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RS 97 GE 33 KOR Eng.Pdf
(WP)CDS/ICP/OCD/OII-E English only Report series number: RS/97/GE/33(KOR) REPORT WORKING GROUP ON THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF HANT AVIRUS INFECTIONS Convened by: WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION REGIONAL OFFICE FOR THE WESTERN PACIFIC Seoul, Republic of Korea 5-6 November 1997 Not for sale Printed and distributed by: World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific Manila, Philippines June 1998 " 1 ..i A{Ij 1999 NOTE The issue of this document does not constitute fonnal publication. It should not be reviewed, abstracted or quoted without the agreement of the World Health Organization. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed. This report has been prepared by the World Health Regional Office for the Western Pacific for goveruments of Member States in the Region and for those who participated in the meeting of the Working Group on the Prevention and Control of Hantavirus Infections, which was held in Seoul, Republic of Korea from 5 to 6 November 1997. CONTENTS SUMMARY I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 2. PROCEEDINGS .................................................................................................................... I 2.1 Update on the epidemiological situation of hantavirus infections ................................ I 2.2 Update of laboratory diagnosis ..................................................................................... 5 2.3 Update of vaccines ................................................ -
TRBA 462 "Einstufung Von Viren in Risikogruppen"
Quelle: Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin - www.baua.de ArbSch 5.2.462 TRBA 462 „Einstufung von Viren in Risikogruppen“ Seite 1 Ausgabe: April 2012 GMBl Nr. 15-20 vom 25.4.2012 7. Änderung vom 10.11.2020, GMBl Nr. 45 Technische Regeln für Einstufung von Viren in TRBA 462 Biologische Arbeitsstoffe Risikogruppen Die Technischen Regeln für Biologische Arbeitsstoffe (TRBA) geben den Stand der Technik, Arbeitsmedizin und Arbeitshygiene sowie sonstige gesicherte wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse für Tätigkeiten mit biologischen Arbeitsstoffen, einschließlich deren Einstufung, wieder. Sie werden vom Ausschuss für Biologische Arbeitsstoffe ermittelt bzw. angepasst und vom Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales im Gemeinsamen Ministerialblatt (GMBl) bekannt gegeben. Diese TRBA „Einstufung von Viren in Risikogruppen“ konkretisiert im Rahmen des Anwendungsbereichs die Anforderungen der Biostoffverordnung. Bei Einhaltung der Technischen Regeln kann der Arbeitgeber insoweit davon ausgehen, dass die entsprechenden Anforderungen der Verordnung erfüllt sind. Wählt der Arbeitgeber eine andere Lösung, muss er damit mindestens die gleiche Sicherheit und den gleichen Gesundheitsschutz für die Beschäftigten erreichen. Die vorliegende Technische Regel beruht auf der BGI 631 „Sichere Biotechnologie – Einstufung biologischer Arbeitsstoffe: Viren“ des Fachausschusses „Chemie“ der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (DGUV). Der Ausschuss für Biologische Arbeitsstoffe hat die Inhalte der BGI 631 „Sichere Biotechnologie – Einstufung biologischer -
Geographic Distribution of Hantaviruses Associated with Neotomine and Sigmodontine Rodents, Mexico Mary L
Geographic Distribution of Hantaviruses Associated with Neotomine and Sigmodontine Rodents, Mexico Mary L. Milazzo,1 Maria N.B. Cajimat,1 Hannah E. Romo, Jose G. Estrada-Franco, L. Ignacio Iñiguez-Dávalos, Robert D. Bradley, and Charles F. Fulhorst To increase our knowledge of the geographic on the North American continent are Bayou virus, Black distribution of hantaviruses associated with neotomine or Creek Canal virus (BCCV), Choclo virus (CHOV), New sigmodontine rodents in Mexico, we tested 876 cricetid York virus, and Sin Nombre virus (SNV) (3–7). Other rodents captured in 18 Mexican states (representing at hantaviruses that are principally associated with neotomine least 44 species in the subfamily Neotominae and 10 or North American sigmodontine rodents include