State of Art of Using Biofuels in Spark Ignition Engines
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A Comparative Study on the Prospects of Sustainable Aviation Fuels in Sweden
A comparative study on the prospects of sustainable aviation fuels in Sweden Daniel Katebi Olle Hoffman Carlsson Kandidatexamensarbete KTH – Skolan för Industriell Teknik och Management Energiteknik EGI-2020) Bachelor of Science Thesis KTH School of Industrial Engineering and Management Energy Technology EGI-2020 TRITA-ITM-EX 2020:220 SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM Bachelor of Science Thesis EGI-2020 TRITA-ITM-EX 2020:220 Approved Examiner Supervisor Dilip Khatiwada Dilip Khatiwada Commissioner Contact person -2- Sammanfattning Flygplansindustrin behöver röra sig mot en mer hållbar framtid för att nå Europeiska Unionens klimatmål (att nå en klimatneutral ekonomi senast 2050), och under de senaste åren har intresset för hållbara flygplansbränslen ökat markant. I denna rapport sammanställde och jämförde vi olika produktionsvägar och råmaterial utifrån ekonomiskt-, tekniskt- och klimatperspektiv för långsiktig implementation. En litteraturstudie utfördes för att samla information om hållbara flygplansbränslen. Det finns ett flertal sätt att producera hållbara flygplansbränslen och denna rapport jämför tre olika produktionsvägar: Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids (HEFA), hydrotermisk förvätskning (HTL) och elektrobränslen. Av dessa har enbart HEFA godkänts för användning som flygbränsle (april 2020). Rapporten jämförde även tre olika råmaterial: biomassa från skogen, matlagningsolja samt matavfall ur ett svenskt perspektiv. Jämförelsen utfördes med en Pugh-matris som var baserad på: minskning i växthusgasutsläpp, teknisk mognadsgrad (hur långt i utvecklingen har produktionsväggen kommit), kostnaden för bränslet, effektivitet och potentiell bränslemängd (hur stor del av svenska jetbränslekonsumtionen kan vardera produktionsväg täcka). För att sätta jämförelsen i ett långsiktigt perspektiv vägdes jämförelseparameterna till: potentiell bränslemängd - 30%, minskning i växthusgasutsläpp - 30%, pris – 20%, avkastning – 10% och bränslet mognadsgrad – 10% av total 100 poäng. -
AC/DC You Shook Me All Night Long Adele Rolling in the Deep Al Green
AC/DC You Shook Me All Night Long Adele Rolling in the Deep Al Green Let's Stay Together Alabama Dixieland Delight Alan Jackson It's Five O'Clock Somewhere Alex Claire Too Close Alice in Chains No Excuses America Lonely People Sister Golden Hair American Authors The Best Day of My Life Avicii Hey Brother Bad Company Feel Like Making Love Can't Get Enough of Your Love Bastille Pompeii Ben Harper Steal My Kisses Bill Withers Ain't No Sunshine Lean on Me Billy Joel You May Be Right Don't Ask Me Why Just the Way You Are Only the Good Die Young Still Rock and Roll to Me Captain Jack Blake Shelton Boys 'Round Here God Gave Me You Bob Dylan Tangled Up in Blue The Man in Me To Make You Feel My Love You Belong to Me Knocking on Heaven's Door Don't Think Twice Bob Marley and the Wailers One Love Three Little Birds Bob Seger Old Time Rock & Roll Night Moves Turn the Page Bobby Darin Beyond the Sea Bon Jovi Dead or Alive Living on a Prayer You Give Love a Bad Name Brad Paisley She's Everything Bruce Springsteen Glory Days Bruno Mars Locked Out of Heaven Marry You Treasure Bryan Adams Summer of '69 Cat Stevens Wild World If You Want to Sing Out CCR Bad Moon Rising Down on the Corner Have You Ever Seen the Rain Looking Out My Backdoor Midnight Special Cee Lo Green Forget You Charlie Pride Kiss an Angel Good Morning Cheap Trick I Want You to Want Me Christina Perri A Thousand Years Counting Crows Mr. -
California Biobutanol Multimedia Evaluation Tier II Work Plan
