DOCSLIB.ORG

Durham E-Theses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses Do local environmental changes resulting from the construction of microdams lead to increased malaria transmission in Tigray, Ethiopia? Fisiha, Mekonnen Yohannes How to cite: Fisiha, Mekonnen Yohannes (2002) Do local environmental changes resulting from the construction of microdams lead to increased malaria transmission in Tigray, Ethiopia?, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3867/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Do Local Environmental Changes Resulting From The Construction Of Microdams Lead To Increased Malaria Transmission In Tigray, Ethiopia? The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it shoul d be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. A thesis submitted to the University of Durham For the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Aptil 2002 By Mekonnen Y ohannes Fisiha B.Sc. (Biology), MSc (Zoology) School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences University of Durham Durham DHl 3LE United kingdom 7 ~ SEP 200 ~ ; Abstract To investigate the impact of microdams on local microclimate and malaria transmission and in order to develop appropriate methods for the control of this disease, a longitudinal microclimatic, entomological, and clinical study was conducted. The study took place in two topographically similar villages: Deba, near a microdam and Maisheru, 3-4km away, in Tigray, northern Ethiopia, where an extensive dam construction is in progress in epidemic prone areas. The weather was recorded in both villages, on the dam embankment and at different mosquito habitats. A community-led larval intervention study followed the impact assessment phase in the dam village. There was a 3.1 times greater prevalence of an enlarged spleen and 2-5.5 times higher incidence of falciparum malaria in children under 10 years of age in the dam village compared to the remote village, indicating a greater level of exposure experienced in the dam village. Anopheles arabiensis, which was highly anthropophilic, partially exophilic, and showed early biting peak (19:00-20:00hr), was 6.5-8 times more abundant in the dam village compared to the remote village and this was even higher during the dry season (x16) when a second peak in density was observed in the former. This corresponded to when the fields were irrigated indicating that transmission of malaria was no longer restricted to the rainy season in the dam village compared to the remote village. Despite DDT spraying and prompt treatment of clinical cases with Fansidar at a community level, the findings demonstrated that dams have the potential to increase transmission of malaria parasites. The dam not only created abundant mosquito breeding sites throughout the year, but also resulted in significant microclimate changes; notably elevated minimum atmospheric temperature, the influence weakening with distance from the dam. The dam site was 1.5 °C warmer than the dam village and that of the dam village was 1.3 °C higher than the remote village and was especially pronounced (>3.5 °C) in the cool/dry season. Mean air temperature recorded under vegetation was 1. 7 °C lower than outside and the dam provided numerous cool and humid microhabitats elsewhere by raising the water table, increasing water seepage, saturating the soil and promoting abundant growth of vegetation. Indoor temperature was relatively stable with higher minima and lower maxima than outdoors and on the average 2.8-3.4 °C warmer than outdoors. The warming effect of the dam, together with profuse breeding sites, suitable indoor and outdoor resting microhabitats may have contributed to the extended and dramatic increased risk of malaria observed in near dam communities in the Ethiopian highlands in Tigray. Most importantly the ii larval intervention study, which involved minimal community participation, showed a 49% relative reduction in An. arabiensis abundance in the dam village compared with the pre-intervention period. Thus, if dams could be constructed further away from settlements and if serious and sustainable community-led environmental management measures could be introduced as a package, it would be possible to mitigate the impact of microdams to an appreciable extent and calls for an integrated approach to malaria control, in fringe areas of malaria, such as the Tigray highlands, particularly near microdams. Key words: Dams, microclimate, mosquito ecology, Ethiopia, Tigray, malaria, Anopheles arabiensis, highland fringes. iii Dedication This work is dedicated to the direct victims of the Ethio-Eritrean war and its aftermath; the Agame-Irob-Zalambessa-Adiabo people and other communities at the border area, the cluster-bombed school children at Ayder in Mekelle, and to all those who sacrificed their precious lives defending their country. iv Declaration and Copyright The material contained within this thesis has not been previously been submitted for a degree at the University of Durham or any other Institution. The research reported in this thesis has been conducted entirely by the author unless indicated otherwise. