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WINDSOR CHAIR-MAKING for WOODTURNERS Five Instructors David M FEATURE WINDSOR CHAIR-MAKING FOR WOODTURNERS Five Instructors David M. Fry t first glance, the familiar Windsor largely from the strength and longev- chair beckons to turners as a ity of parts rived straight from the log, A natural, if ambitious, project in with little grain runout and high resis- furniture building—an elegant array of tance to breakage under load. (Factory flaring spindles elevating a sculpted seat chairs rely on sawn stock more vulner- and curving back rail. The underlying able to fracture.) Consequently, courses reality, however, is more complicated. usually introduce students to greenwood Among hand-built antiques, for example, tools such as maul and splitting wedge, those slender back spindles likely took drawknife, and shave horse (although shape under a drawknife, not a turner’s some makers prefer the bench vise for chisel. And the legs, stretchers, and arm whittling). Other unfamiliar tools may posts were typically turned in small shops include the adze, scorp, and travisher for and woodland huts at a remove from sculpting the seat, and steam box, clamp- the businesses that assembled them. The ing strap, and bending form for shaping late-twentieth-century revival of arti- the back rail. Often the instructor dem- sanal Windsor construction did bring onstrates the use of the tools and builds a turning, bending, carving, and assembly chair alongside students. together under one roof, but teaching of Chair class is not the ideal setting the craft in short courses has often sepa- for hand-duplicating turnings for the Fan back Windsor side chair by Pete rated lathe work from “chair-making” first time. Novices can practice before- Galbert; mixed woods, milk paint, and oil. The simple turnings blend well with once more. Some authorities, including hand on simple leg designs, such as the modern furnishings. modern Windsor pioneer and educator bamboo or double-bobbin form. With Photo: Dana Duke Michael Dunbar, believe that turning these, roughing gouge and parting tool duplicate legs, stretchers, and arm posts is may be sufficient to produce accept- too time-consuming and challenging for able profile fidelity and surface quality, most Windsor chair students. His insti- perhaps with light sanding. Those tute, which runs a school and publishes attracted to fancier baluster shapes need a monthly online newsletter, supplies some command of the detail gouge and course participants with pre-turned parts. skew/bedan. Fortunately for woodturners, a number Students should come mentally pre- of top-tier makers still incorporate hands- pared to grapple with a few mistakes. on turning within their instruction. They It is easy to drill the wrong angle for a manage this by holding small classes, seat socket or miscalculate the length scheduling ample time (six to fourteen of a stretcher. Participants favoring a days), and steering novices toward simple natural finish should keep in mind the chair leg and frame designs. The benefits miraculous power of milk paint to cam- are obvious. Foremost is the opportunity ouflage botched and plugged mortises. for participants to claim ownership of the In the end, students may learn that Brian Cunfer (right) watches a student chair from the floor up. good craftsmanship does not always put the finishing touches on a carefully installed undercarriage. With no 90-degree have to mean perfection. angles in sight, boring seat sockets What to expect in class Following is information on five accurately without a drilling jig requires reference gauges in two planes. The one-off Windsor chair derives its Windsor chair-makers who offer Photo: Courtesy of Brian Cunfer superiority over store-bought models hands-on instruction. woodturner.org 35 Copyright 2015, 2016, American Association of Woodturners. All rights reserved. 35_WindsorChair.indd 35 3/10/15 11:57 AM GUDRUN LEITZ // HEREFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND About 100 miles west of London, benches, tool sets, cleaving brakes, Course details: Gudrun Leitz runs a green-woodwork- and bending equipment. Support Three intensive nine-day classes for up to ing school practicing the 250-year tra- facilities include camping pitches, eight students each during June, July, and ditions of nearby High Wycombe and open A-frames, and a well-run August 2015; beginners through advanced; the Chiltern Hills—hallowed ground kitchen with clay oven, although stu- tuition at £620 ($970) plus £10-60 ($15-$90) for Windsor chair enthusiasts. It was dents may opt for catering and B&Bs for materials; various styles of Windsors; here that village woodturners, or not far away. international students can arrange special “bodgers,” once produced thousands Gudrun’s program is the only one chair shipment with air carriers. Visit of chair parts in forest encampments among those featured here requir- greenwoodwork.co.uk. and shipped them off to assembly ing Windsor chair students to use shops for product completion. At a pole lathe, which