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WRA Species Report Family: Pinaceae Taxon: Picea engelmannii Synonym: Abies engelmannii Parry Common Name: Engelmann spruce Mountain spruce Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: L Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score -0.5 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Low substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 n 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 y 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 n 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 3/7/2012 Picea engelmannii (Pinaceae) Page 1 of 10 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 y 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 n 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: L WRA Score -0.5 Print Date: 3/7/2012 Picea engelmannii (Pinaceae) Page 2 of 10 Supporting Data: 101 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Is the species highly domesticated? No] "There are no recognized races or CAB International, Wallingford, UK geographical varieties of P. engelmannii. There is abundant evidence that natural introgressive hybridization between P. engelmannii and P. glauca occurs in sympatric areas (Hosie, 1969; Daubenmire, 1974)." 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 1990. Burns, R.M./Honkala, B.H.. Silvics of North [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Engelmann spruce America. Volume 1: Conifers. Agriculture grows in a humid climate with long, cold winters and short, cool summers. It Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, occupies one of the highest and coldest forest environments in the western Forest Service, Washington, DC. United States, characterized by heavy snowfall and temperature extremes of more than -45.6° C (-50° F) to above 32.2° C (90° F)." 201 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "P. engelmannii is a CAB International, Wallingford, UK western North American species which is distributed predominantly in the Subalpine or Cordilleran forest region (Klinka et al., 1999a). Its range extends in Canada from northern British Columbia and Alberta south through all western states of the USA to New Mexico and Arizona (Hosie, 1969; Little, 1979; Alexander and Shepperd, 1984; Alexander, 1987). It is a major component of the high-elevation Cordilleran forest" 202 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Quality of climate match data 2-High] CAB International, Wallingford, UK 203 1990. Burns, R.M./Honkala, B.H.. Silvics of North [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "The range of mean America. Volume 1: Conifers. Agriculture annual temperatures is narrow considering the wide distribution of the species. Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Average annual temperatures are near freezing, and frost can occur any month of Forest Service, Washington, DC. the year. Average precipitation exceeds 61 cm (24 in) annually, with only moderate or no seasonal deficiency." …"Engelmann spruce is restricted to cold, humid habitats because of its low tolerance to high temperature and drought (25,45). However, solar radiation at high elevations heats soil surfaces [up to 66° C (150° F or more)] and increases water losses from both seedlings and soil by transpiration and evaporation (9,73,80)." 203 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "P. engelmannii has a CAB International, Wallingford, UK relatively narrow amplitude confined to a humid, continental subalpine boreal climate, with long, cold winters and short, warm summers: temperature extremes of more than -46°C to above 32°C (Krajina, 1969; Klinka et al., 1999a). Average annual temperatures are near freezing, and frost can occur any month of the year. Average precipitation exceeds 610 mm annually, with only moderate or no seasonal deficiency. Summer is the driest season in the Cascades and Rocky Mountains west of the Continental Divide south to southwestern Colorado. The mountains east of the divide, in southwestern Colorado, and in New Mexico and Arizona, receive considerable summer rainfall, while winter snowfall can be light (Baker, 1944)." 204 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? No] "P. CAB International, Wallingford, UK engelmannii is a western North American species which is distributed predominantly in the Subalpine or Cordilleran forest region (Klinka et al., 1999a). Its range extends in Canada from northern British Columbia and Alberta south through all western states of the USA to New Mexico and Arizona (Hosie, 1969; Little, 1979; Alexander and Shepperd, 1984; Alexander, 1987). It is a major component of the high-elevation Cordilleran forest" 205 1980. Skolmen, R.G.. Plantings on the forest [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural reserves of Hawaii: 1910–1960. Institute of range? Yes] 94 planted in Honuaula, Mauna Kea and Pohakuloa in 1932-1933 Pacific Islands Forestry, Pacific Southwest Forest & Range Experiment Station, US Forest Service, Honolulu, HI 205 1991. Uchytil, R.J.. Picea engelmannii. In: Fire [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Effects Information System, [Online]. USA Forest range? Yes] "Engelmann spruce is widely distributed throughout the mountains of Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire the western United States and Canada. It occurs from central British Columbia Sciences Laboratory, and Alberta as far south as New Mexico and Arizona [6]. It is cultivated in Hawaii http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pice [101]." ng/all.html Print Date: 3/7/2012 Picea engelmannii (Pinaceae) Page 3 of 10 205 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural CAB International, Wallingford, UK range? Yes] "P. engelmannii was introduced to Europe in England in 1862 (Hillier, 1991) and in Germany in 1891 when it was included into a network of experimental plantations by the German Forest Research Institute. Currently, it is grown only in arboreta and parks (Hermann, 1987). Provenance and species trials have been established in Norway (Magnesen, 1998, 1999). A trial of 13 spruces, including P. engelmannii, was established at a mountain site in New Zealand in 1964-65; in 1988, the P. engelmannii had reached an average height of 6 m (Miller and Knowles, 1989)." 301 2005. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Lorence, D.H.. [Naturalized beyond native range? No evidence from Hawaiian Islands] Flora of the Hawaiian Islands website. Smithsonian Inst., Washington, D.C. http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawai ianflora/index.htm 301 2010.
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