes . o r There are also special Spiritual colours , due to

o f . fear, anger, grief, or other affections the mind

tno Colou rs o ~tne H air Of f .

— There are four colours of the hair black , reddish , a greyish , and white . Bl ck is due to an excess of over- heated bile o r blood ; reddish to a su pe rflu ity o f a rather lower heat (calo ris n on adusti )— this is always the cause Of reddish hair ; greyish arises from o f o f an excess black bile , and white from a deficiency a the n tural heat and the operation of putrid phlegm , and is therefore chiefly found in the aged .

e C ats o tne E e Of tlz o f y .

h u m uf The eye has seven coats and three o s. t The firs coat is the retina , the second the secundine .

1 44 A PP E N D I X D

t t Au umn , which is cold and dry ; Win er, which is an d cold moist . air The nature of the is also changed by the stars , su n a a for when the approaches a st r or a st r the sun , the air becomes hotter . But when they separate

n is v iz . the cold ess of the air altered , , either increased o r diminished .

O m2 N a m or an d P ro erties o tne Win ds f o p f .

are su osolan us There four winds ; the East ( ) , the N a an d u ster . o f West , the orth , the South ( ) And these the n ature of o n e is cold and dry an d o f another h t n d r f o a . a e O an a a moist The two others equ l n ture , fo r the East is h o t and dry an d the West is cold an d moist. The South is Slightly hotter and moister and the N orth colder and dryer .

O Varielios o P a es an d tnoir u alities f f l c Q .

are v o f There four arieties places ; namely , height , n a n a n an d depth , e rness to mou t i s or to the sea , those p articular qu alities in which one district differs from n u a other. H eight prod ces cold and depth the n co trary . The rel ation to mountai n s is as follows : if the n a mountai s are to the south , the loc lity will be the n n and cooler , for the mountai s keep Off the hot wi ds , s o the north winds seek it out with their cool breath . But if the mou n tai n s are to the north of the locality the reverse is the case . A S regards relation to the sea : if the s e a is o n u a w the so th the loc lity ill be hot and dry , if to the n d north it will be cold a dry . n v n a Soils differ amo g themsel es . Sto y l nd is cold and dry fat an d heavy land is hot and moist ; clay a l nds are cold and moist . Exhalations from marshy land o r other plac es where decay is going on also change the air and give rise to disease and pestilence . T H E ISA GOGE 1 4 5

O E xerciso f .

Exercise has an effect on the body . To a mean f a a o . . mount it causes a me n amount heat , i e exercise in moderation m ai n tains the norm al bodily heat . all Violent exercise first of heats the body , but after wards cools and dries it . Rest also affec ts the body ; if excessive it increases n n a a n cold and moisture , if of a ormal amou t it m int i s the normal amount of coldness and moisture .

O Batns f .

Baths are either of fresh water or not fresh . - a Fresh water b ths soften the body , and if hot they

- . warm it , but if cold they cool it But a fresh water t u bath does n o dry p the body . Baths of salt or a and bitter or sulphurous w ters heat dry up the body . Aluminous o r lime (gipsea) baths cool and dry up the body .

O F oods f .

o f Foods are two kinds . Good food is that which brings about a good humour, and bad food is that which brings about an evil humour. And that which produces a good humour is that which generates good blood ; namely , that which is in the mean s commixtio tate as regards quality ( ) and working . an d Such is clean fresh , fermented bread , the flesh r a o f lamb o kid . Bad food brings bout the contrary o ld o iru s state , and such is and bran ( p ) bread , or the o r flesh of Old beeves goats . Foods producing o r good or evil humours may also be heavy light . Of o f the first kind are pork and beef, the second r o f chicken o fish . And of these the flesh the middle si z ed and more acti v e kinds is better than that of the fatter and scaly varieties . Certain kinds o f vegetables produce evil humours t for instance , nasturtium , mus ard , and garlic beget K 1 46 A PPE N D I X D

reddish bile . Lentils , cabbage , and the meat of old

goats or beeves produce black bile . Pork , lamb , i l x m a attr e . purslain , and p beget phleg H e vy foods m a produce phleg and bl ck bile , light food produces

reddish bile , and either of these is evil .

O D ri ks f n .

are o f : Drinks three kinds firstly, drink which is n nothi g but drink , as water ; secondly , drink which an d an d is both drink food , as wine ; thirdly , drink o f a o f otio partaking the n ture of both these , called p , v which is give n to c ounteract the e il of some disease . m e llic rat u m m u lsa c ndi u o t m . Such are , , and The use of the food is to restore the wholeness of

the body, the use of the drink is to distribute the a food throughout the body . But th t kind of drink which we h ave above called po lio converts the nature f n t n i o the body to itself. Sed illi s potus quem po io dix im u s n t a se perti ere , corporis na ur m ad

Sleep changes the nature of the body in that it an d cools it exteriorly warms it interiorly . I f it be an d prolonged it cools moistens the body .

Waking also changes the body , for it warms it

it . exteriorly, while interiorly it cools and dries

O Coitas f .

‘ Coitus hoc pre stat co rpo ri ; siccat corpus e t n t n atu rale m v irtu te m ide o u e infri idat mi ui , q g , mul ’ It ie nS x le fa I t o t vero e multa concussione corpus ca C t .

O A ctio n s A cciden tikus o tko Mind f fi ( ) f . Sundry affections o f the mind produce an effect c within the body, su h as those which bring the natural heat from the interior of the body to th e outer parts or the surface of the skin . Sometimes

1 48 A PPE N D I X D

The third arises from putridity of phlegm ; such , n n for i sta ce , is quotidian fever . And the fourth arises from putridity of black bile va a this attacks the Sick man after an inter l of two d ys , and it is called quartan . I n addition there are th ree kinds of fevers occurri ng from putridity . First there is the fever which lessens da da t orau y by y ; such , for instance , as tha called p g mastica s . n a ak aa rmés , i e . decreasing ( p u ) . n Secondly, that which i creases until it departs ; such as that called augmasticus a Thirdly , that which neither decre ses nor increases iteru m n until it again ( ) departs ; such , for i stance , as that called komotkon u s (671 61 Continued fever arising from putridity in the v eins begins to decline by departi ng from out the veins f into other parts o the body . Goose - Skin o r Shivering (korrzpilatio) occurs in fevers from an infusion of putrid m atter into th e v me mbe rs w h ic h morden s sensiti e , gnaws ( ) and makes h t em cold . - n And , therefore , goose ski occurs in these fevers which are characteriz ed by remissions (an esim) or a n in ter ola tion om fo r vari tio s ( p ) , the putrid matters are outside the veins .

w e lin s Of S l g .

There a re four simple kinds o f swellings ; those w hich arise from the blood an d are called phlegmo n s those which arise from reddish bile an d are called erysipelas ; those w hi c h arise from coagulated phlegm 1 are u ndimiae cimiao and called or , that is to say tumour ; and finally , those which arise from black bile and are called cancerous phlegmons .

