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Sinking Into the Dark Abyss: Adolf Hitler's Final Years,February 1943 Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History Volume 5 Issue 1 Article 4 4-2015 Sinking into the Dark Abyss: Adolf Hitler’s Final Years,February 1943–April 1945 Joshua Chanin Austin College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/aujh Part of the Holocaust and Genocide Studies Commons Recommended Citation Chanin, Joshua (2015) "Sinking into the Dark Abyss: Adolf Hitler’s Final Years,February 1943–April 1945," Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History: Vol. 5 : Iss. 1 , Article 4. DOI: 10.20429/aujh.2015.050104 Available at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/aujh/vol5/iss1/4 This article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Chanin: Sinking into the Dark Abyss: Adolf Hitler’s Final Years,February Sinking into the Dark Abyss: Adolf Hitler’s Final Years,February 1943–April 1945 Joshua Chanin Austin College Nazi Germany started with one man, and would end with one man: Adolf Hitler. At first, from the end of 1939 to the early months of 1943, World War II seemed to favor the Germans; under the direction of their dictator, Adolf Hitler, the Nazis had conquered most of Europe, including the regions of the Low Countries, the Balkans, Poland, Denmark, Norway and France. After the overwhelming success of the Blitzkrieg military strategy, the Nazis were soon spreading their hatred and anti-sematic views across the face of Europe. It had seemed that Hitler was unconquerable, and that the Allied powers had no chance in defeating this great monster. Adolf Hitler had rallied the people to his side proving his point that the German people needed to rebuild themselves, and expand their country outwards to provide “lebensraum” (living space) for the new Aryan race. By the year 1943 however, over four years into the war, his vision of a “thousand year Reich” was falling apart. German cities were being bombed by the British and Americans air forces, destroying civilian lives, wrecking important transportation depots and rail tracks, and breaking the spirit of the war at home. Hitler’s main European ally, Italy, had surrendered to the Allied forces, opening up a new front for the German people to defend. German soldiers were dying on the Eastern front in rapid numbers, prompting Hitler to recruit younger and inexperienced boys to the war effort, as the Soviets pushed the Nazis Published by Digital Commons@Georgia Southern, 2015 44 Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History, Vol. 5, Iss. 1 [2015], Art. 4 back furiously, and caused rage and devastation in the German heartland. The Normandy landings, which would happen in the summer of 1944, brought about panic in the eyes of the German people; they now had to endure the destruction of war on both sides. Along with the shrinking of his empire, Hitler would also be pulled down an uncontrollable hole himself. The overall health of a fit, loud, and impressive world leader, who at one time had conquered nearly all of Europe himself, would decline rapidly. His past grandeur ideas would disappear before him, as his enemies would speed up the destruction of his Nazi destiny. His trustworthy generals would eventually lose faith in him, and his decisions would be looked upon from all corners with suspicion and craziness. His mood would alter, tantrums would flare up, and the great, strong-willed courageous German leader of the past would be overtaken by tiredness and desperation. With defeat looming on the horizon, a frail Hitler would soon sink into a gloomy dark abyss during the final two years and five months of his “great war,” facing many periods of exhaustion, addictions to drugs, contracting illness, and many crushing blows, which would hurt his heart and faith, all due to the rapid decline of his empire; and as he lost his psychological mind, walked into the unknown, and gave random unexplained orders of attack, he unexpectedly pulled the innocent country he had grown to love and adore down with him. In the last months of World War II, Hitler’s rash absolute orders and weak decisions in order to keep Germany alive were fueled by the mistakes he had made three years before. In the summer of 1941, the dictator decided to make the most important tactical move of the war, and invade the Soviet Union, in what would be called Operation Barbarossa. After his failure to capture Britain, Hitler began to follow his ambition in expanding his empire into the east. This was a prime opportunity; he believed that the https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/aujh/vol5/iss1/4 DOI: 10.20429/aujh.2015.050104 45 Chanin: Sinking into the Dark Abyss: Adolf Hitler’s Final Years,February Soviets would succumb to the sharp pinching assaults of Blitzkrieg, and hand over another quick