Carrizal species in the subfamily Sigmodontinae) for anti-hantavirus virus (CARV), Catacamas virus, El Moro Canyon virus IgG. We found antibodies against hantavirus in 35 (4.0%) rodents. Nucleotide sequence data from 5 antibody-positive (ELMCV), Huitzilac virus (HUIV), Limestone Canyon rodents indicated that Sin Nombre virus (the major cause of virus (LSCV), Montano virus (MTNV), Muleshoe virus hantavirus pulmonary syndrome [HPS] in the United States) (MULV), Playa de Oro virus, and Rio Segundo virus is enzootic in the Mexican states of Nuevo León, San Luis (RIOSV) (8–14). Potosí, Tamaulipas, and Veracruz. However, HPS has not Specifi c rodents (usually 1 or 2 closely related been reported from these states, which suggests that in species) are the principal hosts of the hantaviruses, northeastern Mexico, HPS has been confused with other for which natural host relationships have been well rapidly progressive, life-threatening respiratory diseases. -
ABSTRACT Vector-Borne Viral Infections in South-West
저작자표시-비영리-변경금지 2.0 대한민국 이용자는 아래의 조건을 따르는 경우에 한하여 자유롭게 l 이 저작물을 복제, 배포, 전송, 전시, 공연 및 방송할 수 있습니다. 다음과 같은 조건을 따라야 합니다: 저작자표시. 귀하는 원저작자를 표시하여야 합니다. 비영리. 귀하는 이 저작물을 영리 목적으로 이용할 수 없습니다. 변경금지. 귀하는 이 저작물을 개작, 변형 또는 가공할 수 없습니다. l 귀하는, 이 저작물의 재이용이나 배포의 경우, 이 저작물에 적용된 이용허락조건 을 명확하게 나타내어야 합니다. l 저작권자로부터 별도의 허가를 받으면 이러한 조건들은 적용되지 않습니다. 저작권법에 따른 이용자의 권리는 위의 내용에 의하여 영향을 받지 않습니다. 이것은 이용허락규약(Legal Code)을 이해하기 쉽게 요약한 것입니다. Disclaimer August 2016 Master’s Degree Thesis Vector-Borne Viral Infections in South-West Region of Korea Graduate School of Chosun University Department of Biomedical Sciences Babita Jha August 2016 Master’s Degree Thesis Vector-Borne Viral Infections in South-West Region of Korea Graduate School of Chosun University Department of Biomedical Sciences Babita Jha Vector-Borne Viral Infections in South-West Region of Korea 한국의 남서부 지역에서 매개체 관련 바이러스 질환 August, 2016 Graduate School of Chosun University Department of Biomedical Sciences Babita Jha Vector-Borne Viral Infections in South-West Region of Korea Advisor: Prof. Dong-Min Kim, MD, PhD THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES, CHOSUN UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES April, 2016 Graduate School of Chosun University Department of Biomedical Sciences Submitted by Babita Jha August Master’s Vector-Borne Viral Infections in Babita Jha Degree 2016 Thesis South-West Region of Korea Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES……………………….................iv LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………v ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS…………….vi ABSTRACT…………………………………...…….ix 한 글 요 약……………………………………...…..xii I. -
2020 Taxonomic Update for Phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), Including the Large Orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales
Archives of Virology https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-020-04731-2 VIROLOGY DIVISION NEWS 2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales Jens H. Kuhn1 · Scott Adkins2 · Daniela Alioto3 · Sergey V. Alkhovsky4 · Gaya K. Amarasinghe5 · Simon J. Anthony6,7 · Tatjana Avšič‑Županc8 · María A. Ayllón9,10 · Justin Bahl11 · Anne Balkema‑Buschmann12 · Matthew J. Ballinger13 · Tomáš Bartonička14 · Christopher Basler15 · Sina Bavari16 · Martin Beer17 · Dennis A. Bente18 · Éric Bergeron19 · Brian H. Bird20 · Carol Blair21 · Kim R. Blasdell22 · Steven B. Bradfute23 · Rachel Breyta24 · Thomas Briese25 · Paul A. Brown26 · Ursula J. Buchholz27 · Michael J. Buchmeier28 · Alexander Bukreyev18,29 · Felicity Burt30 · Nihal Buzkan31 · Charles H. Calisher32 · Mengji Cao33,34 · Inmaculada Casas35 · John Chamberlain36 · Kartik Chandran37 · Rémi N. Charrel38 · Biao Chen39 · Michela Chiumenti40 · Il‑Ryong Choi41 · J. Christopher S. Clegg42 · Ian Crozier43 · John V. da Graça44 · Elena Dal Bó45 · Alberto M. R. Dávila46 · Juan Carlos de la Torre47 · Xavier de Lamballerie38 · Rik L. de Swart48 · Patrick L. Di Bello49 · Nicholas Di Paola50 · Francesco Di Serio40 · Ralf G. Dietzgen51 · Michele Digiaro52 · Valerian V. Dolja53 · Olga Dolnik54 · Michael A. Drebot55 · Jan Felix Drexler56 · Ralf Dürrwald57 · Lucie Dufkova58 · William G. Dundon59 · W. Paul Duprex60 · John M. Dye50 · Andrew J. Easton61 · Hideki Ebihara62 · Toufc Elbeaino63 · Koray Ergünay64 · Jorlan Fernandes195 · Anthony R. Fooks65 · Pierre B. H. Formenty66 · Leonie F. Forth17 · Ron A. M. Fouchier48 · Juliana Freitas‑Astúa67 · Selma Gago‑Zachert68,69 · George Fú Gāo70 · María Laura García71 · Adolfo García‑Sastre72 · Aura R. Garrison50 · Aiah Gbakima73 · Tracey Goldstein74 · Jean‑Paul J. Gonzalez75,76 · Anthony Grifths77 · Martin H. Groschup12 · Stephan Günther78 · Alexandro Guterres195 · Roy A. -