1 ' ' nd m a S a A n n U i z e is a c orru ption of o l e . E glish tran slation of ‘ Lan anc c ca 1 00 h as v emia fr , ir 4 , d T H E I SAG OGE 1 49

The signs Of a swelli ng arisi ng from the blood are

h e : n a n n . t es red ess , a hard pulse , p i , heat , swelli g A n d the sign s o f those arisi ng from bile are these a a n o f n he t , reddish yellow colour , great pai a darti g

an d a a . n o f e character, r pid incre se And the Sig s thos arisi n g from phlegm are these ; a white colour and S O n r it softness , that if the fi ger be p essed thereon n n makes a impression ; moreover it is pai less . A nd the Signs o f those arising from black bile are : an d a o f these great hardness , a black colour, bsence feeling .

Of tko N a tu ra l Con dition (Ros N atu ralis) in tko H u ma d n Bo y .

n and n a I n the huma body , if each Si gular n tural n n a its u alit s u ch a n co dition mai t ins proper q y, conditio f r f o a . o n e o a makes he lth If any them f ils , either r sickness follows o else the neutral state .

O tko Classos o S ickn ess f f .

are o f I There three classes sickness ( ) the similar , 2 a ( ) the Offici l , and (3) the universal . An aogritu do con similis is o n e affecting the Similar m u v a o f embers (tiss es) , and they recei e n mes like f fo r an nature to the suf ering ; such , instance , as aching ‘ E st e ritu do n i (head) . ( quidem g co similis simil bus membris co n tinge n s quae Simili a so rtiu n tu r v o c ab u la cum eadem passione ; u t e st caput And an aegritu do ofi cialis is o n e which occurs in e special memb rs , such as the feet , the hands , the o r n tongue , the teeth . This takes its - ame from n ox acciden ti in rmitate the accompanying i firmity ( fi ) , as o r such podagra in the foot chiragra in the hand . Or a a n ag in , it may t ke the ame from the member in ex memoris u ious accidu n t which they occur ( y ) , as a pod gra , chiragra . to (This passage is very obscure , but it seems 1 56 A PPE N D I X D mean that an aegritu do con similis receives its name a from the kind of suffering , as , for inst nce , aching , ae ritu do o cia lis burning , and the like . The g fi is so a o r w c lled from the organ member hich it affects . ’ ae ritudo o cialis Thus toothache is an g fi , while o r n aching , burning , darti g pains in the head would ae ritudi es co similos be g n n . ) And finally an aegritu do u n iversalis is o n e which o f is associated with the two aforesaid , as separation the limbs and paralysis .

O D iseases in t/ce S imilar M omoors f . D iseases Of the Similar parts are eight in number , four Simple , and four compound .

The Simple arise solely from heat , from moisture , from cold , or from dryness . And these four may be combined so as to be compound , such as cold and moist, cold and dry, hot an d and moist, hot dry . c o f m a Ea h the eight kinds y be of two varieties , for ox u alitato sim lici either it is of a Simple quality ( y p ) , n n e o r o f or it is combi ed with o other the humours . o n e For example , a disease Of a simple quality is a ffecting the solid members , such as the Greeks call i t ca . o /i (i . e hectic) . A hot disease arising from combination with some h as humour is a putrid fever , as been said above . Chilling (algor) due to very cold air o r snow is a Simple cold disease without admixture o f any

. an Of humour But a cold disease , with admixture a a humour , is par lysis , either complete or parti l . The mark o f a moist disease is that it has an admixture o f humour ; fo r instance a cold o r ulcer ated (vacu u m) wound ; o r again a very foetid wound o f a c accompanied by wasting the body , as , for inst n e , o f fl e Sh the puffed up flesh dropsical persons , which is inactive and In an unprofitable condition quemad

1 5 2 A PPEN D I X D

(4) As to position . Abnormalities of position are du e either to a removal of the member from its proper place or to some defect in its relation to n se e in eighbouring parts . Such abnormalities we m a the fingers and the lips . The fingers y be double con lu tinan tu r o r vol adkeren t o r ( g ) , webbed ( ) , the lips a n d n o t P may be separ ted a joined ( harelip) . Separation in a member whi c h ought to be whole happens both in Similar members an d in official

m . a embers The simil r members are the bones , the n n erves , the flesh , the vei s , the muscles , and the skin . Whe n Separation occurs in a bone it is termed a fracture ; when occurring in the flesh (if recent) it n f ld is termed a wound . But if the i jury is o o n is standi g it not called simply a wound , but a putrid u wo nd . o r Separation in veins , nerves , arteries is some times called by o n e name an d sometimes by another . If the injury occurs in the middle of a muscle it is r con tritio called a contusio n o a bruise ( ) . in n I f it occurs the skin , it is termed an excoriatio b ut n this , if it be of long standi g , may become a putrid wound . Separation occurring in the official members may n f r o f o . be lasti g , as , instance, loss the hand or foot

O tko u alities ke Bod f Q of t y . The qualities o f the body are three in number ;

a a a . n mely , he lth , sickness , and the me n state H ealth is that condition in which the temperament o f the body an d the seven naturals are working ac cording to the course of nature . Sickness is defect in temperament ou tside the o f n a course nature , and injuri g nature , whence rises an efficient condition o f harm which may be felt unde fit lae sio n is e ffe ctu s sensibilis The mean T H E I SAG OGE 1 5 3

a state is that which is neither health nor dise se . A n d there are three ki n ds of this mean state : (a) when health and disease c o - exist in the same body ; which in n e as in o r may happen differe t m mbers , the blind a o a in w n o the l me ( ) in the bodies Of the ged , hom o ne member remai ns th at is n o t in ev il case o r suffers (c) in those who are well at o n e season and F a o f . o r sick at another inst nce , persons a cold nature are Sick in the w inter an d well in the summer o f n c and those a moist ature are Si k in childhood , a but well in youth and Old age . Those of dry in nature are well childhood , but sick in youth and o ld age . a n an d a are H e lth , sick ess , the me n state evident in three ways ( I ) in the body in which an y one o f 2 in them occurs ( ) the cause which produces , which v in go erns , and which preserves them (3) in their dicatin n g sig s .

tko Ca u sos Occasion es Of ( ) .

tw o Causes are of kinds , either natural or outside the course of nature . r Natural causes either produce health o preserv e it . And the preservati v e causes pertain to the mai n te n an ce v to of health , but the producti e causes the o f n expulsion sick ess . The n o n - n atural causes pertai n to Sickness or to a a a the me n st te . C uses of sickness produce sickness , n a A n and they also mai t in it . d that which pertains neither to health n o r to Sickness brings about and maintains the mean state .

O tke Cau ses o H ealtk and o S ickness f f f . The causes whi c h have a relation to health and 1 o f sickness are Six in number, and these the first is

1 i th six no n - n u a . e . e at r ls . 1 5 4 AP PE N D I X D

the air which surrounds the body . Then follow f an d n ood and drink , exercise and rest , Sleep waki g , a n d f sting and fullness , and fi ally affections of the min .

All these , if in moderation as to quantity , quality, n and v time functio , order , tend to preser e health . But If in excess in one o f these matters they tend it to produce sickness and to maintain . The causes which bring about sickness are o f three kinds ; those which are c alled primitive an d affect the body exter and are ac nally, such as cold heat ; those which c ide n tal an d act within the body , such as fullness o r a n n f sti g ; and those which are called co joint , a because when they are present dise se is present , an d fo r vice versa , such as , instance , putridity in fevers .

