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^K§ 6S O Ivoi FOJ? SALE SPECIMEN COPY ^K§ 6S o iVOI FOJ? SALE 'SS"'A'- • •*tt*»T- i X ll EXCRETA DISPOSAL FOR RURAL AREAS AN: fi SMALL COMMUNITIES KG. WAGNER J.N. LAN0IX It clothbound edition is available at £3.50 §8.40 Sw. fr. 28.— For list of national distributors, see back cover f8ll Health Organization Geneva 1958 - ..—j '' mrg ••••*. <^i WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION: MONOGRAPH SERIES No. t PSYCHIATRIC ASPECTS OF JUVENILB DELINQUENCY — Lucien Bo vet (1951) 40p $1.00 Sw.fr. 4.— No. 2 MATERNAL CARE AND MENTAL HEALTH — John Bowlby (2nd edition. 1952) £1.50 $5.00 Sw.fr. 15.— (clothbound) No. 5 ATLAS OF FRAMBOESIA — Kenneth R. Hill and others (1951) 40 p $1.00 Sw.fr. 4.— No. 6 CARDIOLIPIN ANTIGENS — Mary C. Pangborn and others (2nd edition, 1955) 40D $1.25 Sw.fr. 4.— No. 9 BIOLOGY OF ANOPHELES GAMBIAE — M. H. Holstein (1954) 80p $2.00 Sw. fr. 8.— No. 21 THE RURAL HOSPITAL — R. F. Bridgman (1955) £1.80 $6.00 Sw. fr. 18.—(clothbound) No. 22 PLAGUE — R. Pollitzer (1954) £4 $10.00 Sw. fr. 40.— (clothbound) No. 23 LABORATORY TECHNIQUES IN RABIES, third edition (1973) £6 $14.40 Sw. fr. 48.— (clothbound) No. 24 DONOVANOSIS — R. V. Raiam & P. N. Rangiah (1954) 60p $1.50 Sw.fr. 6.— No. 26 POLIOMYELITIS — R. Debri et al. (1955) £2.40 $8.00 Sw. fr. 24.— (clothbound) No. 27 CHEMOTHERAPY OF MALARIA — Sir Gordon Covell et al. (1955) £1.20 $4.00 Sw. fr. 12.—(clothbound) No. 28 DRIED BCG VACCINE — Yo)i Obayashi ' (1955) £1.50 $5.00 Sw. fr. 15.—(clothbound) No. 29 INFANT NUTRITION IN THE SUBTROP- ICS AND TROPICS — D. B. Jelliffe (2nd edition, 1968) £2.70 $9.00 Sw. fr. 27.—(clothbound) No. 30 YELLOW FEVER VACCINATION (1956) £1.50 $5.00 Sw.fr. 15.—(clothbound) No. 31 COMPOSTING — Harold B. Gotaas (1956) £1.50 $5.00 Sw.fr. 15.—(clothbound) No. 33 MEAT HYGIENE (1957) £3 $10.00 Sw. fr. 30.— (clothbound) No. 35 BIOLOGY OF THE TREPONEMATOSES — T. B. Turner & D. H. Hollander (1957) £1.80 $6.00 Sw. fr. 18.—(clothbound) No. 36 AN INTERNATIONAL NOMENCLATURE OF YAWS LESIONS — C. /. Hackett (1957) £1.20 $4.00 Sw. fr. 12.—(clothbound) No. 37 INTERMEDIATE HOSTS OF SCHISTO­ SOMA — G. Mandahl-Barth (1958) £1.20 $4.00 Sw. fr. 12.—(clothbound) No. 38 INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN ARTHRO­ PODS — A. W. A. Brown & R. Pal (2nd edi­ tion. 1971) £3.60 $12.00 Sw. fr. 36.— (clothbound) No. 39 EXCRETA DISPOSAL FOR RURAL AREAS AND SMALL COMMUNITIES — E. G. Wag­ ner & J. N. Lanolx (1958) £3.50 $8.40 Sw. fr. 28.— (clothbound) Prices are subject to change without notice. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION MONOGRAPH SERIES No. 39 EXCRETA DISPOSAL FOR RURAL AREAS AND SMALL COMMUNITIES 4& (?) \T,\ 3Qi SSEX EXCRETA DISPOSAL FOR RURAL AREAS AND SMALL COMMUNITIES EDMUND G. WAGNER Chief Engineer and Associate Chief of Field Party, Division of Health and Sanitation, Institute of Inter-American Affairs, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil J. N. LANOIX Public Health (Sanitary) Engineer, Division of Environmental Sanitation, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland . •.;:</•.;<'•.', ..MVciroVAhOyAL 7:'--; J-JX'YRE FOR CO.VIivi'JiVlTY V'.'ATE:; SQ: :\y-D SANITATION! (K-10J "TO. Ocx 93190. 2L09 A0 '7r.s \-~.c. "s: (G7C) 3149 11 exl '<,'!"'.: •i • WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION GENEVA 1958 Authors alone arc responsible for views expressed in the Monograph Series of the World Health Organization. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned. Proprietary names are distinguished by initial capital letters. PRINTED IN SWITZERLAND \. CONTENTS Page Introduction 7 BASIC CONSIDERATIONS Public health importance of excreta disposal 9 Social and psychological implications of rural sanitation programmes 17 THE PRIVY METHOD OF EXCRETA DISPOSAL Factors influencing privy design 25 Evaluation and selection of various excreta disposal systems 38 The pit privy 42 The aqua privy 76 The water-seal latrine 87 The bored-hole latrine 95 The bucket latrine 103 The feuillees or trench latrine Ill The overhung latrine 114 The compost privy 115 The chemical toilet 119 WATER-CARRIED METHODS OF EXCRETA DISPOSAL FOR RURAL AREAS Some problems in the disposal of water-borne wastes . 