Hantavirus Disease Were HPS Is More Common in Late Spring and Early Summer in Seropositive in One Study in the U.K
Hantavirus Importance Hantaviruses are a large group of viruses that circulate asymptomatically in Disease rodents, insectivores and bats, but sometimes cause illnesses in humans. Some of these agents can occur in laboratory rodents or pet rats. Clinical cases in humans vary in Hantavirus Fever, severity: some hantaviruses tend to cause mild disease, typically with complete recovery; others frequently cause serious illnesses with case fatality rates of 30% or Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal higher. Hantavirus infections in people are fairly common in parts of Asia, Europe and Syndrome (HFRS), Nephropathia South America, but they seem to be less frequent in North America. Hantaviruses may Epidemica (NE), Hantavirus occasionally infect animals other than their usual hosts; however, there is currently no Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), evidence that they cause any illnesses in these animals, with the possible exception of Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary nonhuman primates. Syndrome, Hemorrhagic Nephrosonephritis, Epidemic Etiology Hemorrhagic Fever, Korean Hantaviruses are members of the genus Orthohantavirus in the family Hantaviridae Hemorrhagic Fever and order Bunyavirales. As of 2017, 41 species of hantaviruses had officially accepted names, but there is ongoing debate about which viruses should be considered discrete species, and additional viruses have been discovered but not yet classified. Different Last Updated: September 2018 viruses tend to be associated with the two major clinical syndromes in humans, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary (or cardiopulmonary) syndrome (HPS). However, this distinction is not absolute: viruses that are usually associated with HFRS have been infrequently linked to HPS and vice versa. A mild form of HFRS in Europe is commonly called nephropathia epidemica. -
Hantavirus Host Assemblages and Human Disease in the Atlantic Forest
RESEARCH ARTICLE Hantavirus host assemblages and human disease in the Atlantic Forest 1,2 1,3 4,5,6 Renata L. MuylaertID *, Ricardo Siqueira Bovendorp , Gilberto Sabino-Santos Jr , Paula R. Prist7, Geruza Leal Melo8, Camila de FaÂtima Priante1, David A. Wilkinson2, Milton Cezar Ribeiro1, David T. S. Hayman2 1 Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil, 2 Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand, 3 PPG Ecologia e ConservacËão da Biodiversidade, LEAC, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, IlheÂus, BA, Brazil, 4 Center for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, 5 Department of Laboratory a1111111111 Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America, 6 Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States of America, 7 Instituto de BiocieÃncias, a1111111111 Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de SaÄo Paulo (USP), SaÄo Paulo, SP, Brazil, 8 Programa de PoÂs- a1111111111 GraduacËão em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] Abstract OPEN ACCESS Several viruses from the genus Orthohantavirus are known to cause lethal disease in Citation: Muylaert RL, Bovendorp RS, Sabino- humans. Sigmodontinae rodents are the main hosts responsible for hantavirus transmission Santos G, Jr, Prist PR, Melo GL, Priante CdF, et al. in the tropical forests, savannas, and wetlands of South America. These rodents can shed (2019) Hantavirus host assemblages and human different hantaviruses, such as the lethal and emerging Araraquara orthohantavirus. Factors disease in the Atlantic Forest. -