O t/ce Varieties o S ickn ess f f . Sick n ess may agai n be classified under two heads n amely, common and proper . Those under the first heading occur either acc ide n n n n in tally , such as striki g , bur ing , biti g , catching P ti a dece o h a . trap ( ) ( p ) , or other rmful effects Or o f fo r they occur necessity ; example , those j ust mentio n ed as havi n g a rel ation to health an d sickness . And these are really proper sicknesses and they occur in the similar members , where they a o r and in maint in Sickness , in the Official members , a i f n e . o c ses of permanent separation , . in loss the ha d o r foot .

t/zo D iseases A is n m H eat Of r i gfro .

n D isease may arise from heat i five different ways . o r o f Firstly, from disturbance of the spirits the f . n o body An example of the former is a ger, the f eroia a n su . latter , atigue , or sexu l exciteme t ( p ) n Of Seco dly , the direct action and Obvious effects

h h . an t asis . o r . heat, such as yp , i e sunburn sunstroke

1 5 6 A PPEN D I X D

O t/ze cau ses c D iseases A risin rom M oistu ro f f gf .

Disease may arise from moisture in four di fferent a w ys . an d o f Firstly, from the direct action visible effect

c as . moisture , su h a bath in Secondly , from the presence the body Of some

an fish . moist subst ce , such as fresh o r Thirdly , from excess of food drink . u an d Fo rthly , from sleep leisure .

O Me M odes o D isease f f .

There are four ways in which disease may occur an n n o f from ab ormal motio some humour. to a t weakly par .

Firstly, vigour of the impelling , and weakness of e the receiving , memb r . f a a o . Secondly , an bund nce humour

o f . Thirdly , weakness the nutrient energy

t Of . Four hly , an abnormal largeness the pores

i ess Of tko E vil Qu ality M a litia of S ckn .

The ev il quality of Sick n ess attacks and resides in a similar member in five different ways . in Firstly , the uterus . f o . Secondly , at the time birth

Thirdly , from the infant being too tightly swaddled .

. Fourthly , from defective nutrition an w Fifthly , from y Sickness hich may occur at the a r foresaid times o afterwards . Sickness of the embryo or foetus arises from a defect in the sperm , which may be either too thick r n and rich o two thin a d watery . If the child be n o t born rightly it may be affected as a for ill , , for inst nce , if it be delivered looking upwards ( P face presentation) or with the knees bent T H E I SAGOGE 1 5 7

P n to o ( breech presentatio ) . I f it be tightly swaddled it m ay be i njured by being doubled u p (duplica tu s deoilitatu r ) . Or it may be defectively nourished by n o t being a r a ble to suck o to t ke milk . And at an y of these seasons or afterw ards sick n ess may o c cu r in a co n similar member by i n cision o f an y n v n orvu s te don or ner e ( ). Or o r n o r some accident may occur, a wou d a sw a ostema elling ( p ) .

i k osses o ko simil r M emoers Of S c n f t Con a . Sickness may affect a similar member in seven f dif erent ways .

Firstly , from a midwife who holds the child e improp rly . a n Secondly , if the child be allowed to w lk too soo . m n n a Thirdly , fro an ig ora t physici n if he puts to o r a a con tra acta o r right , b nd ges , deformed ( f ) bruised n limbs u skilfully .

Fourthly , from the patient himself, should he move a o r broken injured limb , after being put up by the

u n a o r se t . s rgeo , before it has properly he led a fo r an n Fifthly, from fr cture , as , Inst ce whe the hip is twisted above the muscle o f the hip- bon e which Is o n the femur u t S i super mu scu lu m ve rte b ri quod in femore e st c o n to rqu e atu r cox a x a w fo r Si thly , from blo as , instance , if the nose be ‘ ’ in an d a driven chimus is the result. v as Seventhly , from some e il humour , is the case in o r n lepers , from some deficie cy Of the humour as is the case o f tho se who are phthisical h u mo ris ac c ide ntis ptisic is

1 This passage would see m to be a re fe re nce to some dis ca - lo tion at th e hip join t. 1 5 8 A PP E N D I X D

Of Constriction or D ilatation of tko P ores O S mootkness a nd o R ou kness f f g .

o f Constriction the pores happens in three ways . n a Firstly, from u complic ted constriction ; secondly , fle sh ine ss coartation o from thirdly , from narrowing ( ) U ncomplicated constriction is caused (a) by excess o f the rete ntiv e en ergy ; o r (k) by deficiency o f the expulsive energy ; or (c) by excessive cold ; o r (d) by o f an as n tight constriction y part of a limb , Ofte happens from a tight bandage ; or (e) from excess of dryn ess . d fle sh in e ss as Secon ly , contracts the pores , in the case of s wellings (apostema) o r in the seat of an old wound ( Pscar tissue) . n n Thirdly , narrowi g contracts the pores , whe is anything deposited in them such as a humour, or o r o r a stone , a blood clot, again anything which lies ‘ hid therein , such as proud flesh or scabies

Dilation o f the pores may be due to four causes . o f u Firstly , excess the exp lsive energy ; secondly , o f n v to to deficiency the rete ti e energy ; thirdly , excess of the colours of humours . Fourthly , to aperient medicines . Smoothness may occur after two fashions internal and external . I f intern al it may be due to liquefied and viscous humours , if external to Ointments . a m a : Fin lly , roughness y occur after two fashions n diI e o f o r i ternal , to excess sharp humour, external n from smoke a d dust .

Of E x cess of tko N u moer of M emoers . Excess of the number of members happens in two ways . I f natural , it is due to an excess of the natural t and normal humour, or from excess of the informa ive energy.

1 60 A PP EN D I X D c o n u nc tio au t hu mo re au t j , ex grosso , ex accidenti 1 vulnere , aut ex spasmo .

O S e aration o P arts N orma ll o inod f p f y y . Separation o f parts normally joined is due to either n I rIn S I n n Ic a nt c or to a e xtri s cause . I ntri n sic causes are the invasion o f (a) an acute 6 2 humour ; and ( ) a ventosity , which distends and a we kens the parts . t Extrinsic causes are cutting, fracture , rup ure due a exercitiu m nimiu m to muscul r effort ( ) , sword cuts , a distendit nything which stretches ( ) , as a rope , or

w . hich bruises , as a stone

O tko K in ds an d am or o S m to ms f N o f y p .

There are three genera of symptoms , which refer respectively to health , to Sickness , and to the mean state . And each genus is divided into two species ; n v th e amely, those which ha e to do with official members , and those which have to do with the a simil r members .

Again , the symptoms of similar members are of

. . t two kinds , i e subs antial and accidental . a The subst ntial are heat . cold , dryness , and moisture . The accidental are those which Show their significance either by touch , as hardness or

1 I have no t tran slate d this passage from sh e e r i nability to do so ; it appare ntly re fers to th e diffe re nc e b etween a frac ture an d a d cat n u nctura met me mean n a nt in th e ana islo io , j so i s i g joi ’ to mical e n e an d met me a n t in th e ca ente e n e s s , so i s joi rp r s s s , mbru m m t t e . c n t nu t t ue . Me to o ee o mean an i . o i i y of iss , , s s firs w m t a th e n n n th c n organ an d afte r ards a li b . So h t e b gi i g of e se o d paragraph would mean some thin g like th e followin g A limb or a ne can be m ve m its c nt nu t in two wa e t e at bo o d fro o i i y ys, i h r a nt in w c ca e t e e n o actu e a actu e w e e joi , hi h s h r is fr r , or by fr r h r ’ IS n o I the re j o nt. 2 the t m na ent a Cf. old er Spi V os T H E I SAG OGE 1 6 1

o r n softness ; by Sight , as colour . Some , agai , are v n e as fo r Ob ious by actio of the nergies , , instance , an d f when the functions are well ully performed .