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published nor any methodology implemented without the prior consent of the author. Any information derived from this thesis should be appropriately acknowledged. V Acknowledgement I am indebted to my advisors Professor S.W. Lindsay and Dr Mitiku Haile for their invaluable support and supervision of my work. I would like to thank the WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) in Geneva and Sida I SAREC in Stockholm, Sweden, for funding the study and my home base University of Mekelle and staff for all rounded help, especially for relieving me of my administrative duties in order to fully dwell upon my research activities. My appreciation goes to the Tigray Regional State Bureau of Health, the Malaria and Other Vector Borne Diseases Control Unit Staff, especially Dr Tedros Adhanom, Dr Karen H. Witten , Mr Asefaw Getachew, Mr Hailu Tsehaye and Mr Mussie as well as Dr Peter Byass (School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nottingham), for helping me in various ways. I am especially grateful for the contributions made by the village-based enumerators, the inhabitants of the villages and the local administration. Thanks to the Bureau of Agriculture, Commission for Sustainable Agricultural and Environmental Rehabilitation in Tigray, Mr Teshale Yihdego and Dr Tesfay Mebrahtu (Head of GTZ in western Tigray), Mr Zekarias Gebremedhin, Mr Nigus and Mr Salih (REST), Mr Taha Siraj, Mrs Hanna Ali and many other friends in Mekelle who provided me with important information about Tigray and the study area and helped me in many other ways. I would also like to thank friends and colleagues, Fiona Cameron Shenton, Katie Hamilton (for doing the PCR), Nabie Bayoh, Matt Kirby and Rob Hutchinson who helped me in many ways during my stay at the University. vi Contents Title page Abstract ii Dedication iv Declaration and Copyright V Acknowledgement vi Contents vii List of plates xi List of tables xii List of figures xiv Abbreviations used xviii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 General background 1 Major environmental determinants of malaria 8 Climate 8 Physical landscape 15 Cultural impact 16 Genetic factors 17 Malaria surveys 20 Malaria in Ethiopia 27 General background 27 Distribution of malaria 28 Vectors 33 Malaria parasites 36 History of malaria control 38 Factors aggravating the transmission of malaria in Ethiopia 44 Malaria's reach is spreading 44 Human activities 45 Malaria in Tigray 53 General background of Tigray 53 The malaria situation in Tigray 56 Research objectives 60 vii Chapter 2. Impact of microdams on local microclimate and its relevance to malaria transmission in northern Ethiopia 62 Abstract 63 Introduction 63 Materials and methods 65 The study area 65 Monitoring the microclimate 68 Results 70 Discussion 86 Chapter 3. The microclimate of mosquito resting and breeding habitats near a microdam and its relevance to malaria transmission in Tigray, northern Ethiopia 94 Abstract 95 Introduction 96 Materials and methods 98 The study area 98 Monitoring the microclimate 100 Outdoor microclimate 100 Indoor microclimate 102 Results 103 Outdoor and indoor temperature and relative humidity 103 Breeding site temperature 111 Discussion 120 Chapter 4. Impact of microdams on local microclimate and its relevance to malaria transmission in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: Pre-intervention entomological and clinical surveys. 128 Abstract 129 Introduction 130 Materials and methods 131 The study area 131 Clinical surveys 133 Entomological surveys 134 House selection 134 viii Space spray and exit trap collections 135 Light trap collections 135 Human-landing catches
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Cross-Sectoral Approach
    A Cross-Sectoral Approach A . A£ O O e AvAg a* n e- e- o- Malaria and Development in Africa A Cross-Sectoral Approach American Association for the Advancement of Science Sub-Saharan Africa Program Under Cooperative Agreement with U.S. Agency for International Development Africa Bureau No. AFR-0481-A-00-0037-00 September 1991 Table of Contents Foreword ............................................................. v Executive Summary ....................................................ix Introduction MalariaandDevelopmentinAfrica:A Cross-SectoralApproach................ 1 Background Mala,'ia in Sub-Saharan Africa ........................................... 5 Report Recommendations ...................... ........................ 9 L Broaden Attack on Malaria by Strengthening Cross-Sectoral Cooperation for MalariaControl ..................... ...................... 11 Background ................................................ 11 Actions for National Governments .............................. 11 Actions for Donors .......................................... 13 Support Existing Cross-Sectowrl Cooperation in Sub-Saharan Africa ...13 I. Utilize Criss-SectoralApproahandResources to CombatMlaria Associated with Development Efforts .............................. 15 Potential Impact of Resource Development Projects on Malaria ............................................... 15 Example: Irrigation Development and Malaria Incidence in Zanzibar .. 15 Opportunities for Control of Malaria Associated with Development Efforts .....................................