Detection and Genetic Characterization of Puumala
Detection and Genetic Characterization of Puumala Orthohantavirus S-Segment in Areas of France Non-Endemic for Nephropathia Epidemica Séverine Murri, Sarah Madrières, Caroline Tatard, Sylvain Piry, Laure Benoit, Anne Loiseau, Julien Pradel, Emmanuelle Artige, Philippe Audiot, Nicolas Leménager, et al. To cite this version: Séverine Murri, Sarah Madrières, Caroline Tatard, Sylvain Piry, Laure Benoit, et al.. Detection and Genetic Characterization of Puumala Orthohantavirus S-Segment in Areas of France Non-Endemic for Nephropathia Epidemica. Pathogens, MDPI, 2020, 9 (9), pp.721. 10.3390/pathogens9090721. hal-03275200 HAL Id: hal-03275200 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03275200 Submitted on 30 Jun 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License pathogens Article Detection and Genetic Characterization of Puumala Orthohantavirus S-Segment in Areas of France Non-Endemic for Nephropathia Epidemica Séverine Murri 1, Sarah Madrières 1,2, Caroline Tatard 2, Sylvain Piry 2 , Laure Benoit -
Taxonomy of the Order Bunyavirales: Update 2019
Archives of Virology (2019) 164:1949–1965 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-019-04253-6 VIROLOGY DIVISION NEWS Taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales: update 2019 Abulikemu Abudurexiti1 · Scott Adkins2 · Daniela Alioto3 · Sergey V. Alkhovsky4 · Tatjana Avšič‑Županc5 · Matthew J. Ballinger6 · Dennis A. Bente7 · Martin Beer8 · Éric Bergeron9 · Carol D. Blair10 · Thomas Briese11 · Michael J. Buchmeier12 · Felicity J. Burt13 · Charles H. Calisher10 · Chénchén Cháng14 · Rémi N. Charrel15 · Il Ryong Choi16 · J. Christopher S. Clegg17 · Juan Carlos de la Torre18 · Xavier de Lamballerie15 · Fēi Dèng19 · Francesco Di Serio20 · Michele Digiaro21 · Michael A. Drebot22 · Xiaˇoméi Duàn14 · Hideki Ebihara23 · Toufc Elbeaino21 · Koray Ergünay24 · Charles F. Fulhorst7 · Aura R. Garrison25 · George Fú Gāo26 · Jean‑Paul J. Gonzalez27 · Martin H. Groschup28 · Stephan Günther29 · Anne‑Lise Haenni30 · Roy A. Hall31 · Jussi Hepojoki32,33 · Roger Hewson34 · Zhìhóng Hú19 · Holly R. Hughes35 · Miranda Gilda Jonson36 · Sandra Junglen37,38 · Boris Klempa39 · Jonas Klingström40 · Chūn Kòu14 · Lies Laenen41,42 · Amy J. Lambert35 · Stanley A. Langevin43 · Dan Liu44 · Igor S. Lukashevich45 · Tāo Luò1 · Chuánwèi Lüˇ 19 · Piet Maes41 · William Marciel de Souza46 · Marco Marklewitz37,38 · Giovanni P. Martelli47 · Keita Matsuno48,49 · Nicole Mielke‑Ehret50 · Maria Minutolo3 · Ali Mirazimi51 · Abulimiti Moming14 · Hans‑Peter Mühlbach50 · Rayapati Naidu52 · Beatriz Navarro20 · Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes53 · Gustavo Palacios25 · Anna Papa54 · Alex Pauvolid‑Corrêa55 · Janusz T. Pawęska56,57 · Jié Qiáo19 · Sheli R. Radoshitzky25 · Renato O. Resende58 · Víctor Romanowski59 · Amadou Alpha Sall60 · Maria S. Salvato61 · Takahide Sasaya62 · Shū Shěn19 · Xiǎohóng Shí63 · Yukio Shirako64 · Peter Simmonds65 · Manuela Sironi66 · Jin‑Won Song67 · Jessica R. Spengler9 · Mark D. Stenglein68 · Zhèngyuán Sū19 · Sùróng Sūn14 · Shuāng Táng19 · Massimo Turina69 · Bó Wáng19 · Chéng Wáng1 · Huálín Wáng19 · Jūn Wáng19 · Tàiyún Wèi70 · Anna E. -
Geographical Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Bank Vole
Edinburgh Research Explorer Geographical Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Bank Vole Hepaciviruses in Europe Citation for published version: Schneider, J, Hoffmann, B, Fevola, C, Schmidt, ML, Imholt, C, Fischer, S, Ecke, F, Hörnfeldt, B, Magnusson, M, Olsson, GE, Rizzoli, A, Tagliapietra, V, Chiari, M, Reusken, C, Bužan, E, Kazimirova, M, Stanko, M, White, TA, Reil, D, Obiegala, A, Meredith, A, Drexler, JF, Essbauer, S, Henttonen, H, Jacob, J, Hauffe, HC, Beer, M, Heckel, G & Ulrich, RG 2021, 'Geographical Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Bank Vole Hepaciviruses in Europe', Viruses, vol. 13, no. 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13071258 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3390/v13071258 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Published In: Viruses General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 02. Oct. 2021 viruses Article Geographical Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Bank Vole Hepaciviruses in Europe Julia Schneider 1,2,*,† , Bernd Hoffmann 3 , Cristina Fevola 4,5 , Marie Luisa Schmidt 1,2,†, Christian Imholt 6, Stefan Fischer 1, Frauke Ecke 7, Birger Hörnfeldt 7, Magnus Magnusson 7, Gert E. -
