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FIRST RECORD of AMBROSIA BEETLE (Euplatypus Paralellus Fabricius) INFESTATION on SONOKEMBANG (Pterocarpus Indicus Willd.) from MALANG INDONESIA

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FIRST RECORD of AMBROSIA BEETLE (Euplatypus Paralellus Fabricius) INFESTATION on SONOKEMBANG (Pterocarpus Indicus Willd.) from MALANG INDONESIA 189 AGRIVITA VOLUME 36 No. 2 JUNE ± 2014 ISSN: 0126-0537 FIRST RECORD OF AMBROSIA BEETLE (Euplatypus paralellus Fabricius) INFESTATION ON SONOKEMBANG (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) FROM MALANG INDONESIA Hagus Tarno*), Hasan Suprapto and Toto Himawan Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya Jl.Veteran, Malang 65145, East Java, Indonesia *) Corresponding author Phone: +62-341-575843 Email: [email protected] Received: May 6, 2014 / Accepted: July 21, 2014 ABSTRACT (Carandang, 2007). Pterocarpus indicus is a deciduous tree and a member of the Sonokembang (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) is Leguminosae (Pyatt et al., 2005). In Indonesia, native of Asia trees, and commonly planted in P. indicus was named as sonokembang large numbers as shade trees along roads in (Indonesia). Sonokembang is commonly planted Malang. Research was conducted on 76 roads in large numbers as ornamental or shade trees to identify damage intensity of dying trees on along roads, in parks and residential areas in the sonokembang and clarify the causal agent of tropics (Furtado, 1935). This tree is beauty and dying trees in Malang from May to December fast growing, evergreen, has an attractive 2012. Seven variables was also investigated canopy shape, and has a typically synchronized such as characteristic of tree`s damage, short flowering period (Furtado, 1935; Joker, distribution of holes based on sunlight exposure, 2002). This tree is of social and ecological value vertical position of stem, and stem diameter, especially in urbanized areas (Bumrungsri et al., morphological characteristic of beetle, the 2008). intensity of dying trees, and distribution of dying Wilt disease on sonokembang was first trees. Results showed that there were unique reported in Malacca in 1870 (Sanderson et al., damaging characteristic such as dying and then 1996). The disease was recorded in Singapore fallen leaves, holes on the stem and branches, in 1914 and many trees had either been killed by and frass production. Euplatypus parallelus the disease, or had been removed to prevent its Fabricius was identified as a causal agent of spread in 1919 (Sanderson et al., 1996). In dying sonokembang. There were some addition, over 800 trees were removed as a indications shown such as beetles preferred to consequence of the disease between 1980 and attack stem side with much sunlight exposure, 1992 (Sanderson et al., 1996). upper stem and medium or bigger size of stem On our preliminary studies in the early diameter. From 3,206 trees on 76 roads, 69.7% 2012, there were some dying sonokembang were found dying trees. In dry and rainy season, trees along road in Surabaya, Batu and Malang. the intensity of dying trees increased from 8.14 Based on symptom and sign on dying trees, to 9.76% and from 10.26 to 10.79%, there were dying leaves, holes on stem and respectively. branch followed by frass around holes. In addition, there were found beetles inside the Keywords: Euplatypus paralellus, frass, dying holes. trees, number of holes, The samples of ambrosia beetle were sonokembang classified as Platypodids. The most popular species of Platypodid in Japan is Platypus INTRODUCTION quercivorus Murayama which attacked some oak in the Japanese forest and caused dying Pterocarpus indicus Willd. is described as and killed oak trees (Ueda and Kobayashi, native of Asia (Anonymous, 2005), it has the 2004). Ambrosia beetle in Japan collaborated western limit to be Southern Burma and the with ambrosia fungi (Raffalea quercivora eastern limit in the Solomon Islands Kubono et Shin) caused dying and fallen leaves Accredited SK No.: 81/DIKTI/Kep/2011 http://dx.doi.org/10.17503/Agrivita-2014-36-2-p189-200 190 Hagus Tarno et al.: First Record of AmErosia Beetle (Euplatypus paralellus FaEricius)………………………………….... on Japanese Oaks (Esaki et al., 2004). Similar exposure, vertical position of stems and stem`s case was occurred in South Korea, Moon et al. diameters. Last one, we collected samples of (2008) reported ambrosia beetle, P. koryoensis ambrosia beetle from five dying trees at once to (Murayama) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) as an check the morphological characters for species ambrosia fungi vector caused dying oak trees in identification of ambrosia beetle. South Korea. In the tropical area, there were some examples such as in an urban area of Characteristic of Sonokembang Tree`s Campinas City, Brazil, Platypus parallelus and Damage P. sulcatus were found attacking 16.2% of the All of sonokembang trees on 76 roads trees, mainly in the Caesalpinaceae family (96% were observed in a week regularly for seven of the records (Queiroz and Garcia, 2007). In weeks. Characteristic of attacked and damaged Singapore, P. parallelus was ambrosia beetle trees