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Emancipatory Māori Entrepreneurship in Screen Production

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Emancipatory Māori Entrepreneurship in Screen Production TE WAIRUA AUAHA: EMANCIPATORY MĀORI ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN SCREEN PRODUCTION ELLA HENRY A thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) 2012 TE ARA POUTAMA - FACULTY OF MĀORI DEVELOPMENT Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Preface ....................................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................ 13 Chapter 2: Literature Review ............................................................................................... 18 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 18 Kaupapa Māori ..................................................................................................................... 22 Māoritanga ........................................................................................................................... 30 Insider Research ................................................................................................................... 36 Identity ................................................................................................................................. 40 Careers .................................................................................................................................. 46 Entrepreneurship .................................................................................................................. 49 Social & Indigenous Entrepreneurship................................................................................. 52 Emancipatory Entrepreneurship ........................................................................................... 54 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 55 Māori & Screen Production .................................................................................................. 56 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 67 Chapter 3: Research Design .................................................................................................. 71 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 71 Kaupapa Māori Research ..................................................................................................... 73 Insider Research ................................................................................................................... 78 Mixed Methodologies .......................................................................................................... 79 Phenomenological Inquiry ................................................................................................... 81 The Research Method ........................................................................................................... 84 The Survey ........................................................................................................................... 86 The Sample ........................................................................................................................... 96 The Interviews ...................................................................................................................... 98 Chapter 4: The Data ............................................................................................................ 101 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 101 The Survey ......................................................................................................................... 101 Open-Ended Questions ....................................................................................................... 124 Cross-Tabulations ............................................................................................................... 129 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 140 The Documentary ............................................................................................................... 142 The Case Studies ................................................................................................................ 151 Chapter 5: Discussion .......................................................................................................... 191 References ............................................................................................................................. 214 Glossary Te Reo ................................................................................................................... 229 Glossary Organisations ....................................................................................................... 233 Appendix Wairua Auaha: Documentary DVD .................................................................... 234 LIST OF TABLES TABLE NAME Page Chapter Two Table 2.1: Theory as explanation 20 Table 2.2: Critical Research Questions 26 Table 2.3: Kaupapa Māori Ethics 26 Table 2.4: The Indigenous Research Agenda 27 Table 2.5: Map Points in Insider Research 38 Table 2.6: Methodological Advantages and Complications of Insider 39 Positionality Table 2.7: Chronology of Māori and Screen Production 63-66 Table 2.7: Development of Research Questions 70 Chapter Three Table 3.1: The Quantitative Research Methodology 72 Table 3.2: The New Zealand Screen Workers by Gender 87 Table 3.3: Māori Screen Workers by Location 87 Chapter Four Table 4.1: Tribal Affiliations 103 Table 4.2: Other Ethnicities 103 Table 4.3: Place of Birth by Region 104 Table 4.4: Domicile by Region 105 Table 4.5: Gender 105 Table 4.6: Age Group 106 Table 4.7: Birth Order 107 Table 4.8: Marital Status 107 Table 4.9: Sexual Orientation 108 Table 4.10: Parental Status 109 Table 4.11: Mother’s Education 109 Table 4.12: Mother’s Work 110 Table 4.13: Father’s Education 111 Table 4.14: Father’s Work 112 Table 4.15: Education 113 Table 4.16: Fields of Study 113 Table 4.17: Other Work 114 Table 4.18: Industry Training 115 Table 4.19: Occupational Status 115 Table 4.20: Screen Industry Careers 116 Table 4.21: Guild Membership 117 Table 4.22: TV Work 118 Table 4.23: Film Work 118 Table 4.24: Boundaryless Careers 119 Table 4.25: Entrepreneurship Indicators 120 Table 4.26: Māori Identity Indicators 121 Table 4.27: Perceptions of Māori Issues 122 Table 4.28: Self-Efficacy 123 Table 4.29: Influences 124 Table 4.30: Role Models 125 Table 4.31: Knowledge of Te Reo & GST Registration 130 Table 4.32: Knowledge of Te Reo & Sole Trading 131 Table 4.33: Knowledge of Tikanga & Employing Staff 132 Table 4.34: Importance of Māori Identity & Employing Staff 133 Table 4.35: Māori Productions are Important & Employing Staff 134 Table 4.36: Tino Rangatiratanga is Important & Owning a Business 135 Table 4.37: Achieving Goals & Employing Staff 136 Table 4.38: Accomplishing Tasks & Employing Staff 137 Table 4.39: Succeeding at Endeavours & Employing Staff 138 Table 4.40: Performing Effectively & Employing Staff 139 Chapter Five Table 5.1: Wairua Auaha, model of emancipatory Māori entrepreneurship 210 Attestation of Authorship I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person (except where explicitly defined in the acknowledgements), nor material which to a substantial extent has been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institution of higher learning. Date: May 1st, 2012 Third Party Copyright Material All photographs and footage used in the documentary has been attributed in the Credits of the documentary, and has been provided to the researcher, with appropriate approvals. Intellectual Property Rights There are the images and footage in the documentary, and images in this exegesis that are the intellectual property of others. The following provides details of each, in the order they appear in either the documentary or written exegesis: Documentary Images & Footage Ownership of Intellectual Property Rights Image of Ngā Wai o Horotiu Marae: Image Auckland University of Technology Pōwhiri of the International Symposium on Te Ara Poutama, AUT Māori & Indigenous Screen Production: Footage Don Selwyn: Image Robert Catto Barry Barclay: Image Pacific Films Limited Merata Mita: Image Cinzia Puspita Rini Jonathon i ‘Otara Defying the Odds’ documentary Kiwa Films Ltd (1998): Footage QBooks website: Image Kiwa Media Ltd ‘The truth about Māori’ documentary (2002): Kiwa Films Ltd Footage ‘Children of the Revolution’ documentary Front of the Box Productions (2008): Image ‘Tarnz Story’ documentary (2005): Image Front of the Box Productions ‘Mob Daughters’ documentary (2007): Front of the Box Productions Image ‘Ta Moko’ documentary (2007): Image Front of the Box Productions Golan Haberfield Maaka: Image Brad Haami ‘The Sisters’, episode from
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