Vector-Borne Disease Control in Humans Through Rice Agroecosystem Management
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Vector-borne Disease Control in Humans Through Rice Agroecosystem Management Proceedings of the Workshop on Research and Training Needs in the Field of integrated Vector-borne Disease Control in Riceland Agroecosystems of Developing Countries 9-14 March 1987 1988 International Rice Research Institute in collaboration with The WHO/FAO/UNEP Panel of Experts on Environmental Management for Vector Control The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was established in 1960 by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations with the help and approval of the Government of the Philippines. Today IRRI is one of the 13 nonprofit international research and training centers supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The CGIAR is sponsored by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank), and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The CGIAR consists of 50 donor countries, international and regional organizations, and private foundations. IRRI receives support, through the CGIAR, from a number of donors including the Asian Development Bank, the European Economic Community, the Ford Foundation, the International Development Research Centre, the International .Fund for Agricultural Development, the OPEC Special Fund, the Rockefeller Foundation, the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank, and the international aid agencies of the following governments: Australia, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Federal Republic of Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Mexico, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and United States. The World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the United Nations Environment Programme established the WHO/FAO/ UNEP Panel of Experts on Environmental Management for Vector Control (PEEM) in 1981. The objective of PEEM is to create an institutional framework for interagency and intersectoral collaboration by bringing together various organizations and institutions involved in health, water and land development, and the protection of the environment. PEEM promotes the extended use of environmental management measures for vector control in health and development programs. The responsibility for this publication rests with the International Rice Research Institute. © 1988 International Rice Research Institute Printed in the Philippines All rights reserved. Except for quotations of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval systems, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission of IRRI. This permission will not be unreasonably withheld for use for noncommercial purposes. IRRI does not require payment for the noncommercial use of its published works, and hopes that this copyright declaration will not diminish the bona fide use of its research findings in agricultural research and development. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IRRI concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area, or of its authorities, or the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. ISBN 971 - 104 - 203 - 7 Contents Foreword v Recommendations vii Welcome address 1 Remarks on behalf of PEEM 3 Introduction 5 Overview The impact of rice production on vector-borne disease problems in developing countries 7 N. G. Gratz Tropical rice agroecosystems: characteristics, distribution, and future trends 13 D. P. Garrity The epidemiology of ricefield-associated diseases 29 D. J. Bradley Impact of engineering, agronomy, and water management practices on disease vectors Planning, design, and operation of rice irrigation schemes—their impact on mosquito-borne diseases 41 K. G. A. Goonasekere and F. P. Amerasinghe Planning, design, and operation of rice irrigation schemes: the impact on schistosomiasis 51 G. Webbe The impact of water management practices in rice on mosquito vector propagation 67 L. S. Self and S. K. De Datta Malaria vectors associated with rice culture in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific 85 L. Cowper Vector-borne diseases associated with rice cultivation and their control in Southeast Asia 93 Y. H. Bang Water management in rice cultivation and its relation to mosquito production in Japan 101 M. Mogi Environmental management for the control of ricefield- breeding mosquitoes in China 111 Lu Baolin Strategies for vector-borne disease control Malaria and rice: strategies for control 123 J. A. Najera Control of schistosomiasis: research aspects 133 N. R. Bergquist and Chen Ming-gang Schistosomiasis in the context of rice production systems in developing countries 143 N.R. Bergquist, Chen Ming-gang, and K. E. Mott Strategies for control of Japanese encephalitis in rice production systems in developing countries 153 Y. Wada Strategies for vector-borne disease control in rice production systems in developing countries: arboviruses other than Japanese encephalitis 161 C. J. Lake Ecology of rodents associated with ricefields: implications for public health 173 A. Arata Integrated vector control strategies Integrated mosquito vector control in large-scale rice production systems 185 D. A. Dame, R. K. Washino, and D. A. Focks Integrated mosquito control in small-scale rice production systems 197 C. H. Schaefer and M. V. Meisch Control of Schistosoma japonicum snail intermediate host in riceland agroecosystems 203 E. G. Garcia Control of the Schisrosoma mansoni and S. haematobium intermediate hosts in ricefields 211 A. A. El Gaddal A malaria epidemic caused by Anopheles ludlowi in East Java in 1933 217 W. B. Snellen Proposed curriculum on disease vector management in water resources development projects 225 R. Bahar Participants 235 Foreword Vector-borne diseases adversely affect the health and quality of life of millions of people in the tropics and subtropics. Riceland agroecosystems, in which water is present on the land throughout much of the crop growing season, may provide ideal habitats for mosquito vectors that transmit some diseases directly and for snails that act as intermediate hosts for other diseases. What are the relations between riceland agroecosystems, disease vectors, and the human and domestic animal populations? Why are vector-borne diseases relatively rare in some well-established irrigation systems and endemic in other newer systems? Are vector-borne diseases a necessary consequence of agricultural development, particularly in the ricefield agroecosystem? Must we choose between agricultural development and human health, or can we have both? Questions such as those were the impetus for the Workshop on Research and Training Needs in the Field of Integrated Vector-borne Disease Control in Riceland Agroecosystems of Developing Countries held 9-14 March 1987 at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), at Los Baños, Philippines. For the first time, health professionals, medical entomologists, irrigation specialists, and agronomists approached these questions, not within the isolation of their own disciplines, but as part of the complex riceland agroecosystem. The Workshop recommendations provide a cohesive framework for col- laborative research on integrated vector and riceland management and for training. Emphasis remains on sustainable high yields in the face of continuing population pressures. But rice scientists are increasingly concerned with rice cultural practices that can help to control disease vectors, and public health personnel are showing more interest in assessing their vector control measures against the requirements of the rice crop. I am grateful to our cosponsors—the Panel of Experts on Environmental Management for Vector Control (PEEM), which is supported by the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the United Nations Environment Programme; and the United States Department of Agriculture Riceland Mosquito Management Program. Special thanks are due the organizing committee, which so successfully brought together a diverse, but not necessarily divergent, group of scientists: B. Cariaso, University of the Philippines at Los Baños; E. J. Garcia, Philippine Department of Health; S. I. Julian, National Irrigation Administration, Philippines; L. S. Self, WHO, Manila; and S. I. Bhuiyan, D. J. Greenland, T. R. Hargrove, and B. M. Shepard, all from IRRI. This book was edited by W. H. Smith, assisted by E. P. Cervantes, with technical advice from R. Bos, PEEM. Klaus Lampe Director General Recommendations Research recommendations 1. Assess ricefield water-manipulation strategies to meet the twin goals of vector control and high rice yields; assess socioeconomic implications of adopting the most promising methods. The assessment should take a collaborative, interdisciplinary approach involving agronomists, vector ecologists, epidemiologists, agricultural engineers, and agricultural economists. Studies should encompass intermittent irrigation and other irrigation practices, water control infrastructures, and field leveling. 2. Assign a WHO assistant professional officer in the field of medical entomology to work with IRRI agricultural scientists to assess the relation between crop production practices