California Biobutanol Multimedia Evaluation Tier II Work Plan Prepared By Butamax™ Advanced Biofuels, LLC for the California Environmental Protection Agency Multimedia Working Group July 2013 Biobutanol Multimedia Evaluation Tier II Work Plan Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................... 2 Table of Tables ............................................................................... 6 Table of Figures.............................................................................. 7 1. Executive Summary ................................................................. 8 1.1. Scope ................................................................................................................. 8 1.2. Background ....................................................................................................... 8 2. Tier I Conclusions .................................................................. 10 2.1. Conclusions of the Tier I Report ..................................................................... 10 2.2. Formulation of the Tier II Work Plan ............................................................. 11 3. Impact of Biobutanol on Elastomers .................................... 12 3.1. Statement of the Knowledge Gap ................................................................... 12 3.2. Test Plan.......................................................................................................... 13 4. Impact of Biobutanol on Fiberglass Resins and Sealants -
Assessment of Bio- Ethanol and Biogas Initiatives for Transport in Sweden
Assessment of bio- ethanol and biogas initiatives for transport in Sweden Background information for the EU-project PREMIA EU Contract N° TREN/04/FP6EN/S07.31083/503081 May 2005 2 Abstract This report is the result of an assignment on assessment of bio-ethanol and biogas initiatives for transport in Sweden, granted by VTT Processes, Energy and Environment, Engines and Vehicles, Finland to Atrax Energi AB, Sweden. The report of the assignment is intended to append the literature and other information used in the “PREMIA” project The work has been carried out by Björn Rehnlund, Atrax Energi AB, Sweden, with support from Martijn van Walwijk, France. The report describes the development of the production and use of biobio-ethanol and biogas (biomass based methane) as vehicle fuels in Sweden and gives an overview of today’s situation. Besides data and information about numbers of vehicles and filling stations, the report also gives an overview of: • Stakeholders • The legal framework, including standards, specifications, type approval, taxation etc. • Financial support programs. Public acceptance, side effects and the effect off the introduction of bio-ethanol and biogas as vehicle fuels on climate gases are to some extent also discussed in this report. It can be concluded that since the early 1990’s Sweden has had a perhaps slow but steadily increasing use of bio-ethanol and biogas. Today having the EC directive on promotion of bio bio-fuels and other renewable fuels in place the development and introduction of filling stations and vehicles has started to increase rapidly. From 1994 to 2004 the number of filling stations for bio-ethanol grew from 1 to 100 and during the year 2004 until today to 160 stations. -
A Study on the Emissions of Butanol Using a Spark Ignition Engine and Their Reduction Using Electrostatically Assisted Injection
A STUDY ON THE EMISSIONS OF BUTANOL USING A SPARK IGNITION ENGINE AND THEIR REDUCTION USING ELECTROSTATICALLY ASSISTED INJECTION BY BENJAMIN R. WIGG THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2011 Urbana, Illinois Adviser: Professor Dimitrios C. Kyritsis Abstract Butanol is a potential alternative to ethanol and offers many benefits including a much higher heating value and lower latent heat of vaporization. It also has a higher cetane number than ethanol and improved miscibility in diesel fuel. Additionally, butanol is less corrosive and less prone to water absorption than ethanol, which allows it to be transported using the existing fuel supply pipelines. However, while some previous research on the emissions of butanol-gasoline blends is available, little research exists on the emissions of neat butanol. This thesis focuses on two areas of study. The first area relates to on the comparison of UHC, NOx, and CO emissions of several butanol-gasoline and ethanol-gasoline blended fuels during combustion in an SI engine. The objective was to compare the emissions of butanol combustion to the ones of ethanol and gasoline. The second part of the study relates to the use of electrostatically assisted injection as a means of reducing the UHC emissions of butanol by decreasing the fuel droplet size using a charge electrode and extraction ring designed for a port fuel injector. Emissions measurements taken with and without a charge applied to the injector were used to determine the effect of applying a voltage to the fuel spray on engine emissions. -