O S m toms in tke O cia l M emoers f y p fi . Symptoms in the Official members are likewise n n d n a div ided i to substantial a accide t l . The first a re n a n four in number, mely , umber, position , ars P n P a a n ( fu ction) , modus ( arr ngement) . The ccide tal are : im likewise four namely , good , bad , perfect, c perfe t .

Me Genera o S m toms Of f y p . There are three genera o f symptoms : ( 1 ) those w an d are which Sho what has happened , they called n iti F o r n v a n ve . cog iti e or g insta ce , when we find h as the body wet we know that sweating gone before . ( 2) Those which Show what is prese n t an d are c alled n e a n n c by Gale d monstr tive , as , for i sta e , when we find a large and quick pulse we understand th at fever a is present . (3 ) Those which Show what will h ppen o f and the perception those precedes the event , as , fo r n s e e lo w e r li insta ce , if we the p tremble we judge a v u n th t omiting will occ r, which after it has happe ed a r c s i i i cativa is c lled p o e s o s gn fi . But between symptoms an d signs (acciden tia) there a n is a difference, and there is gradually wideni g v di ision between them . I f you carefully examine each o ne o f the differences respectively it w ill h ave o n e particular sign ification ; but some things which are Signs to the patient are symptoms to the physician .

S i n s and tkeir N a moor Of g .

f n an e Significant signs are o three ki ds . a ch g in the operative energy , as , for instance , indigestion ; In n a change bodily quality , as , for Instance , jau dice

I n t . a change excretion , as , for ins ance , black urine L 1 6 2 A P PE N D I X D

O Ckan e in tko O era tive E n er f g p gy . Changes in the operative energy are three in kind a o r a as tot l , as indigestion parti l , Obscurity of the o r o n e to eyes , slow digestion ; or from quality n another , as whe good digestion is changed into o r o r a turbid acid digestion , when specks like flies o r li n a chips ( g ) appear before the eyes , or partial Of obscurity the sight .

O Ckan os in u alit f g Q y .

an Ch ges in quality are four in kind . Those o r 1 obvious to sight , as jaundice , morphea , or black o r n a tongue ; know by smell , as foetid bre th or sweat or polypus or again th o S e which are known by a as a t ste , salt , bitter and cid and finally those which are known by touch , as hard and soft .

O E xcretions f .

’ a do uble a There is signific nce in the excretions . F o r t a some come for h with noise , such as eruct tions t m n from the mou h , ru bling in the i testines , and wind from the anus . And those which come forth without sound may a a : n o r be bnormal in three different w ys in qua tity ,

a o r . qu lity , in both An example of the first is o f lientery , the second black urine , of the third a flux o f blood .

O ltoration s in M eméers f A . Alterations in members are primarily divided i n an d n . nto two classes , namely intri sic extri sic I ntrinsic changes are s ix in n umber : (a) change o f 6 the operative energy of a member , ( ) changes in the excretions ; (c) changes from pain in the neigh

’ M ea a S c e e e t at S tt in th e sk n . Lan anc orph is pi of l pr h i y fr , S cience o Ciru r ie E n t an at n a ut 1 80 f g , glish r sl io bo 3 ,

. N 0 2 O S e e . . rig ri s , o 1

1 64 A P PE N D I X D

O tko D ivisions o e i ine in General f f M d c .

All Medicine comes under one of two heads , e a g ner l or particular. General Medici n e concerns itself with the right o f - ordering the non naturals . n h as Particular Medici e three divisions , according to whether it is concerned with the Similar members , ’ f o r w n Of the o ficial members , ith solutio continuity. Ab n ormal changes in the Simil ar members are treated by bei ng brought back to their original con a d a n . dition or state , ret ined therein by bandaging I f hollow organs (P c han nels) are o ver- dilated we n e a z and bri g th m b ck to their proper si e keep at rest . n ncav a I f they are too small we do the co trary. Co um fu e rin t su i Si preter mod ampliata , ad modum c o n s trin imu s e t in du cimu s g quietem . Si minus , ’ 1 c n trariu m o . )

I f there be defect of the retentive energy , we a a mollify the pl ce with fomentations and catapl sms . If there be defect o f the expulsi v e energy we use na n rta tiv diaphoretics and carmi tives (co fo a) . I f the cause be of a styptic nature use a Softe n ing o n e remedy ; if dry , a moist ; if the disease arises from constriction apply some remedy which will break it down . I n cases where there is a cha nge from the natural order of things , we restore them to their proper t working . I f, for instance , there is an apos ema , we n n cure it by bri gi g it to a head . I f the trouble arises from an adhesion (n atu ra lij u nctu ra) we either use an aperient medicament or else we alter it by surgery . If there is some new growth we take it

1 Th w n a a e m tte as th e Lat n ve e follo i g p ss g is o i d , i is ry It an a te nat ve t an at n th e e n obs cure . is possibly l r i r sl io of for goi g ‘ au w n Concava n lar is autem S m l te a t c e c e . I l s , hi h b gi s g i i i r ddi o c nt a cau e un e v t um acciderit am na strictiora suo o r rio s , d i i , for i ’ facimu modo s . T H E I SA GOGE 1 6 5

a u se aw y ; if roughness be present we smoothness , n d a vice versa .

O tke R emo val o Over r w t f f g o k .

O in vergrowth we remove either part, as in the a o f o r a c se scrofulous swelling, tot lly , as in the case f n c o ca er . ‘ ’ S e paratio we cure as follows : if from overplus f P o a a . blood , we take it way ( bleed) at all ges Si ’ S e rm ate In u e rItIa san amu ex p p tantum s . If a limb be to o small we increase its si z e by c m to o exer ise and fo entation , if big we lessen it by an d a n rest b ndagi g.

O D is lacemen t o M emoers f p f . D isplaced members are restored to their n ormal c o n dition in two ways : ( 1 ) by J oi n i n g what IS separ 2 n a IS ated ( by separati g wh t j oined . I n the former case there are four essentials : (a) to j oin the separated parts ; (i) to keep the j oined p arts in place (c) to prevent displaceme n t occurring again ; and (d) to maintain the se at o f injury in a wholesome condition naturam lo c i custodire

’ O t/zo S u cionc an d D ivision o lldeaicin o f fi y f . The practice o f medici n e deals with the right o f n o n - a n o f d u ordering the n turals , with givi g r gs

otio . are a (p ) , and with surgery Drugs dministered n m o n th i ternally by the , by the ears , by the nose ,

n v . a by the a us , and by the vul a Externally by me ns o f an d poultices , plasters stupes . Medicines administered internally act in three o r o r ways ; they loosen they bind , they bring about an n in alteratio quality , as does cold water in a v fe er . Sometimes they act in four ways : they reduce - o r d n fo r over excess ; they supply eficie cy , as , 1 66 AP PE N D I X D

o r instance , flesh blood when administered or they o r n bind what is loose , as does a styptic ; they bri g in an a a in as v . about lter tion quality, does water fe er

S u r er Of g y .

i e Surgery deals with two tissues , . . with the flesh a d n with the bones . W n n w w an d he deali g ith the former it cuts , se s , P heals (coou oro) . n a n n a Whe de li g with the latter it co solid tes , n an d u ites , scrapes .