    [Show full text]
  • E Abstracts with Advt 12.02.2019
    International Conference ee ABSTRACTSABSTRACTS Goa, 13th - 16th February, 2019 Organizers Society for Vector Ecology (Indian Region) and ICMR - National Institute of Malaria Research, FU, Goa I N D E X S.No. Name of the Delegate Page No. S.No. Name of the Delegate Page No. 1 A. N. Anoopkumar 45 42 Narayani Prasad Kar 50 2 Agenor Mafra-Neto 40 43 Naren babu N 63 3 Ajeet Kumar Mohanty 72 44 Naveen Rai Tuli 10-11 4 Alex Eapen 17 45 Neil Lobo 23 5 Algimantas Paulauskas 33 46 Nidhish G 65 6 Aneesh Embalil Mathachan 46 47 Norbert Becker 12 7 Aneesh Embalil Mathachan 28 48 O.P. Singh 78 8 Anju Viswan K 64 49 P. K. Rajagopalan 2-9 9 Ankita Sindhania 62 50 P. K. Sumodan 30 10 Ashwani Kumar 25 51 Paulo F. P. Pimenta 27 11 Ayyadevera Rambabu 29 52 Poonam Singh 90 12 Bhavana Gupta 43 53 Pradeep Kumar Shrivastava 20 13 Charles Reuben Desouza 89 54 R. S. Sharma 22 14 Dan Kline 37 55 R.K. Dasgupta 21 15 Deepa Jha 61 56 Rajendra Thapar 76 16 Deeparani K. Prabhu 68 57 Rajnikant Dixit 74 17 Devanathan Sukumaran 82 58 Rajpal Singh Yadav 1 18 Devi Shankar Suman 16 59 Raju Parulkar 84 19 Farah Ishtiaq 36 60 Rakhi Dhawan 73 20 Gourav Dey 88 61 Ramesh C Dhiman 32 21 Gunjan Sharma 86 62 Ranjana Rani 42 22 Hanno Schmidt 18 63 Roop Kumari 19 23 Hemachandra Bhovi 75 64 S. R. Pandian 49 24 Hemanth Kumar 53 65 Sajal Bhattacharya 31 25 Jagbir Singh 34 66 Sam Siao Jing 77 26 Jitender Gawade 83 67 Sanchita Bhattacharaya 56 27 John E.
    [Show full text]
  • The British Army's Contribution to Tropical Medicine
    ORIGINALREVIEW RESEARCH ClinicalClinical Medicine Medicine 2018 2017 Vol Vol 18, 17, No No 5: 6: 380–3 380–8 T h e B r i t i s h A r m y ’ s c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t r o p i c a l m e d i c i n e Authors: J o n a t h a n B l a i r T h o m a s H e r r o nA a n d J a m e s A l e x a n d e r T h o m a s D u n b a r B general to the forces), was the British Army’s first major contributor Infectious disease has burdened European armies since the 3 Crusades. Beginning in the 18th century, therefore, the British to tropical medicine. He lived in the 18th century when many Army has instituted novel methods for the diagnosis, prevention more soldiers died from infections than were killed in battle. Pringle and treatment of tropical diseases. Many of the diseases that observed the poor living conditions of the army and documented are humanity’s biggest killers were characterised by medical the resultant disease, particularly dysentery (then known as bloody ABSTRACT officers and the acceptance of germ theory heralded a golden flux). Sanitation was non-existent and soldiers defecated outside era of discovery and development. Luminaries of tropical their own tents. Pringle linked hygiene and dysentery, thereby medicine including Bruce, Wright, Leishman and Ross firmly contradicting the accepted ‘four humours’ theory of the day.