Biofuels, Electrofuels, Electric Or Carbon-Free?: a Review of Current
1Biofuels, Electrofuels, Electric or Carbon-free?: A review of current and emerging Sustainable 2Energy Sourcing for Aviation (SESA) 3Pimchanok Su-ungkavatin1*, Ligia Barna1, Lorie Hamelin1 41 Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), INSA, INRAE UMR792, and CNRS UMR5504, Federal University of Toulouse, 135 5Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077, Toulouse, France 6* Corresponding author e-mail address: [email protected] 7Abstract 8Climate neutrality is becoming a core long-term competitiveness factor within the aviation industry, as demonstrated 9by the several innovations and targets set within that sector, prior to and especially after the COVID-19 crisis. 10Ambitious timelines are set, involving important investment decisions to be taken in a 5-years horizon time. Here, 11we provide an in-depth review of alternative energy sourcing technologies for aviation revealed to date, which we 12classified into three main categories, namely liquid fuels (biofuels, electrofuels), electric aviation (all electric and 13hybrid), and carbon-free options (hydrogen-based, solar-powered). For liquid fuels, 10 pathways were reviewed, for 14which we supply the detailed process flow picturing all input, output, and co-products generated. The market uptake 15and use of these co-products were also investigated, along with the overall international regulations and targets for 16future aviation. As most of the inventoried pathways require hydrogen, we further reviewed six existing and 17emerging carbon-free hydrogen production technologies. Our review also details the five key battery technologies 18available (lithium-ion, advanced lithium-ion, solid-state battery, lithium-sulfur, lithium-air) for aviation, as well as 19the possible configuration schemes for electric propulsion (parallel electric hybrid, series electric hybrid, all electric, 20partial turboelectric and full turboelectric) and reflects upon the inclusion of hydrogen-powered fuel cells with these 21configurations. -
Jamaican Domestic Ethanol Fuel Feasibility and Benefits Analysis
Jamaican Domestic Ethanol Fuel Feasibility and Benefits Analysis Caley Johnson, Anelia Milbrandt, Yimin Zhang, Rob Hardison, and Austen Sharpe National Renewable Energy Laboratory NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Technical Report Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy NREL/TP-5400-76011 Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC May 2020 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Jamaican Domestic Ethanol Fuel Feasibility and Benefits Analysis Caley Johnson, Anelia Milbrandt, Yimin Zhang, Rob Hardison, and Austen Sharpe National Renewable Energy Laboratory Suggested Citation Johnson, Caley, Anelia Milbrandt, and Yimin Zhang, Rob Hardison, and Austen Sharpe. 2020. Jamaican Domestic Ethanol Fuel Feasibility and Benefits Analysis. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-5400-76011. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy20osti/76011.pdf NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy Technical Report Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy NREL/TP-5400-76011 Operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC May 2020 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications. 15013 Denver West Parkway Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308 Golden, CO 80401 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov NOTICE This work was authored by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36- 08GO28308. Funding provided by the U.S. Department of State. -
Renewable Methanol Report Renewable Methanol Report