O Me u d in o D ru s S ecies f f g g f g ( p ) . The right j udging o f drugs takes into consideratio n n a : n five differe t m tters quality , qua tity , season (of a n n g theri g) , arra gement ; and the question of r whether they be good o bad .

The end of the Book o f the I ntroduction of J o annitiu s PraIse and be to God .

APP E ND I X E

GA DDE S DE N’ S A U T H O R I T I ES

o r GADDESDEN was evidently acquainted with , had d w o f a o f even rea , the ritings a l rge number his

r . a a w predecesso s M ny, however, of the uthors hom n n he me tions are unidentifiable , and again the writi gs o f som e have become con fused owi n g to the fact a th t there were two o r more Of the same name . I n some cases he quotes both the name of the author a o f t n and th t the work , in O hers o ly the name Of the in o ne n o f author , and case at least simply the ame the treatise , or rather its opening words . This last

1 6 8 AP PEN D I X E

a e an d f but lso an astronom r a man of af airs , holding z and n o f a vi iership , was ge erally accorded the titles a th e Rais and Shaikh . H is great medic l work was Can on w an d , hich , together with the works of Galen Hippo crate s prac tically dominated mediaev al medical v i fi ve n thought . I t was di ded into parts ; amely , a o f c a a u general view medi ine , materia medic , p rtic lar dis s h arm aco i d e a e s o e a. iseases , general , p p The Latin

translation was made by Gerard o f Cremona .

CONSTANTINE T HE AFRICAN . Works quoted : n i Pan te . e 0 Practica ; g N umber of times quot d , 4 . 1 ‘ a a u n Const ntine the Afric n , whom Leclerc calls ’ e a w as n tre mphibie , , according to Petrus Diaco us , P born at Carthage ( Tunis) , and studied in Baghdad , d n 1 2 a an . 0 C iro , I dia About the year 7 began the o f f second half his li e , for he arrived at Salerno and v wa t ery shortly after rds se tled at Monte Cassino . In the retirement o f the great Benedictine house h e w ro te

various medical works . Some o f these were frankly a cknowledged as translations , while others were a a a n issued as originals , lthough re lly tr nslatio s . Among the latter was th e treatise called P an togn i o r P ica f r ract o . w as , the two are the same work I t a an a n translation of Ar bic work , which , accordi g to the latest researches is the M aleki or L iber R ega lis al- of Haly Abbas (i . e . Ali ibn Abbas) , though it was M a u da u s ascribed in the iddle Ages to I sa c J e (i . e . n a ra l Isaac I sraeli) . Amo g the cknowledged t ns a 1 o f Yo n i o f tions of Constantine were those the g , the A pkorisms o f H ippocrates with the commentary o f Galen (according to Constantine the first work of n n L iker Galen to be translated i to Lati ) , and the F ooriu m an d D e Orin is o f I saac Israeli .

1 Luc e n Le c e c [ f istoire de la Médecine A rabe Pa 2 v . i l r , , ris , ols , L ux 1 8 e mu n o c E . e be n un 6 . . Le c c t t ro , 7 This l r s o fo de d with Dan e Lec e c a even teen t - c e ntu w te wh o w H i l l r , s h ry ri r rote a istory e c ne n a tanda w of M di i , c o sidered s rd ork . ’ GA DDE S DE N S A U T H OR I T I ES 1 69

See also Viaticum in the no te o n Gerard o f a Cremon . i l ARISTOTLE . De Morbo ; De A n ma ibus ; The

o f u 1 . Letter to Alexander . Number times q oted , 5 h is 8 . c . Aristotle was born in 3 4 B , father being an na Nico m ach u s eminent physician by me . Numerous ’ Arabic tra n sl atio n s Of Aristotle s works were made in a n the ninth century , and L tin tra slations were made e v n w r n in Europe in the le e th , t elfth , and thi tee th a a so centuries . Mich el Scot , bout whose name a n D e many legends h ve gathered , tra slated the A n imations at e d , probably Tol o , about T/ce L etter to A lex an der is n o w regarded as w o f n in spurious , and there is no ork Aristotle k own n D o M oroo Greek with a title correspondi g to . D [ n onio S an ita tis . : e GALEN Works quoted g , Crisi u s D i m mm n t i k rism D o é e D n a idiis Co e n A o . ; . p H i ocrat P ro n ostica m a o n D o pp g , i . e . Co ment ry ; S im lici od D o S inocko D e M oroo oi A ccidon ti p M . D e l n terio rious memoris D o M a la Com lexion e , p , R e imen A cu toru m M ra to n i D e u vamen g , eg g (sic) , 7 ’ tis moméroru m To n i H al s , g with y commentary ; D o P ss n i u s V atz m l c c 2 l. a io é z cu fo . 0 . o 7 re t , at e u Ote d 1 foot . N umber of tim s q , 4 7.

a . . 1 0 Claudius G len born in Pergamus about A D 3 , in an d an d R studied Greece Egypt, came to ome at th e f - in age o thirty four . H e was held great u w esteem by Marcus Aureli s . H is medical ritings z a were much pri ed by the Ar bs , and numerous a w a a transl tions ere m de into Arabic , m inly by n ubai h r H unai and H s . The principal t anslators of h is works into Latin were Constanti n e and Gerard of

Cremon a . f n n O a . the works mentio ed by G ddesde Dr. J . F Payne writes The D o l ngen io S anita tis is another ’ n ame for the translation from the Arabic of Galen s 1 W e end o Mickael cot 1 o wn L i e and L S 8 . od Bro , f g f , 9 7 1 70 A PP EN D I X E

M otkodu s Modendi n o t o D e S an itate , the bo k called ’ Tu en aa , as is sometimes supposed . I have verified v n o r e n and se eral quotatio s refer ces in other books , M ot/zodu s M edendi a find that the is me nt . I suppose th at the word ingen iu m represents a n n some Ar bic word meani g Engine , or I strument o r v d (of Health) by which it is to be acquired reco ere , a c it appe ls to si k people , while the other book , On tke P reservation o H oaltk fo r f , is intended the

healthy . ‘ D o Cri i u s s o genuine . ‘ D o D inamidiis : u n a spurio s work . I t is not k own in Greek , and only exists in Latin , and was probably

written about the end of the twelfth century . The n name of the author is u known . Commen t in A korism H o ra mmen t i c t Co . n . p . ipp P n osi Comme t in R e imen u ro . n A c g . g toru m H ippocrat : all with text o f H ippocrates are

ge n u m e . ‘ D e S im lici M edicina p genuine . The full title is D o S impliciu m M edicamen toru m temperamen tis et l ati u s facu t é . ‘ D e S inocko I c annot find any work of Galen with so a Greek title corresponding to this , suppose it to

be spurious . I t might perhaps be an extract . ‘ D e M orko oi A cciden ti n this is unknow in Greek , a a and is only found in L tin , app rently translated

n . from the Arabic , and therefore not ge uine I stro ngly suspect that it is a compendium o r abstract v acciden s of se eral books about symptoms ( ), such as D o S m to matu m Can sis an d D e S m y p , three books , y pto ma tu m D ij kron tiis ; also called D o Morooru m a n i D r tiis C s s and D e M orooru m gf e en . But this is

only a conjecture . ‘ D e l n torioriou s M emoris spurious ; also called A natomia [ n torioru m P rin ci a liu m M emoro ru m or p , tt a li le Latin tract on anatomy , written probably in