    [Show full text]
  • NCDC Introduction 2017
    National CentreNCDC for Disease Control -An Introduction NATIONAL CENTRE FOR DISEASE CONTROL (NCDC) AN INTRODUCTION Directorate General of Health Services Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India July 2017 www.ncdc.gov.in Published by: Director, NCDC Compiled by: Team Library Design and Layout by: Avnesh Sharma National Centre for Disease Control – An Introduction 2017 ©National Centre for Disease Control CONTENTS Introduction 1 Organisation 2 Functions 3 Upgradation 6 National Health Programme and new initiatives 7 Central library 11 Branches 17 Major achievements 19 List of Directors 23 Contact Information: Headquarters 24 Contact Information: Branches 25 Organizational Chart 26 Upgraded NCDC Chart 27 INTRODUCTION e National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) had its origin in Central Malaria Bureau, established at Kasauli (Himachal Pradesh) in 1909, which aer expansion was renamed in 1927 as the Malaria Survey of India to cater the need for malaria control in British India. e organization was shied to Delhi at its present location at 22-Shamnath Marg, Civil Lines in 1938 which was earlier occupied by Commander-in-Chief of Indian Army of that time and called as the Malaria Institute of India (MII) spread out in 13 acre area. e headquarters of the Directorate of National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) is also located in the same campus. In view of the drastic reduction achieved in the incidence of malaria in independent India under National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) and National Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP) during 1953-1963, Government of India decided to reorganize and expand the activities of the Institute to cover other communicable diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • PDAAF117B1.Pdf
    DECONTROLLED PER MEMORANDUM TO REFERENCE CENTER FROM FLOYD R. SPEARS, AFR/EMS DATED AUG. 2, 1977. (SEE ENCLOSED MEMO.) m P let am W4u1g UNI N ITATU1 OOVuNUT Memorandum TO : Reference Centr, b. JoFne Paukar DAIR: August 2. 1977 Waiur: Declassification of A.I.D. Documents This memorandum addresses the following A.I.D. documents: a. Measles Control and Smallpox Eradication Program dated Jan. 5, 1970 b. CAP on Trans-Cameroon Railroad (Phase II) c. Mali -- Proposal and Recommendations on Veterinary Laboratory d. CAP -- Liberia - Improvements of Roberts International Airport, Phase El (Construction) e. CAP -- Swaziland -- Agricultural Development Loan f. CAP -- Ethiopia Malaria Eradication -- Phase I g. CAP -- Somalia -- Mogadiscio Iater Supply h. CAP -- Tanzania -- Agricultural Projects Support i. CAP - TANZAM Highway Phase III J. CAP -- Uganda - Livestock Developmnt The above listed documents have been reviewed by appropriate personnel staff assigned to Africa Bureau to determine if these should documents be declassified. Based on this review, no Justifications been identified have for the continued classification of these documents. Therefore, this memorandum hereby authorizes the declassification of all documents listed. It Iq U.S. sauw, -am ?ut, SaMq lm SPARTW OF STATE AGUC" Or IIOR1 ATIO .ALIIV MENT Washington, D.C. 20523 L USE AID-3lXC/P-570' May 22, 1967 MW4ORANDUM FOR THE £VELOPMENT LOAN COMMITTEE SUBJECT: Ethiopia - Malaria Eradication - Phase I Attached for you: review are the recommendations for authorization cf a loan in an amount not to exceed $5,80,OOO to the Government of Ethiopia to assist in finanning the foreign exchange costs and local costs of a malaria eradication program in Ethiopia.