In association with: Renewable Methanol Report Renewable Methanol Report Renewable Methanol Report This report has been produced by ATA Markets Intelligence S.L. on behalf of the Methanol Institute. The information and opinions in this report were prepared by ATA Markets Intelligence and its partners. ATA Markets Intelligence has no obligation to tell you when opinions or information in this report change. Publication Date: December 2018 ATA Markets Intelligence makes every effort to use reliable, comprehensive information, but we make no representation that it is accurate or complete. In no event shall ATA Markets Intelligence and its partners be liable for any damages, Authors: losses, expenses, loss of data, loss of opportunity or profit caused by the use of the material or contents of this report. Charlie Hobson ATA Insights is a brand of ATA Markets Intelligence, whose registered office is located in Calle Serrano, 8, 3º izquierda, Carlos Márquez (editor) Post-code 28001, Madrid, Spain. Registered in the Mercantile Registry of Madrid, CIF number B87725198. Design: © Methanol Institute 2018 Henrik Williams www.methanol.org 2 Renewable Methanol Report CONTENTS Executive Summary................................................................................. 5 Why consider renewable methanol? .................................................7 Legislation drives change.....................................................................................7 Report structure ..................................................................................................8 -
R Kelly Double up Album Zip
1 / 5 R Kelly Double Up Album Zip The R. Kelly album spawned three platinum hit singles: "You Remind Me of ... Kelly began his Double Up tour with Ne-Yo, Keyshia Cole and J. Holiday opening .... R. Kelly, Happy People - U Saved Me (CD 2) Full Album Zip ... Saved Me is the sixth studio album and the second double album by R&B singer R. Kelly, where ... Kelly grew up in a house full of women, who he said would act .... R. kelly double up songbook . Manchester, tn june 15 r kelly performs during the 2013 bonnaroo music . Machine gun kelly ft quavo ty dolla sign trap paris video .. siosynchmaty/r-kelly-double-up-album-zip. siosynchmaty/r-kelly- double-up-album-zip. By siosynchmaty. R Kelly Double Up Album Zip. Container. OverviewTags.. For your search query R Kelly Double Up Album MP3 we have found 1000000 songs matching your query but showing only top 10 results. Now we recommend .... Kelly's 13th album, The Buffet, aims to be a return to form after spending nearly 10 ... Enter City and State or Zip Code ... Instead, this "Buffet" celebrates Kelly's renowned musical diversity, serving up equal parts lust and love. ... Up Everybody" drips with sexuality without the eye-rolling double-entendres.. kelly discography, r kelly discography, machine gun kelly ... R. Commin' Up 5. ... is the sixth studio album and the second double album by R&B singer R. 94 ... itunes deluxe version 2012 zip Ne-Yo - R. His was lame as HELL .. literally. The singer has been enjoying some time-off of her Prismatic World tour, which picks back up in September, and decided to spread her ... -
Light-Duty Alternative Fuel Vehicles: Federal Test Procedure Emissions Results
September 1999 • NREL/TP-540-25818 Light-Duty Alternative Fuel Vehicles: Federal Test Procedure Emissions Results K. Kelly, L. Eudy, and T. Coburn National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute ••• Battelle ••• Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-98-GO10337 September 1999 • NREL/TP-540-25818 Light-Duty Alternative Fuel Vehicles: Federal Test Procedure Emissions Results K. Kelly, L. Eudy, and T. Coburn Prepared under Task No. FU905010 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy Laboratory Operated by Midwest Research Institute ••• Battelle ••• Bechtel Contract No. DE-AC36-98-GO10337 TP-25818 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was sponsored by the Office of Technology Utilization, which is part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Transportation Technologies in Washington, D.C. Mr. Dana O’Hara is DOE’s program manager for the light-duty vehicle evaluation projects at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Appreciation is expressed to the three emissions laboratories that performed the testing: Environmental Research and Development, in Gaithersburg, Maryland; Automotive Testing Laboratory, in East Liberty, Ohio; and ManTech Environmental, in Denver, Colorado. We also thank Phillips Chemical Company and Compressed Gas Technologies for supplying the test fuels for this project. NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, appara- tus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. -