1 72 A PPE N D I X E

Gerard of Cremona . Serapion the Younger lived e n d o f v n about the the ele enth ce tury , and wrote a t D e P ro trea ise on drugs , which is possibly the rieta tiéu s R eru m p referred to . T T t : GILBER HE ENGLISHMAN . Work quo ed P a r i a . ct c o f 1 0 . N umber times , Gilbe rtu s Anglicus flourished at the end o f the n n twelfth , and duri g the early part of the thirtee th ,

. w as a to century H e physici n H ubert Walter , R n an d Chancellor to ichard I and J oh , probably ’ t ook part in the Crusades . H e is Chauc e r s Gil be rt ne n Can tor ku r Ta les y , who is me tioned in the y n together with Bernard of Gordon and Gaddesde . an d a an d th e H e studied practised abro d , thus got n o t cognomen Anglicus , which obviously he would a a w as h ve cquired in his own country . H e a devoted Of a an d scholar of the school S lerno , also well a a P ractica w re d in the Ar bian writers . The hich Gaddesden quotes is the Co mpen dium M edicin ae n 1 0 which was printed at Lyo s in 5 1 . U DA E U S : D e F ooriou s I SAAC J . Works quoted ; D o in s 2 Or i . . Number of times quoted , 5 ' Abu Ya qub I shaq ben Sulaiman al Israili (whose J ewish name is Isaac I sraeli) was born in Egypt a o o f n b ut the middle the ni th century , and is said to f have live d to the age o o ver a hundred . H e was first in v A labite Z a the ser ice of the g E mir , iyadat All h , and o n the fall of that dyn asty took service under Fatimide al a and a n the M hdi , app rently spe t the o f a Kairaw an w as rest his days t . H e the author Of su n dry medical works besides the two tre atises o n U n P an to n i is ri es and o n Fevers . The g probably attributed to him in error . A EGI D I S OR B L EN I S : D o U C O I S . Works quoted P u lsious D e Orinis o f ; . Number times quoted , A e idiu s C o rbo lie n sis g , or Gilles de Corbeil , was a t a celebrated physici n of the welfth century , and ’ GA DD E S DE N S A U T H OR I T I ES 1 73

f u was in the service o Philip A gustus . He studied at and h as r v e a Salerno , left various wo ks in ry f irly cl assical Latin verse Besides the D o P u lsiku s ot Orin is he wrote a most am u si ng poem satiri z i ng th e l H iera ra an d o n clergy, entit ed n , a poem drugs , D e L au diou s et Vir tu tiou s composito ru m M edica a n in th e an o f min u m . There is also fragme t Bodlei a poem e n titl e d D e S iga is et Symptomatiéu s A egri tu din u m ac o f I S u In . The best count him to be fo nd ’ rbei 0 a S Gilles de Co l a 1 . M . C . Vieill rd , P ris , 9 9 Confu sionhas arisen betwee n A egidiu s Co rbo lie n sis an A e idius o r a a n S anc to and other g , r ther J o n es de all A e idio o f . n . g , otherwise J ohn St Alba s And this the more easily in th at the latter was also a physi c ian an d in the service Of Philip Augustus . Yet another A e idiu s n A e idiu s R at g , amely g omanus , flourished the o f c n an d a a end the thirteenth e tury , is s id to h ve been the a u thor o f a treatise D e F ormation o Corporis r D o F ormation o F etu s n e o . Gaddesde quot s from it under the latter title with the n ame o f the author i i 2 as A e d u s o n fo l . g . 4 r isms I PP : A k o . H OC RA TE S . Works quoted p

o f 1 2 0 . Number times quoted , u H ippocrates w as the gre at physicia n Of an tiq ity .

a a v an d w as a . . 60 . H e was n ti e Of Cos , born bout B C 4 The A pkorisms from which Gadde sden quotes we re t a n a n an d those edi ed with comme tary by G le , they were tran sl ated into Lati n a t Mo n te Cassi n o by n ve c n a n Consta n ti e in the el e nth entury . The tra sl tio from the Gre ek into Arabic w as m ade by H un ai n

n H i Th e ' m o st a d uba sh in the ni n th century . impor tant work o f H ippocrates w as the treatise e n titled A irs Wa ters an d P laces w as a n a , , , which lso tra sl ted n a n by H u i . A VENZ OA R n o t an . Gaddesden does mention y

. A v e n z o ar n c work is quoted three times , O e directly an d twice as quoted by Averroes in the 1 74 AP PE N D I X E

C llz t a o ge . The pl ce where he is mentioned directly ‘ n 1 6 in o n is o fol . 3 verso the section poisons I tem l apis s maragdin u s Inventus in capite bu ffo n is v iridis e t s le n didus A v e n z o ar tritu s datu s c u m p , sic dicit , a ad ran o ru m e ducit qua vel cum vino pondus g ix , ’ v o mitu venenum cum . A v e nz o ar died in 1 1 6 2 ; the date o f his birth is ’ n a a unk own . H is name in full was Abu M rw n Abd ‘ al- - Z malik ben Abil ala ben uhr. Averroes , who w as Collz et th e his pupil , says in the g that he lived to age of 1 3 5 and did not begin to study medicine until 0 v in he was 4 . H e li ed Seville in the service of the v and Almora ide Almohade dynasties . H is chief Taisir a v work was the , which he dedic ted to A er o n D iseases a nd roes , but he also wrote a treatise R emedies Of which a MS . exists at Paris . The Taisir a was transl ted into Latin at Venice , and the prologue to the edition printed in 1 490 runs as follows : ‘ I n cipit liber e ditu s in Arabico a perfecto viro a n A ve n z o h ar e t tran slatu s Abu M rua , de hebraico in latinum V e n e tiis a m agistro Parav ic io physico ipso v ul ariz an te m a istro a o sibi g g J cobo hebre . Anno D omini J esu Christi MCC L X X X ; primo mense ’ augusto die J ovis in meridie . ‘ ’ V ne tii M C X X Colophon e s C CCL X X . A korisms D A MAS CEN U S . : Works quoted p , with the f f o . o commentary Isidore Number times quoted ,

5 3 . H e is also quoted without mention of Isidore three times . a Damasce n u s J o nnes , sometimes called Janus Dam asc e n u s w as , given in the Middle Ages as the author of c e rtain works translated from the Arabic . These works are now attributed either to Me su e the

a n A D . o r Elder , bout the eighth ce tury . , to Serapion

a . . the Elder, bout the ninth century A D The Apkorisms quoted by Gaddesden are to be