    [Show full text]
  • Baseline Survey of Degua Tembien Woreda of Tigray Region
    BASELINE SURVEY OF DEGUA TEMBIEN WOREDA OF TIGRAY REGION Authors: Ayenew Admasu, Meresa Kiros, Abdulkadir Memhur Date: December, 2011-12-28 1 2 Contents 1 Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................... 5 2 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 6 2.1 BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................... 7 2.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY ........................................................................................................... 8 2.4 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................... 8 3 OVERVIEW OF THE WOREDA ........................................................................................................ 9 3.1 SOCIO ECONOMIC SITUATION ............................................................................................. 9 3.2 OVERVIEW OF THE WATER SUPPLY ................................................................................... 10 3.2.1 AREAS OF INTERVENTION FOR CMP IMPLEMENTATION ......................................... 11 3.2.2 AVAILABILITY OF PRIVATE ARTISANS IN THE WOREDA ........................................... 14 3.3 OVERVIEW
    [Show full text]
  • Journal 2Nd Issue LVIII 3
    JOURNAL OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY VOLUME LXII No. 4 2020 Special Issue on History of Diseases and Medicine in India and Beyond THE ASIATIC SOCIETY 1 PARK STREET KOLKATA 16 © The Asiatic Society ISSN 0368-3308 Edited and published by Dr. Satyabrata Chakrabarti General Secretary The Asiatic Society 1 Park Street Kolkata 700 016 Published in January 2021 Printed at Desktop Printers 3A, Garstin Place, 4th Floor Kolkata 700 001 Price : 400 (Complete vol. of four nos.) CONTENTS Introduction to the volume ... ... v ARTICLES Social Perceptions of Diseases in Early India Nayana Sharma Mukherjee ... ... 1 Prameha: Conception of a Disease in Ancient Äyurvedic Texts Nupur Dasgupta ... ... 17 An Illustrated Ophthalmic Register of an Arogyasala in Serfoji II’s (1798-1832) Thanjavur : An Emblem of Plural Medical Practices Tutul Chakravarti and Ranabir Chakravarti ... 49 Environmental Change, Health and Disease in Bengal’s Western Frontier : Chotanagpur between 1800-1950s Sanjukta Das Gupta ... ... 67 Pollution, Public Health and the People of Calcutta: The Nineteenth Century Mahua Sarkar ... ... 85 “The Child to Avoid Fire; by Allowing it to Burn Itself”: Public Health and Tuberculosis in South India, 1898-1947 B. Eswara Rao ... ... 121 Smallpox and Children in Colonial Bengal : Revisiting a Virulent Epidemic Sujata Mukherjee and Nilanjana Basu ... 147 Science and Philanthropy in a Colonial State : Reviewing the Intervention of Rockefeller Foundation in Bengal Arabinda Samanta ... ... 163 ( iv ) Trauma of Tuberculosis : Medical Intervention, Containment and Popular Response in Post-independence India Achintya Kumar Dutta ... ... 179 Government Policies and Medical Treatment in three Ayurvedic Hospitals in Kolkata (1970-2010) Sutapa Saha Mitra ... ... 205 Medical History : British India, the Dutch Indies and Beyond Deepak Kumar ..
    [Show full text]
  • The Tigray War & Regional Implications
    THE TIGRAY WAR & REGIONAL IMPLICATIONS (VOLUME 1) November 2020 to June 2021 1 CONTENTS 1. Foreword …………………………………………………………………………… 4 2. Introduction: war, offensives and atrocities 2.1 Overview …………………………………………………………………………… 7 2.2 Early attempts to halt the fighting ……………………………………………… 10 2.3 The war escalates …………………………………………………………………. 13 3. Ethiopia at war 3.1 The Federal Government v Tigray Regional State ……………………………. 16 3.2 Prime Minister Abiy’s short-lived whirlwind of reform ……………………... 30 3.3 An inexorable drive towards conflict 2018 – 2020 …………………………….. 49 3.4 President Isaias and Prime Minister Abiy – who is in the driving seat? ……. 60 4. Progress of the war 4.1 ENDF offensives along the southwestern front ……………………………….. 73 4.2 The northern fronts ………………………………………………………………. 76 4.3 The Southern Front ………………………………………………………………. 78 4.4 The ENDF’s strategy ……………………………………………………………... 78 4.5 Retreat and consolidation ……………………………………………………….. 80 4.6 TDF expansion and the start of semi-conventional warfare …………………. 82 4.7 Overall War Progress: November 2020 to May 2021 …………………………. 84 4.8 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………… 88 5. The Ethiopian national context 5.1 Contextualising the war in Tigray ……………………………………………… 91 5.2 A threat to Ethiopia’s integrity? ………………………………………………… 92 5.3 Conflict and the rule of law ……………………………………………………... 94 5.4 Oromia politics and conflict - optimism and excitement ……………………. 95 5.5 Amhara politics and conflict …………………………………………………… 102 5.6 The south, east and west ……………………………………………………….. 112 5.7 Somali Region …………………………………………………………………… 113 5.8 Afar Region ……………………………………………………………………… 115 5.9 Benishangul Gumuz ……………………………………………………………. 116 5.10 Socio-economic stakes and the cost of the war ………………………………. 117 5.11 Concluding remarks ……………………………………………………………. 119 6. Diplomatic Efforts 6.1 UN Security Council and the African Union ………………………………… 122 6.2 The United States of America ………………………………………………….