121 The septic tank 125 The disposal of effluent 138 EXCRETA DISPOSAL PROGRAMMES FOR RURAL AREAS The planning of excreta disposal programmes 156 Training and function of the sanitation staff 165 Annex 1. Education and training of sanitarians 175 Annex 2. List of reviewers 177 References 181 INDEX 185 — 5 — Introduction During the past several years there have been many developments in the field of disposal of human wastes, and many books have been written on this subject. The great majority of these books, however, deal almost exclusively with sewerage and sewage disposal as applicable to cities and large towns and communities. A survey of the relevant publications and of the few books devoted to rural sanitation reveals important shortcomings : in virtually all instances, they are confined to the study of one or a limited group of specific sanitation problems, such as latrines, wells, septic tanks, or a particular method of refuse disposal adequate for small communities. Very few publi­ cations deal comprehensively with the mechanics of getting sanitary excreta disposal facilities constructed and used properly, and with the factors involved in the process. The persons primarily responsible for these aspects of rural sanitation are the public health administrators, the medical officers of health, the civil or sanitary engineers engaged in public health, and the sanitarians. It is to these that this monograph is addressed. They will find in it not only technical data relating to particular rural excreta disposal facilities, but also information on what is believed to be needed or to be done in order to achieve success in programmes of excreta disposal in rural areas and small com­ munities. The role of the health department, the need for securing the active participation of the community and of the family, the planning of programmes, and the training of the necessary personnel are covered, as well as the latest accepted practices in excreta disposal for rural areas. From their own experience and from their discussions with others of long experience and standing in rural sanitation work, the authors have formulated the following principles which appear to them to be essential in most countries to the success of sanitary excreta disposal programmes : 1. The object of any privy programme should be to get the family to assume responsibility for, and to solve, its own excreta disposal problems. 2. The health department should contribute funds for materials or labour or both in order to encourage the family to build the first latrine and thereby to take the first important step in learning a new habit. 3. The health department must train sanitary inspectors to work with the families in the communities on the educational and technical aspects of latrine construction, use, and maintenance. — 7 — 8 EXCRETA DISPOSAL FOR RURAL AREAS 4. The sanitation work should be under the general direction of a well- trained sanitary engineer who must be able to understand the problem of excreta disposal in its most elementary terms and the processes involved in effecting improvement in this fundamental of rural sanitation. This study is written largely on the basis of these four points. Although it is obvious that every problem is different and must be solved on the basis of each local situation, it is hoped that the information given herein will shed some new and helpful light on a problem which is very old, no matter in what part of the world it is found. An effort has been made to give enough detail to help those who are beginning in this work and, at the same time, to present some ideas and approaches which may be new to those with experience in rural sanitation. It is hoped, too, that this monograph will serve as one of the links in the chain of efforts being pursued by the World Health Organization to stimulate environmental sanitation programmes at the local level in member countries. A preliminary text covering certain aspects of excreta disposal without water carriage was first drafted by Mr E. G. Wagner, a short-term consultant to WHO, and was issued in 1955 as a mimeographed document. This text was circulated to forty experts in different parts of the world for their comments and suggestions. The thirty-eight replies received were much appreciated, and have greatly assisted in amending and revising the original text. (A list of the reviewers will be found in Annex 2, page 177.) The World Health Organization wishes to express its gratitude to these reviewers. Also, to the Servico Especial de Saitde Publico of Brazil and the Institute of Inter- American Affairs, and to their staffs, the Organization gives sincere thanks for the use of their vast experience and for their frank and helpful criticism of the material. BASIC CONSIDERATIONS PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE OF EXCRETA DISPOSAL Excreta disposal is an important part of environmental sanitation. Its provision is listed by the WHO Expert Committee on Environmental Sanitation44 among the first basic steps which should be taken towards assuring a safe environment in rural areas and small communities, the others being the provision of an adequate supply of safe drinking-water and the control of insect and animal vectors of disease in places where these are of significance. In large areas of the world, and indeed in parts of every country, proper excreta disposal is among the most pressing public health problems.
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