1 76 AP PE N D I X E

his from Bruno , and he certainly took practice of dressing wounds with wine and dry dressings from a in 1 2 8 . th t surgeon . H e died 9 l i V Co l . ita . et K . o A ERROES Works quoted g , i e ai-K u lli a t Genera lities o M edicin e y , f Commentary o n Can tica f the of Avicenna . Number o times 8 quoted , 9 . Abul- walid Muhammad ben Ahmad ben Mu h a R n a s v amm d ibn ushd , commo ly known A erroes , whose n ame h as come down to us rather as a a v philosopher than as a physici n , was born at Cordo a

6 . . 1 1 2 in A . D Besides being philosopher and a o f v an d a physici n , he was first Cadi Se ille l ter a v w as a o f - C di of Cordo a . H e ccused free thinking x opinions , and was e iled to Lucena near Cordova

1 . and his goods confiscated . H e died in I 9 8 The Co lliget is a work in sev e n Books dealing in Can tica n a with medicine general . The of Avicen , e a upon which Av rroes wrote a comment ry, is a poetical ha n dbook o f medicine in the metre c alled in A r u z a Arabic , j . Both works were translated into Latin by E rm e ngardu s of Mo n tpellier about the

middle o f the thirtee n th century . M u n ES U E . : e a Works q oted Gen r lly no ame , A n ti riu m dota . sometimes Number of times quoted ,

3 3 ° Masaw aih The Mesne (i . e . Ibn ) from whom Gaddesden quotes was probably the person known as Me sue th e Younger , who is said on the authority o f Leo Africanus to have liv ed in the eleventh century . w a a w as n Any ay , work under his n me curre t in the t n Middle Ages , written in La in , but no Arabic origi al w an d exists . The ork in question is one on drugs , is D o A e ritu divided into four parts . The last part, g din iou s , deals with the medicines proper for each a u a dise se in partic l r. ‘ ‘ R Z : D e D oloriéu s u nctu HA ES . Works quoted j ’ GA D DES DE N S A U T H ORI TI ES 1 77

m A korisms A lmansor f ru ru ; p ; . N umber o times 2 quoted , 5 . Z Abu Bakr Muhammad ben akariya , commonly R z o f called ha es , was born about the middle the

. 2 ninth century and died about the year A . D 9 3 . H e a studied at B ghdad , and his great work is called

- al Con tinens . Hawi , in Latin This was a complete o n o f treatise the practice medicine , and is specially valuable apart from its medical teaching in that it contains notices of celebrated men who had preceded

. him , Greek , Arab , and Persian H is other chief th e A lman sor al medical work was , or , in Arabic , M ansu ri al- , which was dedicated to Mansur, prince t of K horassan . H e has also left a most impor ant - t treatise upon small pox and measles . I n addition o these there are a number o f treatises attributed to o f A ou éecri him under the name , which were t translated into Latin by Gerard . Among hese are D o D olorious u n ctu ra ru m A korisms the f , and the p . t t A lmansor Gerard also ransla ed the , Book I X of D e A e ritu din ious a ca ite u s ao ad edes which , g p g p , was a a favourite medi eval textbook . I sa o OANNITI U S : e. o f J . Work quoted g g Number times quoted , 3 . o an n itiu s J , into which the name of H unain ben z o ne h s ieians I shaq was latini ed , was of the great p y o f and translators the ninth century. H e was born 8 0 in the year A . D . 9 of a Christian Arab family at

H ira . When a young man he went to Baghdad to ask ih Masaw a . . n Yahya ibn , i e Mes e the Elder , to receive h d him as his pupil . The people of Hira a a reputa ’ t tion for stupidity , passaien pour des Béotiens , ’ Le cle rc s Me su e to use expression , and therefore repulsed H unain . H e accordingly went away and fo r studied in Greece , and possibly in Alexandria ,

. t t two years H e hen travelled in Persia, s udied at Arabic Bassora , and returned to Baghdad . H ere M 1 78 A PPE N D I X E he commenced making translations from the Greek i nto Arabic of such excellence that they wo n the ' o f so n o f - e sh u o f n esteem Gabriel , Bukht y , and Mes e himself, who now received H unain with open arms . t h is H u baish H unain , assis ed by nephew , was a most t voluminous transl ator. Toge her they translated S most of H ippocrates and the ixteen books of Galen , to say nothing of various works o f Plato and ’ H u nain s to Microte n i Aristotle . introduction the g o f Galen was translated into Latin , and was much used in th e Middle Ages as a textbook under the f [ sa o e oan n itii in Medicin am n title o g g 7 . The ame o f t the translator is unknown , and in places the La in is very Obscure . A n tidotariu m L . NICHO AS Work quoted : . N um 1 ber Of times quoted , 7. o f a Nicholas Praepositus S lerno , who lived 1 1 0 w o f fo r about 5 , rote a collection formulae o r A n tidotariu m compound medicines , , which became o n e f a a o the chief medi ev l textbooks in the subject . fo u n da I t was immensely popular , and formed the tion o f various other books up to the e n d of the Six te e nth t o f century . Then it aided in the compila ion n w as the e w Pharmacopoeias and superseded by them .

OF . 0 n BERNARD GORDON N work mentio ed .

o f . Number times quoted , 3 f a t a at Bernard o Gordon was e cher Montpellier. 1 2 8 H e began to teach there in A . D . 5 and wrote his

e L iliu m M dicinae 1 0 . an in 3 5 I t was Often printed , so 1 6 1 edition appearing at Frankfort late as 7. n o t t th e A lthough he does men ion the name , this is book to which Gaddesden refers .

F : Viaticu m. GERARD O CREMONA . Work quoted

N o f . umber times quoted , 5 1 1 I Gerard of Cremona was born in 4 and died, in 8 1 1 7. H e worked at Toledo , where he produced

- translations o f seve nty Six works . Among the . medical authors whom he translated was Galen, with

’ 1 80 AP PE N D I X E

R o f RUFUS . ufus E phesus probably lived about f h e A o t . D n the beginning second century . Gaddesde a quotes him five times . H e wrote large number o f t m o f t medical reatises , very any which were rans t n la ed into Arabic. Latin translatio s were also made at an early date . t D e ro rie ALBERTUS MAGNUS . Works quo ed p p tato R eru m D o M edicinis sim liciou s L io M etk Q 0 p . glu m roru . . Number of times quoted , 5 1 1 Albertus Magnus was born in 9 3 , studied at n O 1 2 6 0 Padua , and entered the Domi ican rder . I n R he was made Bishop of atisbon . He possessed extensive chemical and mechanical knowledge , ex t fo r tensive , tha is , his age , and was considered to be and both sorcerer magician . C S A RI O u E US . nly q oted once and no work men i ne d t o .