    [Show full text]
  • Eritrea Sud An
    ETHIOPIA Administrative map: Tigray Region As of October 2020 Airdromes ! Red Sea Airport ERITREA Airstrip SUDAN TIGRAY YEMEN Towns ERITREA Regional capital ! Badme Zonal capital AFAR Gulf of Aden DJIBOUTI Woreda capital AMHARA BENISHANGUL Roads GUMUZ Doguaele ! Endalgeda May abay All weather (Asphalt) Addis Ababa SOMALIA May Hamato All weather (Gravel) Weraetle Adi Awala GAMBELA Adi Kilte OROMIA Adi Teleom Boundaries Gemhalo SOMALI Adi Hageray International SNNP Hoya medeb ç Daya Alitena SOUTH Egela Zala Anbesa Dewhan Semhal Gerhusernay Marta Erob Regional SUDAN çSheraro Seyemti Adyabo Hagere Lekuma Badme Adi Ftaw Godefey Adis Tesfa Zonal Adi Hageray Debre Harmaz Adis Alem Adi Kahsu ç Sebeya Shimblina Mihikwan Kebabi Adi Hageray Rama Gulo Mekeda Woreda Kileat Rama Shewit Lemelem Endamosa Arae Musie Adi Nebri Id Zeban Guila Deguale Midri Felasi Egub Beriha- Rama Town Hareza seb'aeta Sheraro town Hayelom River Sedr Adi Nebri Id Habtom Fatsi Haben Ademeyti Lemlem Maywedi Amberay Haftemariam Indian Ocean Tahtay Adiyabo Terawur May Weyni Erdi Jeganu Firedashum UGANDA KENYA Sheraro Ambesete Fikada Water body Fithi Ahsea Mezabir Adi Tsetser Adishimbru Tahtay Koraro Adigabat Rama Medhin Rigbay Medebay Bete Gebez Hagere Selam Meshul Suhul Kokeb Tsibah Geblen Hadishadi Mezbir Marwa ç Border crossing point Lesen Migunae Andin Abinet May Tsaeda Hibret Adi Gedena Meriha Senay /Sehul Tahtay Zban Adi Daero Mdebay Terer Aheferom Sero Mereta Adi Million Wuhdet Kisad Maeteb ! Adi Nigisti Asayme Degoz Baati May Mesanu Adi Daero Simret Ziban Gedena Chila Chila Giter Keren TMegaryatsemri Hilet Koka Tekeze River Mentebteb Adiselam Gola'a Genahti Atsirega Bizet Sewne ç! Awot Wedihazo Adi Daero Hadegti Chila Enticho Adigrat town Dalol Humera Yeha May Suru Adekeney Mergahya Saesie Humera 01 Simret ! Saesie Shame Dibdibo Bizet Kuma Sebha Humera 02 Adi Eleni Wedi Keshi Selam Enticho town Buket Nihibi Welwalo L.