2020 C'nergy Band Song List
Song List Song Title Artist 1999 Prince 6:A.M. J Balvin 24k Magic Bruno Mars 70's Medley/ I Will Survive Gloria 70's Medley/Bad Girls Donna Summers 70's Medley/Celebration Kool And The Gang 70's Medley/Give It To Me Baby Rick James A A Song For You Michael Bublé A Thousands Years Christina Perri Ft Steve Kazee Adventures Of Lifetime Coldplay Ain't It Fun Paramore Ain't No Mountain High Enough Michael McDonald (Version) Ain't Nobody Chaka Khan Ain't Too Proud To Beg The Temptations All About That Bass Meghan Trainor All Night Long Lionel Richie All Of Me John Legend American Boy Estelle and Kanye Applause Lady Gaga Ascension Maxwell At Last Ella Fitzgerald Attention Charlie Puth B Banana Pancakes Jack Johnson Best Part Daniel Caesar (Feat. H.E.R) Bettet Together Jack Johnson Beyond Leon Bridges Black Or White Michael Jackson Blurred Lines Robin Thicke Boogie Oogie Oogie Taste Of Honey Break Free Ariana Grande Brick House The Commodores Brown Eyed Girl Van Morisson Butterfly Kisses Bob Carisle C Cake By The Ocean DNCE California Gurl Katie Perry Call Me Maybe Carly Rae Jespen Can't Feel My Face The Weekend Can't Help Falling In Love Haley Reinhart Version Can't Hold Us (ft. Ray Dalton) Macklemore & Ryan Lewis Can't Stop The Feeling Justin Timberlake Can't Get Enough of You Love Babe Barry White Coming Home Leon Bridges Con Calma Daddy Yankee Closer (feat. Halsey) The Chainsmokers Chicken Fried Zac Brown Band Cool Kids Echosmith Could You Be Loved Bob Marley Counting Stars One Republic Country Girl Shake It For Me Girl Luke Bryan Crazy in Love Beyoncé Crazy Love Van Morisson D Daddy's Angel T Carter Music Dancing In The Street Martha Reeves And The Vandellas Dancing Queen ABBA Danza Kuduro Don Omar Dark Horse Katy Perry Despasito Luis Fonsi Feat. -
Sion Technologies - from Short Time to Long Term
D3.6 Efficient, low-risk ramp- up of liquid biomass conver- sion technologies - from short time to long term Authors: Paraskevi Karka, Ivar Petersson, Stavros Papadokonstantakis, Filip Johnsson Organisation: Chalmers University of Technology City, Country: Gothenburg, Sweden Email: [email protected] Website: www.chalmers.se [Type here] Deliverable Information Grant Agreement Number 764799 Project Acronym ADVANCEFUEL Instrument CSA Start Date 1 September 2017 Duration 36 months Website www.ADVANCEFUEL.eu Deliverable Number D3.6 Deliverable Title Efficient, low-risk ramp-up of liquid biomass conversion technologies - from short time to long term Expected Submission M32 Actual Submission M34 Authors Paraskevi Karka, Ivar Petersson, Stavros Papadokonstantakis, Filip Johnsson Reviewers Yuri Kroyan, Popi Panoutsou, Ayla Uslu, Michal Wojcieszyk, Philipp von Bothmer Dissemination Level PU Public (PU), Restricted (PP), Confidential (CO) 2 ADVANCEFUEL at a glance ADVANCEFUEL (www.ADVANCEFUEL.eu) aims to facilitate the commercialisation of renewable transport fuels by providing market stakeholders with new knowledge, tools, standards and recommen- dations to help remove barriers to their uptake. The project will look into liquid advanced biofuels – defined as liquid fuels produced from lignocellulosic feedstocks from agriculture, forestry and waste – and liquid renewable alternative fuels produced from renewable hydrogen and CO2 streams. In order to support commercial development of these fuels, the project will firstly develop a framework to monitor the current status, and future perspectives, of renewable fuels in Europe in order to better understand how to overcome barriers to their market roll-out. Following this, it will investigate individ- ual barriers and advance new solutions for overcoming them. The project will examine the challenges of biomass availability for second-generation biofuels, looking at non-food crops and residues, and how to improve supply chains from providers to converters.