improbably Gudrun’s school, students tackle the exploits wood itself, in the form of a entire process and take home a chair resilient cut sapling, to power wood- made completely off grid. turning. A treadle tethered to the Trained and initially employed in work piece and flexed pole initiates fine furniture making, Gudrun even- a reciprocating stroke that propels tually grew alienated from the sounds spindle rotation and recovery. With and space, and even the work, of the interrupted cut, fluency takes a modern shops and decided to pursue little practice. It is safe to say Gudrun her interests in outdoor woodcraft. long ago mastered the technique by Eventually, she and some partners pole-lathing 500 oak balusters for the purchased a deciduous woodland Shakespeare Globe Theater. close to Ledbury, where she has run Before starting, course participants summer courses for the last twenty have an opportunity to select a chair years. In addition to newcomers, style among samples on hand. Some these sessions attract loyal veterans may elect to make a simple dining who, along with staff assistants, help chair, while the more accomplished the struggling. The canopied, open- and determined can look to finish Gudrun Leitz on her sprawling woodland campus with shave horses, pole lathes, drive air site features a generous assortment an arm chair. English Windsor styles frames, and canvas-filtered sunlight. of pole lathes, shaving horses, work can sometimes make the American variety look genteel by featuring more robust spindles and rails, as well as a squarer posture (with less leg rake and splay). Occasionally a wide back splat decorates these heavier frames. The general lines and heft of such chairs may seem rustic to American eyes, but a suite of them produced by a group of Gudrun’s students won acclaim at the fashionable Milan Furniture Fair. Solidity and truth to materials have (Above) Gudrun’s classes typically incorporate a variety their appeal. Although both American of styles based on student preferences and abilities. and English chairs were commonly painted green in the eighteenth (Left) Pole-lathing takes the woodturner’s dance to a new level. Lacking bearings and a hollow, century, English Windsors today tend threaded headstock spindle, this ancient contraption to have a natural or stained finish. nevertheless enabled a bodger to produce up to 144 chair parts a day. Gudrun’s chair-making instruction includes the use of the pole lathe. Photos: Courtesy of Gudrun Leitz 36 American Woodturner April 2015 Copyright 2015, 2016, American Association of Woodturners. All rights reserved. 35_WindsorChair.indd 36 3/10/15 11:58 AM FEATURE DAVID SAWYER // WOODBURY, VERMONT In the pantheon of American Windsor The course usually begins with Dave’s technical skills are chair-makers, few have exercised as riving an oak log, followed by complemented by his deliberate much influence in recent decades as shaving spindles and bending mindset and deep knowledge of Dave Sawyer, whose students have the back bow from the splits. Leg wood and engineering. Former occasionally risen to the top of the and stretcher turning comes next, student Stephen Long reports that field and become well-known teach- with inexperienced turners pro- his teacher never seemed to be in a ers in their own right. An MIT-trained ducing bamboo-like spindles, and hurry and insisted on sharpening engineer who left a corporate career the more accomplished sometimes tools whenever needed. Not one to behind, Dave has since built more opting for baluster-style legs and hover over course participants, Dave than a thousand chairs. His work posts. Abrasion-resistant maple believes mistakes can always be appears in the Boston Museum of serves as an ideal undercarriage fixed. In addition, he “reads wood Fine Arts and the pages of leading wood. Eastern white pine is the grain as easily as I read a newspaper, woodworking magazines, and his northern wood of choice for easy and he sees subtleties and nuances teaching has left its mark at Colonial seat boring and carving, which in chair design and construction Williamsburg and a number of college normally takes place after turning that only someone with an eye for and independent craft programs. the undercarriage. Careful assem- beauty could see.” Having recently turned over pro- bly, sometimes with the coaxing duction to his family, Dave continues of a mallet, represents the moment Photos: Courtesy of David Sawyer to lead the Windsor Graduate Course of truth after tricky mortise drill- at his home shop, where students ing, bow execution, and spindle can work one-on-one with him dimensioning. At the end, coats Course details: or, as needed, his son George. The of milk paint unify the different Seven-plus days for one (occasionally two) instruction runs seven days or more, woods to create a sculptural sil- students; beginners through advanced; depending on the student’s skills houette. Because of the flexible tuition begins at $1,200 for balloon back and chair style preference.
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