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MHA TOC OGS.Pages UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Malaria, Mosquitoes, and Maps: Practices and Articulations of Malaria Control in British India and WWII A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy, in Communication (Science Studies) by Monica A. Hoffman Committee in Charge Professor Valerie Hartouni, Chair Professor Catherina Gere Professor Chandra Mukerji Professor David Serlin Professor Kalindi Vora 2016 Copyright Monica A. Hoffman, 2016 All Rights Reserved The Dissertation of Monica A. Hoffman is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2016 !iii DEDICATION For my Father: You are greatly missed !iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ....................................................................................................................iii Dedication ..........................................................................................................................iv Table of Contents .................................................................................................................v List of Images .....................................................................................................................vi List of Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................xi Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................xii Vita ....................................................................................................................................xvi Abstract of the Dissertation .............................................................................................xvii Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1 Chapter 1: Mapping Malaria in British India, 1898-1936 .................................................41 Chapter 2: Creating Malaria Control in the Pacific Campaign, 1942-5 ............................95 Chapter 3: Coordinated Practices of Malaria Control ......................................................135 Chapter 4: The Visual Culture Campaigns for Malaria Discipline ..................................197 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................287 Works Cited .....................................................................................................................315 !v LIST OF IMAGES Image 1.1: Plan of portion of high ground above Freetown, showing area to be avoided in choosing site for European houses .............................................................60 Image 1.2: Map shewing how to make a Malarial Survey .........................................67 Image 1.3: Map of Manharpur .................................................................................... 75 Image 1.4: Map of Area of Operation Mian Mir ........................................................76 Image 1.5: Malaria Map of India ................................................................................78 Image 1.6: “Explanation of Map” of Malaria Map of India .......................................79 Image 1.7: Closeup of Malaria Map of India .............................................................81 Image 1.8: Map of Malaria in Quetta .........................................................................85 Image 1.9: Legend of Map of Malaria in Quetta ........................................................86 Image 1.10: Closeup of Map of Malaria in Quetta .......................................................87 Image 1.11: Closeup of Map of Malaria in Quetta .......................................................88 Image 1.12: Closeup of Map of Malaria in Quetta .......................................................89 Image 1.13: Closeup of Map of Malaria in Quetta .......................................................90 Image 2.1: Chart I: General Organization Plan, Malaria and Epidemic Control South Pacific .................................................................................................................. 133 Image 2.2: Chart II: Base Malaria and Epidemic Control Groups, Division Malaria and Epidemic Control Groups, South Pacific Area ...........................................134 Image 3.1: Malaria Survey Map of the West Renee Sector of Espiritu Santo ..........152 Image 3.2: Close-up of Malaria Survey Map ............................................................153 !vi Image 3.3: Form: Anopheline Larvae Survey ...........................................................155 Image 3.4: Form: Mosquito Survey - Accession Record ..........................................157 Image 3.5: Form: Adult Mosquito Survey ................................................................158 Image 3.6: Map of Efate Island .................................................................................161 Image 3.7: Closeup of Map of Efate Island ..............................................................162 Image 3.8: Map III, Record Map, Scale 1:30,000 .....................................................165 Image 3.9: Map of Coverage Area for Espiritu Santo ...............................................166 Image 3.10: Map of Espiritu Santo Island, Base Malaria Control Coverage Area. October, 1944 ..................................................................................................................168 Image 3.11: Map of Espiritu Santo Island Base Malaria Control, July 1945 .............170 Image 3.12: Form: Parasit. I. Form for Rapid Malaria and Microfilarial Survey of Natives ............................................................................................................................175 Image 3.13: Form: Parasit. II Laboratory Record .......................................................177 Image 3.14: Exhibit VII: Tables used in presenting statistical data in the monthly report of the island malariologist ....................................................................................178 Image 3.15: Map of Efate Island Malaria Control, Engineering projects ..................189 Image 3.16: Legend of Map of Efate Island Malaria Control, Engineering projects .190 Image 3.17: Plan for Flumes ........................................................................................196 Image 4.1: Form I. The Violation of Malaria Discipline ..........................................212 Image 4.2: Photograph of a sign from the malaria control campaign in Advance Section, Ledo, Assam, India, taken 1945 ........................................................................216 !vii Image 4.3: “Malaria Warning” ...................................................................................225 Image 4.4: Windshield Sticker “Prevent Malaria Shorten the War” .........................226 Image 4.5: Frank Hackett’s Malaria Discipline Rules ...............................................231 Image 4.6: Message on Malaria Prevention From the “Union Jack” .........................233 Image 4.7: “‘Malaria Moe’ #34 Sleep under a Net” .................................................236 Image 4.8: “‘Malaria Moe’ #35 Taboo” ....................................................................237 Image 4.9: “‘Malaria Moe’ #40 Malaria Discipline” ................................................238 Image 4.10: “These Men Didn’t Take Their Atabrine.” ..............................................240 Image 4.11: “Enemy Territory Mosquitoes Attack Here.” ..........................................242 Image 4.12: “Fight the Peril Behind the Lines.” ..........................................................243 Image 4.13: “This is a Malaria Zone Protect Yourself, Protect Your Buddies, Keep Covered After Dark.” ..............................................................................................244 Image 4.14: “‘Malaria Moe’ #41” ................................................................................246 Image 4.15: “‘Malaria Moe’ #38 Moe Gets the ‘Word’” .............................................247 Image 4.16: “Hiroskito Speaking. Japan Expects Every Saboteur to Do His Duty.” ..............................................................................................................................249 Image 4.17: “Man-Made Malaria: 6 Mosquitoes in 10 Breed in Water.” ...................251 Image 4.18: “July 1944 Calendar.” ..............................................................................252 Image 4.19: “Enemies Both! It’s Your Job to Help Eliminate Them (Color).” ...........253 Image 4.20: “Is Your Organization Prepared to Fight Both Enemies?” ......................254 Image 4.21: “Don’t be a Dummy: Avoid Malaria Keep Covered, Use Repellent!” ....256 !viii Image 4.22: “Some Things Are Hard to Understand.” ................................................257 Image 4.23: “Advice to British Soldiers About Malaria.” ...........................................259 Image 4.24: “Don’t Go to Bed With a Malaria Mosquito.” .........................................261 Image 4.25: “Newsmap. Monday, November 8, 1943.” ..............................................263 Image 4.26: This is Ann: She’s Dying to Meet You .....................................................265 Image 4.27: This is Ann: She’s Dying to Meet You .....................................................265
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