Downloaded Via Ensembl While Using HISAT2
viruses Article Interactions of Viral Proteins from Pathogenic and Low or Non-Pathogenic Orthohantaviruses with Human Type I Interferon Signaling Giulia Gallo 1,2, Grégory Caignard 3, Karine Badonnel 4, Guillaume Chevreux 5, Samuel Terrier 5, Agnieszka Szemiel 6, Gleyder Roman-Sosa 7,†, Florian Binder 8, Quan Gu 6, Ana Da Silva Filipe 6, Rainer G. Ulrich 8 , Alain Kohl 6, Damien Vitour 3 , Noël Tordo 1,9 and Myriam Ermonval 1,* 1 Unité des Stratégies Antivirales, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; [email protected] (G.G.); [email protected] (N.T.) 2 Ecole Doctorale Complexité du Vivant, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France 3 UMR 1161 Virologie, Anses-INRAE-EnvA, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France; [email protected] (G.C.); [email protected] (D.V.) 4 BREED, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; [email protected] 5 Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, ProteoSeine Mass Spectrometry Plateform, Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France; [email protected] (G.C.); [email protected] (S.T.) 6 MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; [email protected] (A.S.); [email protected] (Q.G.); ana.dasilvafi[email protected] (A.D.S.F.); [email protected] (A.K.) 7 Unité de Biologie Structurale, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; [email protected] 8 Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; binderfl[email protected] (F.B.); rainer.ulrich@fli.de (R.G.U.) Citation: Gallo, G.; Caignard, G.; 9 Institut Pasteur de Guinée, BP 4416 Conakry, Guinea Badonnel, K.; Chevreux, G.; Terrier, S.; * Correspondence: [email protected] Szemiel, A.; Roman-Sosa, G.; † Current address: Institut Für Virologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, 35390 Giessen, Germany. -
A Look Into Bunyavirales Genomes: Functions of Non-Structural (NS) Proteins
viruses Review A Look into Bunyavirales Genomes: Functions of Non-Structural (NS) Proteins Shanna S. Leventhal, Drew Wilson, Heinz Feldmann and David W. Hawman * Laboratory of Virology, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA; [email protected] (S.S.L.); [email protected] (D.W.); [email protected] (H.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-406-802-6120 Abstract: In 2016, the Bunyavirales order was established by the International Committee on Taxon- omy of Viruses (ICTV) to incorporate the increasing number of related viruses across 13 viral families. While diverse, four of the families (Peribunyaviridae, Nairoviridae, Hantaviridae, and Phenuiviridae) contain known human pathogens and share a similar tri-segmented, negative-sense RNA genomic organization. In addition to the nucleoprotein and envelope glycoproteins encoded by the small and medium segments, respectively, many of the viruses in these families also encode for non-structural (NS) NSs and NSm proteins. The NSs of Phenuiviridae is the most extensively studied as a host interferon antagonist, functioning through a variety of mechanisms seen throughout the other three families. In addition, functions impacting cellular apoptosis, chromatin organization, and transcrip- tional activities, to name a few, are possessed by NSs across the families. Peribunyaviridae, Nairoviridae, and Phenuiviridae also encode an NSm, although less extensively studied than NSs, that has roles in antagonizing immune responses, promoting viral assembly and infectivity, and even maintenance of infection in host mosquito vectors. Overall, the similar and divergent roles of NS proteins of these Citation: Leventhal, S.S.; Wilson, D.; human pathogenic Bunyavirales are of particular interest in understanding disease progression, viral Feldmann, H.; Hawman, D.W.