victory for the Nazis. Hitler knew that he would have to invade and march upon Moscow with rapid descent, before the dreaded Russian winter set in. His closest advisors, including Albert Speer and Otto Ernst Remer, warned Hitler about the impending future if the operation did not go to plan, due to the fact that he would be opening up another front, thus separating German supplies and soldiers, whom were now going to be needed on all corners of Europe. In his book, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny, historian Sir Alan Bullock elaborates on this ignorance saying that, “he (Hitler) was convinced that the war in the east would be over in two months, or three at most. He not only said this, but acted on it, refusing to make any preparations for a winter campaign.”1 Hitler ignored everyone, and went along with his plan. During the operation, Hitler was being drugged up on vitamins, and many other assorted minerals and tablets, in order to keep his body in check. Many scientists have said that these drugs might have influenced the leader’s decisions. The famous Nazi, who was the only one from his party to say “sorry” to the victims of the mass genocide of the Holocaust, Albert Speer recalled Hitler’s oblivious decisions: “…afterwards, strong Soviet forces had broken through the positions of Rumanian divisions. Hitler tried at first to explain and belittle this disaster by making slurring remarks on the fighting qualities of his allies…. The Soviet troops soon began overwhelming German divisions as well….”2 Hitler was very singled-minded when it came down to the Barbarossa plans; he made many excuses but did not put in the right effort in order to straighten out previous mistakes. The operation did not go accordingly to Hitler’s grand plan; the German soldiers soon found themselves stuck in 1 Alan Bullock, Hitler: A Study of Tyranny, revised edition (New York: HarperCollins Publishing, 1961), 651. 2 Albert Speer, Inside the Third Reich (London: The Macmillan Company, 2011), 247. Published by Digital Commons@Georgia Southern, 2015 46 Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History, Vol. 5, Iss. 1 [2015], Art. 4 the snow, with little protection from the cold. Being repeatedly told by his generals that the German army could not advance any further in the winter of 1941, Hitler continually said that retreat was not an option. He was not listening to the advice of his generals anymore, which led to much confusion among the government officials on how the war should be run, and led to a chain of future defeats. The Eastern Campaign continued under strain, and the German front began to crumble; in the early months of 1943, the Nazis and Hitler were handed a defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad. After 162 days of fighting, the Germans lost many experienced fighters, who froze in the cold and died of pneumonia, or were shot down by the Soviets. Hermann Göring, among some of Hitler’s other closest generals, who were personally close to their leader at first, now criticized Hitler for the poor choices he had made during the operation. European historian, Ian Kershaw writes in his article that Hitler “was unbureaucratic in the extreme, remained aloof from the daily business of government and was uninterested in complex matters of detail.”3 Under the internal pressure from his staff, and the external stress from the emotional public, who had thought that their leader was once unconquerable, Hitler did not focus on the finer details of his plans, which would cause him to lose the Eastern Campaign. Personal secretary to the Füthrer, Traudl Junge in a 2001 interview recalled how Stalingrad changed everything: “In February ’43, after Stalingrad, things were really quite different…. The atmosphere in the Füthrer’s headquarters was very oppressive…”4 Junge remembered that no one in the bunker was allowed to talk about the war with the Füthrer. The Battle of Stalingrad is considered by 3 Ian Kershaw, “’Working towards the Fűhrer.’ Reflections on the Nature of Hitler’s Dictatorship,” Contemporary European History 2, no. 1, (1993): 112. 4 “Traudl Junge Interview,” YouTube, accessed November 2, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h3I0pm14cRU. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/aujh/vol5/iss1/4 DOI: 10.20429/aujh.2015.050104 47 Chanin: Sinking into the Dark Abyss: Adolf Hitler’s Final Years,February many historians as the turning point of the war; it led to a chain of events and many other defeats, all due to the wild, disillusioned plans Hitler had in order to hold onto all the pieces of his empire even when the situation seemed hopeless; and his country would slowly become crushed and fall into the hands of his enemies, leaving the dictator to descend into the depths of sadness and the cold darkness.
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