C e sariu s A . D . 0 was born 3 3 , and was physician to w h o 6 1 the Emperor Constantius died in 3 . N T J OANNES DE S A C O AMANDO . Work mentioned Ta u i u s o f m 2 c n . . Number ti es quoted , J oannes de S ancto Amando w as a Canon o f

Tournai , and lived in the thirteenth century . H e wrote an exposition o n the A n tidotariu m o f N ichol as d i. C nc r an e . i o o t ae . and also some Tables , These T a u inu s n tables were also called q , from a corruptio ‘ ’ o f an Arabic word meaning Tables (see below 8 2 a a On . 0 t . under Tag us). fol rec o , col , appe rs Dicit J oannes de san c to Amando in tra n quillo ’ ‘ su o t Tacu in o . This sen ence should read in suo

Ta a s to z z gu . This word seems have been a pu le l On fo . to mediaeval scribes and printers . . 3 5 rect , D 1 1 2 t a n 0 1 . . col , i appears as g ; on fol . rect , col , Tar n u a 8 2 . T u . 1 . as g . ; on fol 4 rect col , as g ; and T a uil/u s a n l r n i. e . e o . 80 . co . 2 fol rect , , as q , J o nn s de S ancto Amando in tranquillo s u o The word is r ta u in us tacu in u s is c t eally y or , and a orrup ion of an ’ GA DDE S DE N S A U T H O R I T I ES 1 8 1

‘ ’ ta zvim t no t Arabic word g meaning able , a board , but something in tabular form . The word occurs in th e title of a book printed at 1 Tacu in i S an ita tis E llu ckasem S trasbourg in 5 3 1 .

E limitkar medici do Baldatk . E llu c hase m E limith ar was the Latin rendering o f Abul - hasan al—Mukhtar ‘ ’ al- A Bu tlan ben Hasan ben bdun ben Sa dun ben , w h o was a Christian Arab livi n g at Baghdad duri ng a the eleventh century , and his book was c lled Ta w im as- si zka g l . I t was a treatise on hygiene in it t n n w general . When was ranslated into Latin is s ma known . I t is possible that Gadde den y have been ‘ quoti ng from this book when he says Secundu m ’ ‘ ’ Tarqan o r dicit Daqn . P T HEO HILUS . Quoted once . This Theophilus is probably Theophilus Proto r w spath a iu s h o held office under H eraclius . H e wrote t D o Orin is a trea ise , which is found in many editions o f the A rticella and is ge n erally immediately pre o r Philare tus ceded followed by another treatise by , P l Philare D e u sion s . Gaddesden quotes this also . tus and Theophilus are presumably the same person . U U o n e o f RSO . rso was the Salernitan Masters

an d D 1 1 8 0 . t flourished about A . . Gaddesden quo es ‘ ’ aff r U o ne him twice in o . suis . rso was Of the o f teachers of Gilles de Corbeil , who speaks him as

‘ S tre nuu s ambiguos cau ssaru m solvere nodos Cujus ab ingenio nulla indecisa re c e dit ’ Quaestio . D m dicam n tis m ositis o e o co . ( p , i I

H UGO DE LUCCA . Quoted once . H ugo de Lucca was the city surgeon of Bologna

A . . 1 2 1 v in D 4 . N o writings Of his ha e come down t o f to us , but his me hods practice have been described b h is so n f v o . y and pupil Theodoric, Bishop Cervia , q .

R L . s ur LANFRANC , O AND , BRUNO These three

f l. 2 t o ne o 1 . geons are quo ed in place , 5 7verso , col , 1 8 2 A PPEN D I X E

o ldd fash io ne d t as being and wrong in heir surgery . Lanfranc was pupil of William de Saliceto a nd t flourished at the end of the thirteenth cen ury . H e wrote a treatise o n Surgery which was translated ‘ 8 1 0 1 2 0 . into English about 3 , and also about 4 These two texts have been published 8 O e 1 0 2 1 . riginal S ries , 9 4 R a 1 2 6 oland is Roland of P rma . I n 4 he edited

P ractica Ckiru r iao R . the g of oger, q v . Bruno was a thirteenth- century surgeon who lived f just previously to Theodoric . I t was rom him that Theodoric took the idea o f dressing wounds with

wine and dry dressings . R ABBI MOSES . Quoted once . R h e m abbi Moses was t great Mai onides . H is ‘ lmran Arabic name was Abu Musa ben Maimun , H A D 1 1 . e and he was born at Cordova in . . 3 5 was educated by his father ; although a Jew by o f birth , he is said to have conformed to the religion

Islam when about thirty years of age . H is medical writi ngs i n clude a commentary o n the Apkorisms of A korisms H ippocrates , some p of his own in twenty fiv e a o f th e do ch pters , an abridgement Galen , and R e imino S an itatis 1 g . This was written to the order of - - A fdh al al al . the Sultan of Egypt , Malik The Latin translatio n was made by E rm e ngardu s (A rme ngau ld)

o f . n . Montpellier. There is a MS in the Bodleia Several printed editions are known which bear the R aooi M o sis M aimonidis do R e imino S an i title , y , g ta tis ; o r Tractatus R aooi M oysis qu em S oldan o Ba il i o on iao transmis t.

: D e D is ositiono H ALY ABBAS . Works quoted p R e ali g . Quoted once . ’ ‘ - al a . . Ali ibn Abb s , who died in A D 99 4, was al- Ma usi o r generally called j the Magus , which is seems to Show that he was Persian in origin . H

1 This must no t be c onfounde d with th e muc h bette r known e an ta R gimen S i tis of Sale rno .

“ 1 84 A PP E ND I X E

t th e generally called Alexander Ya ros in old books . f t o . 2 The da e his birth was A . D 5 5 . I D icardu R CAR U S . R s Probably Magister of Salerno , otherwise called Ricardus Anglicus . H e wrote a w ork called Micro/ogu s containi ng five Short treatises P ractica D o Urinis A natomia R e ressiva entitled , , , , p , P ro nosti a t g c . H e was a Mas er of Salerno about the w end of the t elfth century .

GU A LTE RI U S . Gu alte rius A u linu s t g , au hor of an t in nu m e r ex remely popular book on Urines , copied h able times . I t as been edited and published by

1 8 1 . A . J . Pfeffer , Berlin , 9

A L PH I NGUI A LP H I N I . t 1 2 or QU Quo ed on fol . 5

. 1 . verso , col Possibly this name is a corruption o f Abe ngue fit o r Akbe n u e fit Gu e fit g , otherwise Eben or I bn

fid . Wa . 8 , who was born in Toledo in A D 99 . H e t m was the au hor of a work on drugs and edicines , which was translated into Latin by Gerard o f Cremona under the title o f D e Virtu tiou s medicina m et cikorum ru .

A LGRAP H 1R L APH 1 U S : G C US . t ( ) A ( ) Quo ed on fol . 2 2 7rect . , col . . al- Gh afi i Possibly Ahmad ben Muhammad q , an

. 1 1 6 eminent physician at Cordova who died in A . D 5 . Al ua i A LGU A S IN . t o n . 8 . s r Quo ed fol 4 Possibly g , L io r d u rat la idi c s. author o f a o o . p 8 — 8 A NTI LA U DI AN S . . 8 C U Quoted on ff 9 . Not an

th e o f Alan u s I nsulis . author, but name a poem by de

D . . The reference is istinct . I I , Cap v

‘

BU S COL I ENS I . f. U . S Quoted on 5 4. nknown

h n e t H H M A . P nte to t e U v x c e a t . O ford : ora r , , ri r i rsi y