    [Show full text]
  • ^K§ 6S O Ivoi FOJ? SALE
    SPECIMEN COPY ^K§ 6S o iVOI FOJ? SALE 'SS"'A'- • •*tt*»T- i X ll EXCRETA DISPOSAL FOR RURAL AREAS AN: fi SMALL COMMUNITIES KG. WAGNER J.N. LAN0IX It clothbound edition is available at £3.50 §8.40 Sw. fr. 28.— For list of national distributors, see back cover f8ll Health Organization Geneva 1958 - ..—j '' mrg ••••*. <^i WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION: MONOGRAPH SERIES No. t PSYCHIATRIC ASPECTS OF JUVENILB DELINQUENCY — Lucien Bo vet (1951) 40p $1.00 Sw.fr. 4.— No. 2 MATERNAL CARE AND MENTAL HEALTH — John Bowlby (2nd edition. 1952) £1.50 $5.00 Sw.fr. 15.— (clothbound) No. 5 ATLAS OF FRAMBOESIA — Kenneth R. Hill and others (1951) 40 p $1.00 Sw.fr. 4.— No. 6 CARDIOLIPIN ANTIGENS — Mary C. Pangborn and others (2nd edition, 1955) 40D $1.25 Sw.fr. 4.— No. 9 BIOLOGY OF ANOPHELES GAMBIAE — M. H. Holstein (1954) 80p $2.00 Sw. fr. 8.— No. 21 THE RURAL HOSPITAL — R. F. Bridgman (1955) £1.80 $6.00 Sw. fr. 18.—(clothbound) No. 22 PLAGUE — R. Pollitzer (1954) £4 $10.00 Sw. fr. 40.— (clothbound) No. 23 LABORATORY TECHNIQUES IN RABIES, third edition (1973) £6 $14.40 Sw. fr. 48.— (clothbound) No. 24 DONOVANOSIS — R. V. Raiam & P. N. Rangiah (1954) 60p $1.50 Sw.fr. 6.— No. 26 POLIOMYELITIS — R. Debri et al. (1955) £2.40 $8.00 Sw. fr. 24.— (clothbound) No. 27 CHEMOTHERAPY OF MALARIA — Sir Gordon Covell et al. (1955) £1.20 $4.00 Sw. fr. 12.—(clothbound) No. 28 DRIED BCG VACCINE — Yo)i Obayashi ' (1955) £1.50 $5.00 Sw.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rhetoric of Community Participation
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Communication Studies Theses, Dissertations, and Communication Studies, Department of Student Research 8-2014 THE RHETORIC OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION: NGOS’ DISCOURSES AND DELIBERATIVE PRACTICES WITH COMMUNITIES IN ETHIOPIA Getachew Dinku Godana University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/commstuddiss Godana, Getachew Dinku, "THE RHETORIC OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION: NGOS’ DISCOURSES AND DELIBERATIVE PRACTICES WITH COMMUNITIES IN ETHIOPIA" (2014). Communication Studies Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research. 30. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/commstuddiss/30 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Communication Studies, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Communication Studies Theses, Dissertations, and Student Research by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. THE RHETORIC OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION: NGOS’ DISCOURSES AND DELIBERATIVE PRACTICES WITH COMMUNITIES IN ETHIOPIA by Getachew Dinku Godana A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major: Communication Studies Under the Supervision of Professor Ronald Lee Lincoln, Nebraska August, 2014 THE RHETORIC OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION: NGOS’ DISCOURSES AND DELIBERATIVE PRACTICES
    [Show full text]
  • Human Impact on the Environment in the Ethiopian and Eritrean Highlands—A State of the Art
    Earth-Science Reviews 64 (2004) 273–320 www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Human impact on the environment in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands—a state of the art Jan Nyssena,b,*, Jean Poesena, Jan Moeyersonsc, Jozef Deckersd, Mitiku Haileb, Andreas Lange a Laboratory for Experimental Geomorphology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Redingenstraat 16, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium b Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia c Department of Agriculture and Forestry Economics, Royal Museum for Central Africa, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium d Institute for Land and Water Management, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Vital Decosterstraat 102, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium e Physical and Regional Geography, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Redingenstraat 16, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium Received 4 November 2002; accepted 19 May 2003 Abstract This review analyses the environmental evolution of the Ethiopian highlands in the late Quaternary. The late Pleistocene (20,000–12,000 14C years BP) was cold and dry, with (1) low lake levels in the Rift Valley, (2) large debris fans on the flanks of Lake Abhe´ basin, and (3) the Blue Nile transporting coarse bedload. Then, a period with abundant and less seasonal rains existed between 11,500 and 4800 14C years BP, as suggested by increased arboreal pollen, high river and lake levels, low river turbidities and soil formation. Around 5000–4800 14C years BP, there was a shift to more arid conditions and more soil erosion. Many phenomena that were previously interpreted as climate-driven might, however, well be of anthropic origin. Thick sediment deposits on pediments as well as an increase of secondary forest, scrub and ruderal species in pollen diagrams are witnesses of this human impact.
    [Show full text]