were described by using symptom and which collaborated with Fusarium oxysporum, sign on stems and leaves. All characters were caused dying trees of sonokembang in urban clearly described and documented. Picture was area (Sanderson et al., 1996; Sanderson et al., also used to described symptom and sign of 1997b). tree`s damages. Based on the important value of sonokembang and there was no report related to The Intensity of Dying Trees dying sonokembang trees in Indonesia, research Numbers of healthy, attacked and dying was aimed to identify damage intensity of dying trees were recorded to estimate intensity of trees on sonokembang and to clarify the causal dying trees. Each healthy, attacked and dying agent of dying trees. Characteristic of tree`s tree were marked and recorded. All of damage, distribution of holes based on sunlight sonokembang trees on 76 roads were observed exposure, distribution of holes based on vertical in a week regularly for seven weeks and then position of stem, distribution of holes based on data was classified into two groups i.e.: dry and stem diameter, morphological characteristic of rainy season. By MS-excel 2010, chart was beetle, the intensity of dying trees, and used to describe the intensity of dying trees for distribution of dying trees was also investigated each season. on sonokembang in Malang, Indonesia. Distribution of Dying Trees MATERIALS AND METHODS Digital Map was created to clarify the distribution of dying and attacked trees in dry and Research was conducted in five sub rainy season. Map of Malang city was collected districts of Malang City (Klojen, Sukun, from Laboratory of Geographic Information Lowokwaru, Kedung Kandang and Blimbing), System, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Laboratory of Entomology, and Laboratory of Brawijaya, Malang (Figure 1). Global Positioning Geographic Information System, Faculty of System (GPS) data was collected from each Agriculture, University of Brawijaya from May to dying trees on 76 roads based on seven weeks December 2012. There were three groups of observation. Distribution pattern of dying trees activities in this research. First one, we counted was made from GPS data by using ArcGIS and calculated dying trees from all of software. sonokembang trees distributed among seventy six roads located in five sub districts of Malang. Distribution of Holes Based on Sunlight This activity was aimed to identify the intensity Exposure and the distribution of dying trees. Second one, Eighteen trees were selected as sample we observed eighteen trees which located in to describe the distribution of holes on stem. Veteran Street (Lowokwaru sub district). We divided samples into two groups (in Eighteen trees were chosen randomly, then qualitative measurement), i.e.: exposed stem`s classified into three categories of stem`s side (much sunlight exposure) and unexposed diameter, vertical position of stem and sunlight stem`s side (less sunlight exposure) by sunlight exposures. Second activity was aimed to between morning and noon periods. We describe characteristic of sonokembang tree`s compared two aspects of stems to the sunlight damage, distribution of holes based on sunlight exposure such as size of stem`s diameters and 191 Hagus Tarno et al.: First Record of AmErosia Beetle (Euplatypus paralellus FaEricius)………………………………….... vertical position of stems. Eighteen trees were the number of hole for each part. Transparent divided into three categories based on size of plastic was attached on bark in three heights stem`s diameter and vertical position of stems. (parts) and counted by making mark on it. Total First categories of stem`s diameters was small number of holes was calculated for each (height) size (19.0-35.5 cm), medium size (36.0-45.5 cm) part and compared each other by using analysis and large size (46.0-59.0 cm). of variance (anova) and continued by post hoc Second categories based on vertical (Tukey). SPSS 17 was used as statistical position of stems included lower part (5-26 cm), software. middle part (57-78 cm), and upper part (109-130 cm) from ground. Finally, we compared between Distribution of Holes Based on Stem`s two groups based on sunlight exposure for Diameter eighteen tree`s samples. Transparent plastics Eighteen trees were divided into three and permanent inks were used as tool to groups based on the size of stem`s diameter, calculate the number of hole. Total number of and six trees for each group. Stem diameter holes were calculated for each stem`s side and were divided on three categories i.e. small size compared each other. By using MS-excel 2010, (19.0-35.5 cm), medium size (36.0-45.5 cm) and T-test was used to compare data of number of large size (46.0-59.0 cm). Transparent plastics holes between two aspects. and permanent inks were used to count the number of hole. Total number of holes was Distribution of Holes Based on Vertical calculated for each stem`s diameter and Position of Stems compared each other by using analysis of Eighteen trees were used as samples and variance (anova) and continued by post hoc divided into three parts for each tree. Distribution (Tukey).
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